Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation最新文献

{"title":"A Retrospective Cohort Study on The Impact of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery with Safe Brain Initiative on Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes in Türkiye.","authors":"Berna Çalışkan, Şahan Dağlar, Mine Gürsaç Çelik, Başak Ceyda Meco, Finn M Radtke","doi":"10.4274/TJAR.2026.252248","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TJAR.2026.252248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols are recognised for improving postoperative outcomes. Integrating structured prehabilitation with the safe brain initiative (SBI) may further enhance these benefits. This study evaluated the impact of an ERAS-SBI programme on postoperative recovery and analgesic requirements in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective single-centre cohort study included adults classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists I-III who underwent elective TKA at a tertiary-care teaching hospital. Outcomes of patients managed with the ERAS-SBI programme (n = 138; December 2023-2024) were compared with those of patients treated prior to programme implementation (n = 66; December 2022-2023). The primary outcome was the length of hospital stay. Secondary outcomes included timing of postoperative discharge and cumulative rescue opioid analgesia at 24 and 48 hours.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ERAS-SBI group had a significantly shorter hospital stay than the pre-ERAS-SBI group (<i>P</i> < 0.001). The time to postoperative discharge was also reduced (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Rescue opioid analgesia consumption at 24 and 48 hours was significantly lower in the ERAS-SBI group (<i>P</i> < 0.001 for both comparisons). Perioperative anaemia and blood transfusion rates were reduced in the ERAS-SBI group (<i>P</i>=0.007 and <i>P</i>=0.003, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Implementing an ERAS-SBI pathway, incorporating a dedicated prehabilitation-focused ERAS outpatient clinic, is associated with shorter hospitalisation and reduced postoperative analgesic requirements following TKA. These findings support the role of enhanced multidisciplinary perioperative optimisation in improving clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23353,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation","volume":" ","pages":"62-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12884856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146066931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Make the Invisible Visible: Abandoning Comfortable Blindness in Anaesthesia.","authors":"Özlem Selvi Can, Alper Kılıçaslan, Serkan Tulgar, Zekeriyya Alanoğlu","doi":"10.4274/TJAR.2026.262441","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TJAR.2026.262441","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23353,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation","volume":"54 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12884869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146143582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic Gas Control Mode Versus Manual Minimal-flow and Medium-flow Anaesthesia in Breast Surgery: A Comparative Study.","authors":"Gökhan Çeviker, Özcan Pişkin, Çağdaş Baytar, Rahşan Dilek Okyay, Keziban Bollucuoğlu, Manolya Alkan Canıtez, Bengü Gülhan Aydın, Gamze Küçükosman, Hilal Ayoğlu","doi":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.252143","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.252143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study compared automatic gas control (AGC) mode with manual minimal-flow and manual medium-flow techniques in elective breast surgery, evaluating sevoflurane consumption, cost, hemodynamics, and recovery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following ethics approval, 90 American Society of Anaesthesiologists I-II patients (age 18-65 years) undergoing elective breast surgery were randomized to AGC mode (Group AGC, n = 30), manual minimal-flow control (Group ManCo, n = 30), or manual medium-flow control (Group ModFA, n = 30). All received standard induction after preoxygenation, with maintenance via sevoflurane and remifentanil infusion in a mixture of oxygen and medical air. After reaching a minimum alveolar concentration of 1.0, sevoflurane was adjusted to maintain a bispectral index of 40-60. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, bispectral index, inspired sevoflurane fractions and expired sevoflurane fraction, end-tidal carbon dioxide, temperature, and instantaneous sevoflurane consumption were recorded pre-induction and every 15 minutes. Extubation time, recovery time, surgery duration, and total anaesthesia time were documented. Total sevoflurane consumption and cost were calculated postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sevoflurane consumption and related costs were significantly lower in Group AGC versus Groups ManCo and ModFA (both <i>P</i> <0.001) and lower in Group ManCo than in Group ModFA (<i>P</i> <0.001). MAP and recovery times did not differ significantly among groups (<i>P</i> >0.05). Pre-extubation temperature was higher in Group AGC compared to Group ManCo (<i>P</i>=0.014) and Group ModFA (<i>P</i>=0.002). Extubation time was longer in Group ManCo versus Groups AGC and ModFA (<i>P</i> <0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AGC mode significantly reduces sevoflurane consumption and cost compared to both manual minimal-flow and manual medium-flow techniques, without adversely affecting hemodynamics or recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":23353,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation","volume":" ","pages":"357-366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12728448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145303388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Large Language Models: Editorial Reflections.","authors":"Zekeriyya Alanoğlu, Serkan Tulgar, Alper Kılıçaslan, Özlem Selvi Can","doi":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.252355","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.252355","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23353,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation","volume":"53 6","pages":"280-281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12728439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145805722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Succinylcholine, Rocuronium, and Rocuronium with Magnesium on Time of Onset of Paralysis in Adult Patients Undergoing Rapid Sequence Induction: A Double Blinded Randomised Control Trial.","authors":"George Paul, Shagufta Naaz, Umesh Kumar Bhadani, Nishant Sahay, Rajnish Kumar, Satish Kumar","doi":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.251886","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.251886","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We compared magnesium sulphate pre-treatment with rocuronium at a dose of 0.9 mg kg^-1 to the standard succinylcholine (1 mg kg^-1) in rapid sequence induction to see if this combination had an onset of paralysis comparable to succinylcholine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective, single-centre, double-blinded, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial on patients aged 18-60 years, either sex, the American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II. Patients received a 100 mL normal saline infusion followed by either succinylcholine at 1 mg kg^-1 (Group S), or rocuronium 0.9 mg kg^-1 (Group R), or a 100 mL normal saline infusion containing magnesium sulphate 60 mg kg^-1, followed by rocuronium 0.9 mg kg^-1 (Group MgR). The primary outcome was the time of onset of paralysis evidenced by fading of train-of-four (TOF). Secondary outcomes were the intubation conditions, and the laryngoscopy response.