UMYU Scientifica最新文献

{"title":"Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Activities and Histological Changes in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Exposed to Carwash Wastewater","authors":"Shafiu Nafiu Abdullahi, Usman Lawal Usman, Dr. Muhammed Jibril Madaki, Alkali Zahraddeen Dahiru, Ibrahim Ado Adamu","doi":"10.56919/usci.1122.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.1122.008","url":null,"abstract":"The study evaluated the acute toxicity of vehicle wastewater on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). With a weight range of 250–275.5g and a mean length of 23.5-28.5cm, 150 post-juvenile catfish were purchased from Dalar Kifi Fish Farm BUK New site road, Kano State, and acclimated in a tank for 14 days. Fish were exposed to different vehicle wastewater concentrations of 0.0, 20, 40, 60, and 80% v/v with 5-level exposure concentrations during the acute test (96 hours) in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) employing renewal bioassay. The acute bioassay showed that the LC50 for the wastewater was 56 percent by volume at 96 hours. Compared to the control, the exposed fish exhibited abnormal swimming, erratic opercular movement, reflex loss, mucus secretion, increased air gulping with an increase in wastewater concentration. Except for water temperature, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and pH,  the remaining physicochemical parameters were not within the WHO/FAO recommended Standard The order of concentrations of the heavy metal in the wastewater was Cu > Pb > Cd > Cr > Ni. Antioxidant biomarker activities showed that Glutathione reductase (GSH) reduced in the same manner while Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities rose considerably (P<0.05) in the liver and gill tissues. Histopathological changes observed in gill tissues were as follows: Hyperplasia, necrosis, primary and secondary lamellae distortion, and epithelial thickening distortion. Hepatic cell breakdown, fatty degeneration, cellular infiltration, localized fibrosis, and cellular necrosis were all visible in the liver tissues. It can be inferred that changes in the histology and activity of the oxidative stress enzymes in fish tissues after exposure to wastewater harmed the experimental fish. As a result of their effects on fish and other non-target aquatic biotas, it is advised that the competent authorities create initiatives to reduce the indiscriminate discharge of untreated vehicle wash wastewater.","PeriodicalId":235595,"journal":{"name":"UMYU Scientifica","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116363934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Variability of Phytoplanktons in the Non-Point Source Polluted River Nggada, Maiduguri – Borno State, Nigeria","authors":"Mathias Bwala Nzitiri","doi":"10.56919/usci.1122.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.1122.040","url":null,"abstract":"Borno State is the epicenter of Boko Haram crisis which displaced millions of individuals. Maiduguri metropolis which became the principal refuge centre, has witnessed a rapid demographic change, land use and economic activities resulting into intense irrigational practice along the bank of river Nggada. This may result into changes in the physico – chemical parameters of the aquatic ecosystem and the dynamism may disrupt phytoplantonic community. The study was aimed at assessing the seasonal variability of phytoplanktons in non-point source polluted river Nggada of Maiduguri. Water samples for physico -chemical analysis were collected bi-weekly for a period of 11 months at three sampling stations. Physico-chemical parameters, including Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Dissolved Nitrate concentration, Dissolved Phosphorus Concentration, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Surface Water Temperature (SWT) and potential Hydrogen (pH) were determined using standard procedures. Results indicated that all physico – chemical parameters except temperature, DO and pH of the river during both irrigational and non-irrigational regimes were slightly above the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency’s (NESREA) permissible limits. A total of 7 classes (Cyanophyceae Chlorophyceae, Cryptophyceace, Euglenophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Crysophyceace and Rhodophyceae) and 16 genera of phytoplanktons were identified.  The results further revealed that the irrigation activities (dry season) have impacted on the physico – chemical parameters (pH, DO, TDS, nitrate and phosphate concentrations) of the study area. Remarkably, the changes in the physico – chemical parameters during the irrigational regime (dry season) have not impacted on the abundance and distribution of phytoplanktons. Hence, the non-point pollutants influenced the physico – chemical parameters of the river butalgal abundance and distribution were not influenced by the changes in the physico – chemical parameters of the river. The study thus, recommends the continuous monitoring and systematic effort to conserve the bio-resources and water quality of the river","PeriodicalId":235595,"journal":{"name":"UMYU Scientifica","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124418812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption of Malachite Green Dye Using Carbonized Water Lily Leaves: Kinetics, Equilibrium and Thermodynamics Studies","authors":"H. Abdulmumini, Shurahabil Ibrahim Bunu, Hamza Usman, Ayuba Muhammad Abdullahi","doi":"10.56919/usci.1122.