Tropical Plant Pathology最新文献

{"title":"The resistance of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi is a multigene-multivariate phenomenon","authors":"Juan Jose Filgueira-Duarte, William Andres Gómez-Corredor, Daniela Londoño-Serna","doi":"10.1007/s40858-024-00641-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-024-00641-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Floriculture is one of the most significant crop industries worldwide. The carnation is the second-most exported or imported flower in the world. The disease most affecting the carnation crop is fusariosis, produced by the ascomycete <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f.sp. dianthi. Little is known about the genetics of the resistance to <i>Fusarium</i> in carnations. we identified different genes implicated direct or indirect forms in the defense mechanisms were 16 identified using mRNAseq and RT-qPCR techniques. Some of these genes were involved in basal metabolism, genes implicated in the primary response to the pathogen, and Pathogenesis-related proteins (PR) genes. These genes in different carnation varieties present overexpression or, in contrast, subexpression and somehow determine the resistant or susceptible phenotype to <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>. Some of them are directly related to cell wall remodeling. Different genes are involved in the resistant response in carnations in different varieties; so, each variety elaborates a response in a different form from the other varieties; even more, the same gene is expressed differently in the different resistant varieties.</p>","PeriodicalId":23354,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Plant Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140840147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and genome analysis of Cucumber mosaic virus on commercial tobacco plants in Ecuador","authors":"Enny Ganchozo-Mendoza, Ayane F. Ferreira Quadros, Francisco Murilo Zerbini, Francisco J. Flores, Felipe R. Garcés-Fiallos","doi":"10.1007/s40858-024-00643-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-024-00643-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tobacco (<i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> L.), an endemic species of South America that is grown worldwide, is a member of the Solanaceae family. Although it is not a common crop in Ecuador, tobacco is important to the nation's economy and a significant source of employment. Viral infections are particularly devastating to tobacco as they can reduce both its yield and quality. In July 2021, symptoms of chlorosis, mosaic and leaf distortion were observed in four commercial fields in the provinces of Guayas and Los Ríos in Ecuador. This study aims to comprehensively characterize a viral isolate obtained from symptomatic plants. Using high throughput sequencing (HTS), phylogenetic analysis of the different open reading frames, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of symptomatic plants, we report for the first time the molecular characterization and genome sequence of <i>Cucumber mosaic virus</i> (CMV) isolated from commercial tobacco plants in Ecuador. The ability to detect and identify CMV in tobacco commercial plant fields enables the development of efficient control strategies, thereby mitigating constraints on the production of high-quality tobacco leaves.</p>","PeriodicalId":23354,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Plant Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140586156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerial spread of smut spores during peanut harvest","authors":"Juan A. Paredes, Adam H. Sparks, Joaquín H. Monguillot, Alejandro M. Rago, Juan.P. Edwards Molina","doi":"10.1007/s40858-024-00645-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-024-00645-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Peanut smut (<i>Thecaphora frezzii)</i> is one of the most important peanut diseases in Argentinian peanut production. This monocyclic soil-borne pathogen transforms kernels into spore masses. Spore liberation from broken infected pods during the harvest process is supposed to be the main mechanism of inoculum spread, with the subsequent spread among fields increasing the soil inoculum for future peanut cropping seasons. However, we are unaware of any published study on the role of wind (in terms of speed and direction) in how far smut spores spread. Therefore, we conducted an observational study where passive spore traps were distributed at harvest around six fields placed at 100, 200, 300, and 400 m away from each field’s centroid in four cardinal directions. Three time slices were sampled: from the beginning of harvest to 90-, 180-, and 270-minutes continuously during harvest. Wind speed and direction were recorded at each trap. A generalized additive model was fitted to describe the spore spread. Modeling the dispersal shows that the spread is influenced by wind speed and the smut severely damaged pods incidence present at the harvested field. Additionally, spore size and proportion of different smut spore types were assessed (from a single unit spore to a 5-multinuclear propagule). No statistical differences were observed in the proportion of the spore types trapped. However, fewer spores were trapped at distances farther from the harvested area. This work led us to understand a fundamental component of the peanut smut cycle and epidemiology, which is to design management strategies. For example, avoiding harvest on windy days (typically &gt;10 km h^-1) to prevent the distant spread of inoculum for subsequent seasons or predicting the risk surrounding an infected field.