{"title":"Fabrication of NbN/Al-AlNx/NbN tunnel junctions on several kinds of substrates","authors":"H. Akaike, T. Funai, Shunya Sakamoto, A. Fujimaki","doi":"10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604313","url":null,"abstract":"We have evaluated the electrical characteristics of NbN/Al-AlN<sub>x</sub>/NbN tunnel junctions fabricated on sapphire-C or fused-silica substrates. NbN/Al-AlN<sub>x</sub>/NbN multilayers were prepared by reactive dc-magnetron sputtering deposition of lower and upper NbN layers, and rf-magnetron sputtering deposition of the Al layer, followed by radical-nitridation. The junctions showed low sub-gap leakage currents in the current-voltage characteristics at 4.2 K. The quality parameter, R<sub>sg</sub>/R<sub>n</sub>, where respective R<sub>sg</sub> and R<sub>n</sub> are the sub-gap resistance at 2 mV and junction resistance at 5 mV, was above 15. The gap voltage (V<sub>g</sub>) was around 3.3 mV, which was reduced in comparison with V<sub>g</sub> values of ~4.3 mV for junctions on MgO substrates. The reduced V<sub>g</sub> was caused by superconducting properties of lower NbN layers deposited on the sapphire or fused-silica substrates. Uniformity in critical current (I<sub>c</sub>) was relatively good, and the maximum-to-minimum spread in I<sub>c</sub> was ±1.7% for 200 junctions on a sapphire substrate and ±2.0% for the junctions on a fused-silica substrate.","PeriodicalId":233581,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121298861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characterization of optical absorptance in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors","authors":"T. Yamashita, S. Miki, H. Terai, Zhen Wang","doi":"10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604294","url":null,"abstract":"We present a numerical simulation of the optical absorptance for the superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs or SSPDs) designed with various layouts by using finite-element analysis software. The simulation results reveal that the electric field concentrated in the superconducting nanowire is enhanced by reducing the filling factor, and the degree of the enhancement becomes larger for thicker nanowires. Due to the large enhancement of the electric field in the nanowire with a double-side cavity structure, the high optical absorptance can be achieved even for the low-filling-factor layout by tuning the device design, which leads to the realization of SSPDs with high system detection efficiency and high counting rate.","PeriodicalId":233581,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127000050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Myoren, Y. Akamatsu, R. Sasaki, Shoji Sato, M. Naruse, T. Taino
{"title":"SFQ digital signal processing circuits for multi-quantum beam detectors using STJ array with neutron absorbers","authors":"H. Myoren, Y. Akamatsu, R. Sasaki, Shoji Sato, M. Naruse, T. Taino","doi":"10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604290","url":null,"abstract":"We studied multi-quantum beam detectors using a superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) array with neutron absorbers. Using a neutron absorber for each of the STJs, we expected the STJ detector to exhibit a high spatial resolution and high detection efficiency for neutrons as well as radiative beams such as X-rays. To obtain diffraction patterns of the X-ray and neutrons, we propose the use of a multi-quantum beam detector using an STJ array and single flux quantum (SFQ) signal processing at low temperature because of its high-speed and low-power operation. The kinetic energy is determined for individual neutrons using time-of-flight-methods that employ SFQ time-to-digital converters (TDCs). To separately detect α-particles and γ-ray particles that are produced by the nuclear reaction between neutrons and boron, and X-ray photons, excess quasi-particle currents of the STJ detectors are processed by V/F type analog-to-digital converters and T-FF binary counters using SFQ digital circuits. To obtain the multiplexed readout of an STJ detector array, we designed a current bias switching circuit controlled by an SFQ driver for time-domain multiplexing. We designed the main circuits for this SFQ signal processing system and fabricated them using the ISTEC SRL Nb standard process II (STP2).","PeriodicalId":233581,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC)","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126829563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Yuan, Jun Li, A. Ishii, T. Hatano, Hua-bing Wang, Meng-Yue Li, D. An, Ya Huang, M. Ji, Xianjing Zhou, Peiheng Wu, S. Guénon, B. Gross, D. Koelle, R. Kleiner
{"title":"Evolution of internal energy distribution and terahertz radiation of a Josephson junctions stack","authors":"J. Yuan, Jun Li, A. Ishii, T. Hatano, Hua-bing Wang, Meng-Yue Li, D. An, Ya Huang, M. Ji, Xianjing Zhou, Peiheng Wu, S. Guénon, B. Gross, D. Koelle, R. Kleiner","doi":"10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604265","url":null,"abstract":"Being frequency tunable sources, Josephson junctions are attractive for the generation of high frequency electromagnetic radiation. Recently, coherent off-chip THz radiation with an extrapolated output power of some μW was observed. Different mechanisms, like geometry resonance and heating effect, have been raised to explain how the junctions in the stack are synchronized, while there is no consensus which has been reached. To get further understanding on this issue, it is expected to demonstrate the process that the electromagnetic field and thermal distribution evolve as the detected terahertz(THz) emission signal varies in experiment. To realize this goal, we developed a home-made system, by combining a low-temperature scanning laser microscope (LTSLM) and a THz interferometer. With this setup, we are able to simultaneously detect THz emission and observe LTSLM images. In this talk, we will report the unambiguous observation of the correlation between the standing wave patterns, the hotspot formation and the THz radiation characteristics of the Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (BSCCO) junctions stack with a mesa structure. We stress that this joint measurement setup will play an important role in studying solid state microwave or terahertz devices.","PeriodicalId":233581,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130741520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performances of NbTiN superconducting nanowire single photon detector","authors":"S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, Zhen Wang","doi":"10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604289","url":null,"abstract":"We present high performance fiber-coupled niobium titanium nitride superconducting nanowire single photon detectors fabricated on thermally oxidized silicon substrates. By applying a double sided cavity structure, simulated absorptance in the nanowire meander reached 97% at 1550 nm wavelength. The fabricated device showed a system detection efficiency (DE) of 74% at 1550 nm, dark count rate of 100 c/s, and a full width at half maximum timing jitter of 68 ps under a bias current of 18.0 μA with a practical Gifford-McMahon cryocooler system.","PeriodicalId":233581,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129197883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Collot, P. Febvre, C. Fourie, J. Issler, Thierry Robert, J. Kunert, R. Stolz, H. Meyer