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.1122.013","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the potential of carbonized water lily leaves (CWL) as cheap adsorbent for the adsorption of Malachite Green (MG) dye. The CWL characteristics were studied using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) and point of zero charge (PZC) to establish surface functional groups present, morphology and net neutral charge of the adsorbent. The effects of contact time (15-150min), dosage (20-200mg), initial concentration (20-140ppm), and pH (3-13) on the adsorption process were investigated for the removal of MG by batch adsorption method. The result shows that all the parameters have effect on adsorption process. Compared to the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and D-R models, the isotherm models were investigated and confirmed to fit well onto the D-R model. Pseudo-second order model best fitted the kinetic data for the different operating temperature (300C, 400C, 500C) of the analysis. Thermodynamics studies clearly indicates that the sorption was spontaneous, endothermic, and increased in the randomness of the systems at adsorbent-liquid interfaces as a result of negative Gibb’s free energy (∆G), positive enthalpy (∆H) and Entropy (∆S). Therefore, this study confirmed that carbonized water lily leaves adsorbent could be used as an alternative adsorbent for the adsorption of toxic dyes such as Malachite green dye.","PeriodicalId":235595,"journal":{"name":"UMYU Scientifica","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115627358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunotoxicity and proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-positive patient after treatment with aqueous extract of polyherbal formulation","authors":"A. Usman, Samuel Eniola Gana, K. Hamid, N. Abubakar, H. Abdullahi, S. Isah, Mansur Aliyu","doi":"10.56919/usci.1122.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.1122.005","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants have been widely used for medicinal purposes in the treatment of various ailments including human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). This study evaluated the effect of aqueous extracts of polyherbal formulation (PHF) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of an HIV+ patient. In this study, 4 ml of blood was collected from HIV+ patient who has not commenced antiretroviral treatment. PBMCs were isolated using the Ficoll-Paque method and counted using the trypan blue assay. The isolated PBMCs were treated with different concentrations of the PHF (25 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml). Cytotoxicity and proliferation were determined using the WST-8 assay. The percentage viability in this study was 96.74%, whereas the non-viable cell percentage was 3.26%. The lowest percentage of cytotoxicity for the PHF was 0.05% at 25 µg/ml of the extract, while the highest was 5.35% at 200 µg/ml. The mean absorbance scores of the formulation's various concentrations and the control group did not significantly differ from one another (F=0.622, df = 5, p=0.69). There was significant difference (t= -4.887, df =6, 95% CI= -0.1566 to -0.0521, p = 0.003) in mean absorbance scores between control and treatment. The polyherbal formulation exerts the lowest cytotoxicity of 0.05% and significant proliferation on the PBMCs at 25 µg/ml. The PHF has potential immunoproliferative activity with a good safety margin. An in-depth study of the bioactivity of the PHF on individual immune cells is recommended.","PeriodicalId":235595,"journal":{"name":"UMYU Scientifica","volume":"387 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124219442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenicity Evaluation of Some Common Soil Borne Fungi on Seeds from Three Local Varieties of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)","authors":"Nura Haris, M. Tijjani, Aisha Umar, Auwal Ahmed Bako, Aisha Salisu Buhari, Mukhtar Bature","doi":"10.56919/usci.1122.