</p>","PeriodicalId":23354,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Plant Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140149059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies for managing fungicide resistance in the Brazilian tropical agroecosystem: Safeguarding food safety, health, and the environmental quality","authors":"Paulo Cezar Ceresini, Tatiane Carla Silva, Samara Nunes Campos Vicentini, Rui Pereira Leite Júnior, Silvino Intra Moreira, Katherin Castro-Ríos, Felipe Rafael Garcés-Fiallos, Loane Dantas Krug, Suzany Santos de Moura, Abimael Gomes da Silva, Adriano Augusto de Paiva Custódio, Louise Larissa May De Mio, Maria Cândida de Godoy Gasparoto, Diego Portalanza, Waldir Cintra de Jesus Júnior","doi":"10.1007/s40858-023-00632-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-023-00632-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fungicide resistance is an alarming challenge for the Brazilian tropical agricultural systems, with major implications for food safety, human and animal health, as well as for the environment. This review explores strategies to address fungicide resistance within the Brazilian agroecosystem context. We examined historical and current scenarios of fungicide resistance in the Brazilian agroecosystems and the approaches to delay the emergence and mitigate the selection of resistant variants. Our review indicates that the prevalence of resistance in field populations of key plant pathogens in Brazil was due to failures in the implementation of preventive measures. To address this issue, alternative evolutionary-smart strategies against fungicide resistance are proposed, emphasizing institutional actions and public policies. Crucial steps involve strengthening national networks for large-scale foliar and seed fungicide efficacy testing and resistance monitoring, as well as imposing tighter restrictions on the labeling of high-risk single-active formulations. Additionally, the integration of non-chemical disease management strategies and the establishment of a centralized database and information system on fungicide resistance in Brazil are identified as essential for effective resistance monitoring and informed decision-making. To enhance fungicide resistance management, the adoption of a warning system (e.g., based on aerobiology- or on weather-monitoring) for predicting disease epidemics and minimizing fungicide applications is recommended. Increased funding, collaboration, mandatory reporting, and capacity building are required to overcome these challenges. In addition, promoting integrated disease management approaches is vital. By implementing these tailored strategies, Brazil can actively contribute to safeguarding its food safety, protecting human and animal health, and preserving the delicate balance of its unique agroecosystem. The adoption of evolutionary-smart strategies against fungicide resistance will prolong fungicide efficacy, reduce economic costs, and minimize environmental impacts, ensuring sustainable and resilient agriculture in Brazil.</p>","PeriodicalId":23354,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Plant Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140198722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of Hemileia vastatrix in coffee plantations","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s40858-023-00627-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-023-00627-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Coffee leaf rust (CLR) caused by <em>Hemileia vastatrix</em> is a devastating worldwide disease. Early monitoring is crucial for controlling CLR quickly and efficiently. However, accurately identifying CLR in its early stages via the naked eye is challenging. Moreover, detecting <em>H. vastatrix</em> using PCR-based methods is time-consuming, labour-intensive, and occasionally exhibits low sensitivity. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) technology is known for its speed, specificity, and sensitivity to identifying many pathogens accurately. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of ITS sequences from <em>H. vastatrix</em> and other <em>H. vastatrix</em> and <em>Uredinales</em> strains available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database using the BLASTn tool. Based on this analysis, we designed specific primers that target the unique region and its flanking regions within the ITS sequences of <em>H. vastatrix</em>. Using SYBR Green I dye, we established a LAMP technique for rapid and sensitive detection of <em>H. vastatrix</em>. Moreover, we optimised the LAMP protocol to enhance sensitivity and specificity for <em>H. vastatrix</em> detection. Under the optimised conditions, the established LAMP protocol detected as little as 1pg/μL of <em>H. vastatrix</em> DNA within 60min at 63°C. This sensitivity is approximately 100 times higher than that achieved using conventional PCR. Our method proved effective in detecting <em>H. vastatrix</em> at the early stages of