{"title":"Influence of external magnetic fields on the inductive properties of rapid single-flux-quantum digital circuits","authors":"R. Collot, P. Febvre, C. Fourie, J. Issler, Thierry Robert, J. Kunert, R. Stolz, H. Meyer","doi":"10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604269","url":null,"abstract":"A method has been developped to take into account the presence of a local external magnetic field in Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) loops composing Rapid Single-Flux-Quantum (RSFQ) circuits, through modifications of circuit inductances. A good agreement is observed between analytical formulas and simulations performed by time-domain softwares. The agreement with the first experiments is still only qualitative at this stage.","PeriodicalId":233581,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122963409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yongliang Wang, Xiaofeng Xu, Guofeng Zhang, Yang Qiu, Shulin Zhang, Xianyang Kong, Huiwu Wang, Yi Zhang, Xiaoming Xie
{"title":"Low noise SQUID readout for detection of small magnetic field signal","authors":"Yongliang Wang, Xiaofeng Xu, Guofeng Zhang, Yang Qiu, Shulin Zhang, Xianyang Kong, Huiwu Wang, Yi Zhang, Xiaoming Xie","doi":"10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604292","url":null,"abstract":"A low noise superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) readout scheme is developed to detect the small magnetic field signal at frequency up to MHz. It consists of a low noise small signal amplifier and a direct-coupled flux-locked loop. The flux-locked loop keeps the working point stable by cancelling the low frequency flux interference from environment. Around the working point with the maximal flux-to-voltage transfer coefficient, the SQUID is operated as high frequency small signal flux-to-voltage converter and read out by a high frequency low noise matching amplifier using a step-up transformer and a junction field-effect transistor (JFET). Experimental tests of the readout on a conventional SQUID at 4.2 K show that the equivalent flux noise is below 5 μΦ0/√Hz with frequency up to MHz.","PeriodicalId":233581,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128881667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measurement of quantum superposition states of a single spin with a superconducting resonator","authors":"M. Kawamura","doi":"10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604286","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a method of measuring quantum superposition states of a single spin with a superconducting resonator. Following the von Neumann's postulate of the reduction, it seems that we cannot obtain more information about the superposition states other than the eigenvalue by a single observation. However, the indirect quantum measurement has the possibility to measure the ratio of components of the superposition states by transferring the coherence of the spin to high energy macroscopic states of a superconducting harmonic resonator. This transfer enables quantum amplification of the coherence, and the maximum amplitude of the induced current is approximately proportional to the square root of the number of quanta in the initial states. In this work we also discuss the cases containing more than one spin and classical mixed states.","PeriodicalId":233581,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC)","volume":"277 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122297500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hiroshi Ito, Soya Taniguchi, T. Okumura, H. Akaike, A. Fujimaki
{"title":"High-frequency characteristics of dc-SQUIDs with magnetic nanoparticle patterns","authors":"Hiroshi Ito, Soya Taniguchi, T. Okumura, H. Akaike, A. Fujimaki","doi":"10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604299","url":null,"abstract":"We studied high-frequency characteristics of dc-SQUIDs with magnetic-nanoparticle-film patterns, which would be applied to superconductor integrated circuits for reducing widths in passive transmission lines and for increasing coupling factors in transformers. The patterns were constructed by Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with an average diameter of 5 nm. The high-frequency characteristics were obtained by comparison in the resonant characteristics and threshold characteristics of the SQUIDs before and after formation of the patterns. The n-th resonant frequency (fn) was calculated from the n-th resonant voltage step of the SQUID, giving the LC product at fn. Here, L is the SQUID loop inductance, and C is the equivalent capacitance consisting of Josephson junction of the SQUID and the NP pattern. In SQUIDs with large NP patterns, the LC product increased from 8% to 260% at frequencies of 47 GHz or higher with the thickness of the pattern although the increase in inductance of the SQUID in threshold characteristics was from 0.9% to 5.5%. On the other hand, the increase in LC product caused by a small pattern was negligible regardless of a 7.6% increase in inductance in threshold characteristics.","PeriodicalId":233581,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC)","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131136865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Kita, Hiromi Matsuoka, S. Miyajima, Masamitsu Tanaka, A. Fujimaki
{"title":"Noise reduction in RSFQ logic gates for increasing operating speed and widening margins","authors":"Y. Kita, Hiromi Matsuoka, S. Miyajima, Masamitsu Tanaka, A. Fujimaki","doi":"10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604273","url":null,"abstract":"We present a new design technique of rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) logic gates for low-noise, high-speed operation. In this study, we propose the use of a damping resistor shared with a junction pair composing a comparator, in addition to their individual shunt resistors increased from the standard values. We analyzed timing characteristics and bit error rates (BERs) of several RSFQ flip-flops composed of the proposed comparators using numerical simulation. The proposed comparator showed reduced timing jitter by ~5% in association with small delay time, sharpened BER curves, and improvement in operating margins by 2-3% compared to the standard design. We fabricated 2-bit shift registers using the noise reduction technique. We obtained sharp BER curves from the measurement. The proposed method indicated that it gave wide margins.","PeriodicalId":233581,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC)","volume":"16 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131322437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}