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.1122.022","url":null,"abstract":"Soil borne pathogens appears to be one of the most devastating groups affecting S. bicolor causing wide range of pre-harvest and post-harvest diseases, plant diseases are commonly managed through different strategies, the use of resistant varieties found to be more economical and ecofriendly. This poses the need to screen different varieties of S. bicolor for horizontal resistance of some fungal species commonly found in the soil. Plate technique was used to isolate soil fungi and morphological identification was through macro and microscopy. Koch’s postulate was followed in the assessment of pathogenicity of the identified organisms on the three sorghum germplasms (Yelai, Kaura and Warwarbashi). The isolated fungal species were found to be Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Mucor spp and penicillium spp. Pathogens with highest occurrence observed was A. niger , R. stolonifer and Penicillium spp with 30, 25 and 20%  occurrence respectively. Thus, all the three cultivars of S. bicolor screened were very susceptible to the tested pathogens, with A. niger and R. stolonifer found to be highly virulent. It was concluded that, all the varieties showed a continuous minute or absence of horizontal resistance against the isolated pathogens which could be responsible for post-harvest diseases in Sorghum germplasm.","PeriodicalId":235595,"journal":{"name":"UMYU Scientifica","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121853495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modification of Glassy Carbon Electrode Using Microcrystalline Cellulose-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid for the Detection of Lead and Cadmium Ions","authors":"Sakinatu Almustapha","doi":"10.56919/usci.1122.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.1122.028","url":null,"abstract":"There is a greater need for the identification and monitoring of metal contaminants as a result of the growing hazard that heavy metal contamination of water poses to the environment. In this work, microcrystalline cellulose was functionalised with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and the product analysed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The functionalised microcrystalline cellulose-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was employed to modify the glassy carbon electrode. Detection for Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions was determined using square wave anodic stripping voltammetric analysis at square wave potential scan of -1.0 V to -0.2 V, and deposition potential of -1.0 V in 0.1M acetate buffer for 240 sec. Higher current response of Pb2+ was obtained at -0.6 V and that of Cd2+ at -0.8V. Limit of detection for Pb2+  was 1.8 ppb (MCC-EDTA GCE) and 5.0 ppb (MCC-GCE) , while that of Cd2+  was 7 ppb (MCC-EDTA GCE) and 10 ppb (MCC-GCE), these indicate MCC EDTA GCE has higher sensitivity towards detection of the metal ions and selectivity of modifiers for detection of Pd2+ and Cd2+ was achieved successfully.","PeriodicalId":235595,"journal":{"name":"UMYU Scientifica","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134161311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assembling and Testing of a Microcontroller Based Smart System Suitable for Controlling Brushless Fan","authors":"Aliyu Surajo, Ziya’ulhaq Sagir","doi":"10.56919/usci.1122.037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.1122.037","url":null,"abstract":"This research focuses on testing and assembling of a microcontroller based smart system suitable for controlling brushless fan that will detect temperature in a room, maintain and adjusts a speed of a cooling fan. The automation system comprises of Arduino Uno board, Microcontroller, temperature sensor, DC brushless motor and other electronics components. The Atmega328P-PU Microcontroller was used in programming the system, the microcontroller coordinates the functions of the entire system and the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals from the microcontroller served as regulatory tools to the fan. All the components were tested and gave out the desired result. Potentiometer was used initially before placing the LM35 temperature sensor by using hot soldering iron which corresponds with voltage values between 0-5V on Multimeter reading and 5 to 254 serial monitor reading by varying the duty cycle 0 to 100 with approximately 500Hz frequency. Six different temperature values were obtained from the circuit by varying the LM35 temperature sensor and responds to the amount of heat supplied which regulate the cooling fan on regular basis. The current temperature values displayed on LCD screen, also the aimed of the work has achieved","PeriodicalId":235595,"journal":{"name":"UMYU Scientifica","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129535794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Adsorption of Alizarin Red S and Eriochrome Black T Dyes by Untreated Typha Grass as a Low Cost Adsorbent","authors":"Ayuba, Abdullahi Muhammad, Sani, Musa","doi":"10.56919/usci.1122.