Kyle Kozielski, Guvanthi Abeysinghe Mudiyanselage, Rachit Pradhan, G. Pietrini, A. K. Solanki, Parthasarathy Nayak, M. Narimani, A. Emadi
{"title":"Investigation of a Kelvin-Source Connected SMD Silicon MOSFET and its Application in a High Current Full Bridge Synchronous Rectifier","authors":"Kyle Kozielski, Guvanthi Abeysinghe Mudiyanselage, Rachit Pradhan, G. Pietrini, A. K. Solanki, Parthasarathy Nayak, M. Narimani, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187081","url":null,"abstract":"Auxiliary loads in an electric vehicle (EV) are in the order of 12–48 V since voltages above 50 V pose risks to the passengers. Power demand on auxiliary loads continues to expand due to increased computation requirements and load profiles. This requires development of power conversion systems that can manage high-currents efficiently. Construction of high current power conversion systems require multiple power switches (MOSFETs) in parallel, which reduce conduction losses. Efficiency can be further improved by incorporating Kelvin-source connections due to improved decoupling of the gate-source (G-S) and drain-source (D-S) loops in a MOSFET. This paper proposes a method to create a Kelvin-source connection in SMD silicon (Si) MOSFET packages with multiple source terminals. A comparison of switching energies between the conventional and proposed methods to highlight the improvements is performed. A 10–14 V/2.8 kW capable full bridge (FB) synchronous rectifier is constructed for application in a DC-DC converter. Parallel connected HDSOP-16 Si MOSFET packages are used to construct this rectifier with the proposed Kelvin-source and imbalances of the root-mean-square (RMS) current ($I_{RMS}$), turn-on ($I_{on}$) and turn-off ($I_{off}$) currents, resultant power loss profile and effect on the design's thermal gradient are studied.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130451791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Iqbal, Sheetal Deshmukh, S. Islam, M. Marzband, Irfan Khan, A. Al-Wahedi
{"title":"Coordinated Centralized Control Scheme for Voltage Regulation of Bus Voltages using PV Sources","authors":"A. Iqbal, Sheetal Deshmukh, S. Islam, M. Marzband, Irfan Khan, A. Al-Wahedi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187014","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, there is a significant concern about voltage deviation in power systems during overloading and light load conditions. To address this issue, PV sources are used to compensate for voltage deviation within the specified range. While voltage regulation in transmission networks depends largely on reactive power, sub-transmission or distribution networks with resistive or mixed (L and R) lines depend on both active and reactive power. Existing control schemes, such as P-Q-V droop and network agonist adaptive PQ method, are uncoordinated and can lead to overloading and stress on the system. There is a need for coordinated control schemes that inject active and reactive power in a controlled manner, which is not sufficiently discussed in the literature. To address this need, a centralized supervisory voltage controller (CSVC) is proposed in this paper to minimize voltage deviations at various buses. The CSVC uses a Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) to obtain information on bus voltage. Based on the available voltage deviations, the CSVC assigns reference active and reactive power signals to each local controller of the distributed PV source. The proposed CSVC can regulate the voltage of the buses within the required limits during underload and overload conditions. The reference signals allocated by the proposed CSVC are designed in such a way that each PV source supplies active and reactive power in proportion to its rated capacity. This helps reduce the overloading of PV source converters. The converter is controlled intelligently to maintain bus voltages within the specified limit, considering the IEEE standard 1547–2018.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114541116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reduced Operational Inhomogeneities in a Reconfigurable Parallelly-Connected Battery Pack Using DQN Reinforcement Learning Technique","authors":"Alexander Stevenson, Mohd Tariq, A. Sarwat","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187040","url":null,"abstract":"Battery cells that are placed in parallel in order to increase capacity are commonly considered single-series cells. In reality, there exist unavoidable variations between cells due to manufacturing processes as well as operational conditions that create current and State of Charge (SOC) inhomogeneities. If these inhomogeneities are not taken into consideration, accelerated degradation may occur causing early decommissioning of battery packs. Literature review reveals that reconfigurable battery packs are capable of dealing with these inhomogeneities, however, that a lack of demonstrated intelligent control methods exists. Thus in this work, a novel reconfigurable battery pack topology for reducing SOC and current inhomogeneities in a parallelly connected battery pack using a Reinforcement Learning (RL) Deep Q-Network (DQN) is presented. Results show that the RL-DQN based switch controller can reduce both current and SOC imbalances over time between parallel battery cells, especially in lower degradation variation battery packs and under lower operational current rates.