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 135 patients showed TOF fading times differed significantly across the groups, with Group S showing a median (<i>interquartile range</i>-IQR) of 65 (61-70) seconds, Group R 102 (98-108) seconds, and Group MgR 82 (79-85) seconds (<i>P</i> < 0.001). The ease of laryngoscopy and response to cuff inflation showed no significant difference (<i>P</i>=1.000). Analysis of the position of the vocal cords suggested a significant difference (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Finally, the total intubating conditions indicated a significant difference among the groups (<i>P</i> < 0.001), favouring Group MgR for excellent intubating conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The onset of action was significantly faster with succinylcholine than with magnesium sulphate-rocuronium. Nevertheless, it was significantly faster with magnesium sulphate-rocuronium than with rocuronium alone. However, the intubation conditions were better when magnesium was added to rocuronium.</p>","PeriodicalId":23353,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation","volume":" ","pages":"317-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12728446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence and Risk Factors of Postoperative Complications in Patients Undergoing Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Oya Kılcı, Feryal Korkmaz Akçay, Özlem Balkız Soyal, Murat Akçay, Betül Güven Aytaç","doi":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.251973","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.251973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) is increasingly used in the treatment of prostate cancer due to its minimally invasive nature, reduced perioperative bleeding, and shorter hospital stays. However, the steep Trendelenburg position and CO₂ pneumoperitoneum required for the procedure present unique anaesthetic challenges, particularly in elderly patients with comorbidities. This study aimed to determine the incidence of anaesthetic complications during RALP and identify independent risk factors associated with these events.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective observational study was conducted at Ankara Bilkent City Hospital between 2019 and 2024. A total of 1,020 patients who underwent RALP were evaluated. Collected data included demographic characteristics, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification, comorbidities, and intra- and postoperative outcomes. Anaesthetic complications were analyzed, and multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean patient age was 65.0±6.3 years, with 65.3% classified as ASA II and 61.6% having at least one comorbidity. Anaesthetic complications occurred in 4.4% of patients. Those with complications were significantly older (67.9±6.2 vs. 64.9±6.3 years, <i>P</i>=0.004), had longer hospital stays (8.98±4.45 vs. 6.83±3.18 days, <i>P</i> < 0.001), and were more frequently admitted to the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) (73.3% vs. 46.8%, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified age, hospital stay duration, and PACU admission as independent risk factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RALP can be safely performed in experienced centers with individualized anaesthetic management. However, older age, longer hospitalization, and PACU admission significantly increase the risk of anaesthetic complications. These findings emphasize the need for preoperative risk stratification and tailored perioperative care to improve safety outcomes. Prospective, multicenter studies are needed to confirm these results and guide future anaesthetic strategies in robotic urologic surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":23353,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation","volume":" ","pages":"334-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12728440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144601716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Central Line Guidewire Knot in a Paediatric Patient with Bronchial Leiomyosarcoma Undergoing Left Pneumonectomy: A Case Report.","authors":"Suruchi Richhariya, Sunaina Tejpal Karna, Pramod Kumar Sharma, Roshan Chanchalani","doi":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.252060","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.252060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report the unanticipated intraoperative complication of a guidewire knot during central venous line insertion in the left internal jugular vein (IJV), in a child scheduled for a left pneumonectomy for leiomyosarcoma of the left lung under general anaesthesia. After an uneventful guidewire placement in the left IJV under ultrasound guidance, difficulty was encountered in advancing the central venous catheter over the guidewire. Resistance was felt when initiating the removal of the guidewire. The guidewire knot was identified with intraoperative fluoroscopic imaging. After consultation with the surgical team, the knot in the guidewire was removed by immediate venotomy. Intraoperative lung isolation and tracheal extubation after the surgery were uneventful. This report emphasises the importance of vigilance during central venous catheterisation in paediatric patients whose anatomical variations and smaller vessels exacerbate the risk of such complications. Ultrasound-based preprocedural Rapid Central Venous Assessment, and intra-procedural guidewire-tip navigation may help prevent coiling/knotting. Furthermore, it highlights the need for rapid recognition and surgical readiness to resolve unexpected issues during routine procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":23353,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation","volume":" ","pages":"367-370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12728447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144817510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung Isolation in a Child with Kinsbourne Syndrome for Paraspinal Neuroblastoma Excision in the Prone Position.","authors":"Aritra Kundu, Nishant Patel, Subodh Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Sachin Kumar, Vishesh Jain","doi":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.251960","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.251960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kinsbourne syndrome, also known asor opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome, is a rare paediatric neurological disorder characterised by abnormal eye movements, myoclonus, and ataxia. Its anaesthetic management presents significant challenges, especially when one-lung ventilation (OLV) is required in the prone position. This case report describes the anaesthetic management of a two year-old child with Kinsbourne syndrome undergoing T9-T11 paravertebral neuroblastoma excision. Because of the patient's size and the need for lung isolation, a Fogarty embolectomy catheter was used for OLV. Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous fentanyl, propofol, and atracurium, followed by the insertion of a 4.0 mm cuffed endotracheal tube to facilitate Fogarty catheter insertion. The catheter was positioned in the right bronchus under fibre-optic guidance; after which, a 4.5 mm cuffed tube was inserted, and the patient was placed in the prone position. Continuous fibre-optic monitoring ensured proper catheter placement. Anaesthesia was maintained with oxygen, air, and isoflurane. The patient remained haemodynamically stable, was extubated postoperatively, was observed in the paediatric intensive care unit for 24 hours, and was subsequently transferred to the ward. This case highlights the challenges of OLV in paediatric patients and demonstrates the effectiveness of a Fogarty catheter for lung isolation when traditional devices are unsuitable, emphasising the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration and continuous monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":23353,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation","volume":" ","pages":"371-374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12728438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145132001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Artificial Intelligence be Successful as an Anaesthesiology and Reanimation Resident?","authors":"Gökçen Kültüroğlu, Yusuf Özgüner, Savaş Altınsoy, Seyyid Furkan Kına, Ela Erdem Hıdıroğlu, Jülide Ergil","doi":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.251927","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.251927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to compare the performance of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot ChatGPT with anaesthesiology and reanimation residents at a major hospital in an exam modelled after the European Diploma in Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Part I.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The annual training exam for residents was administered electronically. One day prior to this, the same questions were posed to an AI language model. During the analysis, the residents were divided into two groups based on their training duration (less than 24 months: Group J; 24 months or more: Group S). Two books and four guides were used as references in the preparation of a 100-question multiple-choice exam, with each correct answer awarded one point.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median exam score among all participants was 70 [interquartile range (IQR) 67-73] out of 100. ChatGPT correctly answered 71 questions. Group J had a median exam score of 67 (IQR 65.25-69), while Group S scored 73 (IQR 70-75) (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Residents with less than 24 months of training performed significantly worse across all subtopics compared to those with more extensive training (<i>P</i> < 0.05). When ranked within the groups, ChatGPT placed eighth in Group J and 47^th in Group S.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ChatGPT exhibited a performance comparable to that of a resident in an exam centred on anaesthesiology and critical care. We suggest that by tailoring an AI model like ChatGPT in anaesthesiology and resuscitation, exam performance could be enhanced, paving the way for its development as a valuable tool in medical education.</p>","PeriodicalId":23353,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation","volume":" ","pages":"301-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12728458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144039653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential Renoprotective Effect of Sugammadex in Renal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury.","authors":"Vildan Kölükçü, Mehtap Gürler Balta, Ahmet Tuğrul Şahin, Ali Genç, Velid Unsal, Fatih Fırat, Fikret Gevrek, Asiye Yancı, Ahmet Burak Gürpınar","doi":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.251887","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TJAR.2025.251887","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sugammadex on renal tissue for against ischemia-reperfusion injury.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-one Wistar albino strain female rats were divided into three groups. The first group functioned as the control cohort for comparison. In Groups 2 and 3, a renal ischemia-reperfusion model was established. Moreover, following the cessation of ischemia, the rats in Group 3 were intravenously administered sugammadex at a dose of 4 mg kg^-1. Blood and tissue samples were subsequently collected for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Biochemical analyses revealed a notable increase in the enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in Group 3 relative to Group 2 (<i>P</i> < 0.001 and <i>P</i>=0.015, respectively). Additionally, the concentration of malondialdehyde was found to be significantly reduced in Group 3 relative to Group 2 (<i>P</i>=0.004). Group 3 exhibited a substantial decrease in tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and interleukin 1 beta levels when compared to Group 2 (<i>P</i>=0.021, <i>P</i>=0.006, and <i>P</i>=0.016 respectively). Group 2 exhibited the highest concentrations of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule-1 (<i>P</i> < 0.001 and <i>P</i>=0.015, respectively). Similarly, the histopathologic tissue damage was the most prominent in Group 2 (<i>P</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sugammadex plays a protective role against ischaemia-reperfusion injury in renal tissue.</p>","PeriodicalId":23353,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation","volume":" ","pages":"307-316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12728449/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}