CLR symptom development on the coffee leaves in field conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23354,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Plant Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140148969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival niches of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea, causal agent of bacterial blight in soybean (Glycine max L.)","authors":"Luana Laurindo de Melo, Daniele Maria do Nascimento, José Marcelo Soman, João César Lourencetti da Silva, Maria Márcia Pereira Sartori, Antonio Carlos Maringoni, Tadeu Antônio Fernandes da Silva Júnior","doi":"10.1007/s40858-024-00642-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-024-00642-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bacterial blight caused by <i>Pseudomonas</i> <i>savastanoi</i> pv. <i>glycinea</i> (Psg) is a prevalent disease in soybean crops worldwide, and crop rotation is a potential management strategy. However, the importance of alternative crops and soil as hosts of Psg is not well understood. This study aimed to assess the survival of Psg in four soil types, the phyllosphere, and rhizosphere of 12 crops rotated with soybean, and endophytic colonization of crops by Psg. The pathogenic strain Soj. 1462 of Psg, resistant to rifampicin, was used in all experiments, and culturing followed by PCR confirmed bacterial survival. Psg survived for a maximum of two days in all soil types. In both survival niches, phyllosphere and rhizosphere, sunn hemp, common bean, and turnip proved to be the crops with a shorter Psg survival period, lasting less than 28 days, while the remaining evaluated crops exhibited longer survival periods. In endophytic colonization, Psg survived for less than 35 days in these crops when inoculated in artificially wounded plants. When inoculated by spray in the same crops, the highest Psg survival was recorded up to 28 days. To reduce Psg inoculum, it is advisable to cultivate sunn hemp, common bean, and turnip in succession with soybean, given their comparatively lower recorded survival periods.</p>","PeriodicalId":23354,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Plant Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140148881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzes of mealybug (Pseudococcus longispinus) virome reveal grapevine viruses diversity","authors":"Thor Vinícius Martins Fajardo, Priscila Grynberg, Roberto Coiti Togawa, João Marcos Fagundes Silva, Fabio Nascimento da Silva, Osmar Nickel","doi":"10.1007/s40858-024-00647-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-024-00647-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The long-tailed mealybug, <i>Pseudococcus longispinus</i>, is an important insect pest in grapevine growing areas in several countries, including Brazil. Metagenomic analysis of nucleic acids extracted from insect vectors makes it possible to study the diversity of insect viruses in addition to plant pathogenic viruses. In this study, insects (<i>Ps. longispinus</i>) were collected, and pooled throughout a plot of virus disease symptomatic vines, cultivated in growing beds, and analyzed by high throughput sequencing (HTS). The complete genome of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 and 3 (GLRaV-2 and -3) and a partial sequence of grapevine virus A (GVA) with two complete ORFs (coat protein and RNA-binding protein) were assembled from mealybug extracts and exhibited high nucleotide identities, up to 99%, with previously characterized homologous Brazilian isolates from grapevines. This information was validated by the detection of these viruses in the original symptomatic vines (N=76), from where mealybugs were collected, equivalent to an incidence of 34.2%, 89.5% and 36.8% for GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3 and GVA, respectively. Although one of these viruses is not transmitted by mealybugs (GLRaV-2), prospection of plant viruses infecting grapevine plants by analyzing the metagenome of insects could represent a relevant alternative to improve monitoring of viral diseases aiming at the management and control of viral diseases in vineyards or cultivation fields. This work is the first analysis of the <i>Ps. longispinus</i> virome in Brazil focusing on grapevine viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23354,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Plant Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140148972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mutations associated with boscalid and pyraclostrobin resistance of Botrytis cinerea from vegetable fields in Turkey","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s40858-024-00646-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-024-00646-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p><em>Botrytis cin</em><em>erea</em> Pers. is a polyphagous fungal pathogen that can cause significant damage in the field, warehouse, and greenhouse conditions. In Turkey, fungicides with site-specific modes containing the active ingredients boscalid and pyraclostrobin are used to control <em>B. cinerea</em>. In this study, it was aimed to determine the mutations associated with resistance to boscalid and pyraclostrobin active substances in <em>B. cinerea</em> isolates obtained from tomato, pepper, eggplant, and lettuce