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.1122.020","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this investigation was to study the adsorptive potential of untreated typha grass (UTG) using a batch system under control conditions to decolorize Alizarin Red S (ARS) and Eriochrome Black T (EBT) anionic toxic dyes from synthetic aqueous solution. In this regard, the impact of various experimental parameters namely, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, pH, and temperature were assessed and optimized. The adsorbent was characterized using Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and point of zero charge (PZC) analysis. The maximum adsorption rates of ARS and EBT onto UTG were determined to be 49.92 mg/g and 47.43 mg/g, respectively, at equilibrium. In comparison to previous models evaluated, removal of both ARS and EBT by the UTG demonstrated that the data had a strong fit with pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The contact time for both dyes was optimised at 15 minutes, while the pH for ARS and EBT were attained at 8 and 2 respectively. However, based on the established results of various parameters in this study, the adsorptive removal of ARS and EBT by UTG was a favourable process. The Van't Hoff plot was used to calculate the thermodynamic quantities of the adsorption process, including ΔG, ΔH and ΔS. The outcomes showed that the process was both spontaneous and thermodynamically possible. From the parameters tested, EBT was found to be better adsorbed onto UTG than ARS. Even though both dyes are anionic in nature, but EBT has additional diazo and nitro functional groups than the hydroxyl and sulphate functional groups present in ARS. This might be the reason for the better adsorption of EBT onto UTG than ARS. Results from this investigation supported the efficiency of UTG as a low-cost and environmentally friendly solution for the adsorption of ARS and EBT from contaminated wastewater.","PeriodicalId":235595,"journal":{"name":"UMYU Scientifica","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122339108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proximate analysis of some selected fish feeds marketed within Kano metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"Omola Emmanuel Michael, Edoka, Friday Nathaniel, Sa’eed, Mohammed Dayyab","doi":"10.56919/usci.1122.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.1122.021","url":null,"abstract":"Fish feeds (Fish bolsters) are produced in form of flakes, pellets, or tablets designed to contain vegetables, proteins, cereals, vitamins, and minerals fundamental for ideal development and wellbeing of fishes. However, the scientific evaluation of the feeds compositions as claimed by most manufacturers is lacking in many parts within Nigeria.   Proximate composition analyses were carried out in some selected fish feeds marketed within the Kano metropolis following the method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The result of the proximate investigation showed the following composition: 7.28-11.16% ash, 6.10-12.26% moisture, 11.13-14.29% lipid, 3.01-5.61 % fibre, 37.45-44.30% protein and 20.26-27.70% carbohydrate. There was no critical distinction (p>0.05) noticed among the values of all the proximate compositions of the fish feeds studied. However, a few values exceeded the permissible limit, whereas the majority fell within limits set by relevant regulatory agencies. Considering that most of the feeds were within the permissible limit of regulatory bodies, it could be deduced that the fish feeds are safe for fish consumption.","PeriodicalId":235595,"journal":{"name":"UMYU Scientifica","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124724070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convergence of the Fourth Order Variable Step Size Super Class of Block Backward Differentiation Formula for Solving Stiff Initial Value Problems","authors":"Bala Najamuddeen, Musa Hamisu","doi":"10.56919/usci.1122.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.1122.023","url":null,"abstract":"In many fields of study such as science and engineering, various real life problems are created as mathematical models before they are solved. These models often lead to special class of ordinary differential equations known as stiff ODEs. A system is regarded as ‘stiff’; if the existing explicit numerical methods fail to efficiently integrate it, or when the step size is determined by the requirements of its stability, rather than the accurateness. The solution of stiff ODEs contains a component with both slowly and rapidly decaying rates due to a large difference in the time scale exhibited by the system. The stiffness property prevents the conventional explicit method from handling the problem efficiently. This nature of stiff ODEs has led to considerable research efforts in developing many implicit mathematical methods. This paper discussed the convergence and order of the current variable step size super-class of block backward differentiation formula (BBDF) for solving stiff initial value problems. The necessary conditions for the convergence of the fourth order variable step size super class of BBDF for solving stiff initial value problems, has been established in this work. It has been shown that the new method is both zero-stable and consistent, which are the requirements for the convergence of any numerical method. The order of the method is also derived to be four. It is therefore concluded that the method is convergent and has significance in solving more complex stiff initial value problems, and could be robustly applied in many fields of study.","PeriodicalId":235595,"journal":{"name":"UMYU Scientifica","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129654711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}