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121932766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Reduced Carrier Count Triangular Modulation for Quasi Single-Stage AC-DC Dual Active Bridge","authors":"Priyatosh Jena, R. Singh","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186938","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents reduced carrier count triangular modulation (TRM) for quasi single-stage (Q1S) bidirectional AC-DC dual active bridge (DAB). The conventional TRM is based on inner mode of duty cycle modulation of only one/single H-bridge for the single-stage bidirectional ac/dc converter. However, to realize conventional modulation technique at least three dissimilar carriers/counters are required. Carriers are dissimilar because, despite having the same frequency, each carrier has a different phase w.r.t each other at any switching instance. Moreover, to implement conventional TRM, six different enhanced pulse width modulated (EPWM) signals are required. In the proposed TRM instead of modulating single H-bridge, one leg of the H-bridge is modulated using sinusoidally modified variable time period PWM. The presented modulation technique can be realized using single carrier and required only four different EPWM signals. The proposed technique offers unity power factor (UPF) operation, zero current switch (ZCS) turn ON and OFF for the AC side bridge, zero voltage switch (ZVS) turn ON and ZCS OFF for one leg of DC bridge operating at fixed frequency and ZVS/ZCS turn ON for another leg operating at variable time period. The proposed technique is realized using TMS320F28335 microcontroller and tested on a scale down prototype of 450W for bidirectional power flow.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122360372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arthur Faron, Samuel Khzym, Jeffin Mappanath James, Niloufar Keshmiri, A. Emadi
{"title":"Perception Stack Design for the EcoCAR Electric Vehicle Challenge","authors":"Arthur Faron, Samuel Khzym, Jeffin Mappanath James, Niloufar Keshmiri, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186896","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a new sensor configuration for the 2023 Cadillac Lyriq is proposed. The SAE automation level, Operational Design Domains (ODDs), and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) features are considered for the proposed perception stack. Data clustering and object tracking functionality is developed for the proposed sensor fusion algorithm, testing various different combinations of sensor suites, clustering algorithms, and tracking algorithms. The operation of the proposed sensor layouts and algorithm combinations are investigated in the context of two urban scenarios and two highway scenarios. The sensor suites, driving scenarios, and algorithms were modeled and simulated using Simulink and the MATLAB Automated Driving Toolbox. The results indicate the Lyriq sensor suite with an Ouster OS1-64 LiDAR added on the front of the roof outperforms the other considered configurations.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122579365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Novel Phase Shift Control for Single-Stage Bidirectional Isolated Totem-Pole AC/DC Onboard Electric Vehicle Chargers","authors":"Jiaqi Yuan, A. Poorfakhraei, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186927","url":null,"abstract":"Single-stage onboard chargers (OBCs) integrate the two control functions traditionally implemented in two separate stages for power factor correction (PFC) and DC voltage regulation. This integration improves the power density of the system while increasing the control complexity. Traditional phase shift (PS) control, widely applied to two-stage OBCs due to its simplicity, is challenging for single-stage OBCs structure. This paper proposed a compact single-stage bidirectional isolated totempole AC/DC topology with inherent PFC. A novel sinusoidal phase shift control for the proposed topology is presented to achieve high efficiency of up to 96.9% with a high power factor and simple control implementation under a wide output voltage range. A 6 kW SiC-based high-frequency prototype with the global specification is designed. Experimental results verify the expected operation of the proposed structure.