in Turkey. In the <em>in vitro</em> bioassay, a conidial germination test was performed. It was determined that 26% of the isolates used in the bioassay test were resistant. After that, mutations associated with resistance were investigated. Mutations associated with boscalid resistance were found in 18 isolates whose <em>SdhB</em> gene was sequenced. No mutations were detected in sensitive MH51 and Ant34 isolates. It has been determined that N230I and H272R mutations were found to be frequent in <em>B. cinerea</em> populations in Turkey. P225F mutation was detected only in the B4 isolate obtained from the pepper in Antalya. The mutations associated with boscalid resistance detected in this study are reported for the first time in Turkey. The G143A mutation associated with pyraclostrobin resistance was detected in all the isolates sequenced.</p>","PeriodicalId":23354,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Plant Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140070541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence dynamics of ratoon stunting disease in various ecological sugarcane planting regions in Yunnan","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s40858-024-00644-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-024-00644-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Ratoon stunting disease (RSD) is a pervasive bacterial disease in the world, which seriously affects the yield and quality of sugarcane. To clarify the incidence of RSD in various ecological zones, different varieties, and crop cycles in Yunnan, 214 samples were collected from three planting regions situated in the North Tropic Humid and South Subtropical Humid zones. These samples underwent molecular detection for RSD. The results showed that the highest positive detection rate of RSD was 88.57% in Longzhang in the South Subtropical Humid zones. RSD was detected in 18 main planting or promoting varieties, the positive detection rate was 42.86%-100%. For the crop cycles, RSD occurred in different degrees from newly planted to fourth ratoon crop. The results reveal significant differences in RSD incidence dynamics among sugarcane varieties, crop cycles, and ecological areas. Notably, during the transition from newly planted to second ratoon crop, RSD incidence increased with the duration of ratoon years in different ecological sugarcane areas. Furthermore, there was a tendency for RSD incidence to increase with successive ratoon years in varieties Yuetang 93-159, Yunzhe 08-1609, Liucheng 05-136, Yunzhe 05-51, Liucheng 03-182, Chuantang 79-15 and Yunzhe 05-49.</p>","PeriodicalId":23354,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Plant Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140070542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yearly changes in virulence of Phakopsora pachyrhizi isolates in Paraguay","authors":"Ruth Scholz, Marta Alicia Fernández Gamarra, María José Vargas, Naoki Yamanaka","doi":"10.1007/s40858-024-00639-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-024-00639-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by the pathogen <i>Phakopsora pachyrhizi</i>, is one of the most notable soybean diseases in Paraguay because of the associated productivity losses and expenditures related to fungicide use. There is also concern regarding the environmental impact of excessive fungicide use. In addition, the decreased sensitivity of ASR pathogens to various fungicide groups has been reported in recent years. To effectively control ASR, it is necessary to combine fungicides with resistant varieties. To introduce ASR resistance genes (<i>Rpp</i>: <u>R</u>esistance to <i><u>P</u></i><i>. </i><i><u>p</u></i><i>achyrhizi</i>) into Paraguayan soybean cultivars, the effectiveness of <i>Rpp</i> resistance genes must be determined, as a few are rendered ineffective due to virulence changes in the pathogen population. In this study, the effectiveness of 12 different soybean genotypes with different <i>Rpp</i> genes was evaluated using 18 <i>P. pachyrhizi</i> samples obtained in the 2016/17, 2017/18, 2018/19, and 2019/20 seasons and compared with the previous eight seasons from 2007 to 2015. Yearly changes in virulence were observed in a few differentials; however, these changes were not always from avirulent to virulent. Further, all differential varieties with a single resistance gene showed resistant phenotypes in less than 50 % of the samples in their least effective years. Considering these observations, the introduction of a single resistance gene poses a risk in breeding for ASR resistance. The differentials carrying a single gene, <i>Rpp1-b</i> or <i>Rpp5</i>, tended to show high frequencies, specifically 86.9–89.8 % resistance in the tested samples from 2007–2019, and that of the <i>Rpp-</i>pyramided line carrying <i>Rpp2</i> + <i>Rpp4</i> + <i>Rpp5</i> was 97.0 %. Therefore, the introduction of two or more resistance genes, via combination with <i>Rpp1-b</i> and/or <i>Rpp5,</i> or the introduction of <i>Rpp</i>2 + <i>Rpp4</i> + <i>Rpp5</i> would be effective and durable for mitigating the Paraguayan ASR pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":23354,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Plant Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140036878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}