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121082626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Increasing the Braking Energy Recuperation in Electric Transportation Grids Without Storage","authors":"I. Diab, G. C. Mouli, P. Bauer","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186994","url":null,"abstract":"When the braking energy in electric transportation grids is not met by another vehicle's demand, it is either harvested by storage systems or wasted in braking resistors. This paper looks at three methods for increasing the amount of harvested braking energy without the use of expensive storage systems: decreasing the substation voltage, decreasing the catenary/rail resistance, and adding smart grid loads such as EV chargers. Compared to the baseline scenario of a presented case study, the first method allowed the recuperation of all the braking energy yet increased the line transmission losses. The second method presented a better performance in both types of losses (23 %), while the third method offered a 66 % reduction in losses in addition to offering more utilities from the same infrastructure. The final paper will go into further detail with a full-day simulation.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128697015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sahana Krishnan, Margaret E. Blackwell, R. Pilawa-Podgurski
{"title":"An EMI-Compliant and Automotive-Rated 48V to Point-of-Load Dickson-Based Hybrid Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Converter","authors":"Sahana Krishnan, Margaret E. Blackwell, R. Pilawa-Podgurski","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187087","url":null,"abstract":"With both data center power delivery and automotive powertrains tending towards a 48V distribution rail, high performance hybrid switched-capacitor (hybrid SC) converters have become an attractive power delivery solution in both spaces. However, automotive power systems present unique challenges in reliability and noise qualifications. This work investigates a regulating Dickson-based hybrid SC topology with low inherent electromagnetic interference (EMI) as well as mitigation techniques, such as an input filter and spread spectrum frequency modulation (SSFM). The proposed filter and modulation schemes enable this converter to meet automotive EMI standards. A hardware prototype combining a power stage and passive input filter is built to demonstrate the merit of hybrid SC topologies for use in 48V automotive systems.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114523006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Rallabandi, Shajjad Chowdhury, Himel Barua, M. Paranthaman, Mostak Mohammad, Steve Bullock, E. Cousineau
{"title":"Traction motor design trade-offs with additively manufactured anisotropic bonded magnets","authors":"V. Rallabandi, Shajjad Chowdhury, Himel Barua, M. Paranthaman, Mostak Mohammad, Steve Bullock, E. Cousineau","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187005","url":null,"abstract":"Extrusion based big area additive manufacturing (BAAM) has been previously demonstrated for the fabrication of dense anisotropic bonded magnets. This paper reports on design trade-offs when such magnets are employed in a motor designed for electric vehicle applications. An external rotor fractional slot permanent magnet synchronous machine designed with sintered dysprosium free magnets rated for 100kW peak and 50kW continuous power is used as the baseline. The impact of using the bonded BAAM magnets on the motor and inverter volumes, motor loss and cooling systems as well as demagnetization margins is evaluated. It is found that although the motor power density reduces due to the lower energy product of the BAAM magnets, there are other system level benefits including reductions in the cooling system requirement, lower inverter rating and volume, decrease in short circuit current and improved demagnetization marains.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127157433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sooraj Sunil, Sneha Sundaresan, Prarthana Pillai, B. Balasingam
{"title":"Inverse Characterization of Open-Circuit Voltage for State-of-Charge Estimation of Batteries","authors":"Sooraj Sunil, Sneha Sundaresan, Prarthana Pillai, B. Balasingam","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187061","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate characterization of the relationship between the open-circuit voltage (OCV) and the state of charge (SOC) of Li-ion batteries is essential in the battery management system (BMS) to perform robust SOC estimation. Conventionally, the OCV-SOC relationship is represented by an analytical function, that defines the OCV as a function of SOC. However, determining SOC using this function requires slow and sensitive numerical root-finding algorithms like the bisection method. Hence, this paper formulate the concept of inverse OCV modeling to have an functional representation that defines the SOC as a function of OCV. The advantages of inverse formulation include direct SOC calculation for a given OCV, elimination of root-finding algorithms, and simplified mathematical derivations for battery model parameter estimation. The inverse curve characterization is demonstrated using data from a commercially available cylindrical Li-ion battery cell.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126102704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}