Toxicological Research最新文献

{"title":"Molecular mechanisms of 1,2-dichloroethane-induced neurotoxicity.","authors":"Yang Xiang, Xiaoshun Zhang, Zhiling Tian, Yibin Cheng, Ningguo Liu, Xiaojing Meng","doi":"10.1007/s43188-023-00197-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43188-023-00197-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The production of industrial solvents and adhesives often utilizes 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE), a highly toxic halogenated hydrocarbon compound. Occupational 1,2-DCE poisoning occurs frequently and is a public health concern. Exposure to 1,2-DCE can damage the brain, liver, and kidneys. The main and most severe damage caused by exposure to 1,2-DCE is to the nervous system, especially the central nervous system. Current research on 1,2-DCE mainly focuses on the mechanism of brain edema. Several possible mechanisms of 1,2-DCE neurotoxicity have been proposed, including oxidative stress, calcium overload, blood-brain barrier damage, and neurotransmitter changes. This article reviews the research progress on 1,2-DCE neurotoxicity and the mechanism behind it to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of 1,2-DCE poisoning.</p>","PeriodicalId":23181,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Research","volume":"39 4","pages":"565-574"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541367/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41147148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on side effects of high-dose methylprednisolone administration in male rats.","authors":"Aslihan Sur, Seda Iflazoglu Mutlu, Pinar Tatli Seven, Ismail Seven, Abdullah Aslan, Meltem Kizil, Recai Kulaksiz, Mustafa Hilmi Yaranoglu, Selim Esen","doi":"10.1007/s43188-023-00196-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43188-023-00196-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we investigated the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) against the side effects of high-dose administration of methylprednisolone (MP) in male rats. A total of 32 adult Wistar male albino rats were divided into four groups: (1) control (CON), received standard food only; (2) MP, received standard food + intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg MP on day 7; (3) GSPE, received standard food + 200 mg/kg/day GSPE; and (4) MP + GSPE, received standard food + 200 mg/kg/day of GSPE + intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg MP on day 7. All animals in the GSPE and GSPE + MP groups were treated once a day by oral gavage for 14 consecutive days. The feed intake of rats in the MP and MP + GSPE groups decreased significantly by 24.14% and 13.52%, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Administration of MP resulted in significant increases in serum concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (<i>p</i> < 0.001), glucose (<i>p</i> < 0.01), alkaline phosphatase, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (<i>p</i> < 0.05). High-dose MP administration significantly reduced catalase (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and glutathione peroxidase (<i>p</i> < 0.05) concentrations in the liver and kidney tissues of rats, while glutathione concentrations were only reduced in liver tissue (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The expression levels of <i>Bcl-2</i> and <i>TNF-α</i> in liver, kidney, and testicular tissue were significantly increased, while the expression levels of <i>caspase-3</i> were reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Furthermore, sperm concentration was significantly affected by GSPE in rats induced by high-dose MP, and sperm loss was significantly reduced in MP + GSPE (<i>p</i> < 0.05). These findings suggest that GSPE could be useful as a supplement to alleviate MP-induced toxicity in rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":23181,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Research","volume":"39 4","pages":"749-759"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541365/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41171993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of immunotoxicological indices with lung cancer biomarkers in poultry, grape, and rose farming workers.","authors":"Anju Maharjan, Ravi Gautam, Manju Acharya, JiHun Jo, DaEun Lee, Pramod Bahadur K C, Young-A Lee, Jung-Taek Kwon, HyoCher Kim, KyungRan Kim, ChangYul Kim, HyoungAh Kim, Yong Heo","doi":"10.1007/s43188-023-00199-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43188-023-00199-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to occupational hazards like dust, pesticides, diesel emission particles, or physical hazards in the agricultural sector is known to cause adverse health effects on farm workers. Our study aimed at addressing the association of immunomodulatory status with plasma levels of lung cancer biomarkers in farming population, attempting to recognition of vulnerable farming group. Blood samples from apparently healthy 51 chicken husbandry, 19 grape orchard, and 21 rose greenhouse workers were subjected to evaluate plasma levels of two representative lung cancer biomarkers, pro-gastrin releasing peptide (Pro-GRP) and cytokeratin fragment 19 (CYFRA 21-1). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from farmers were used for natural killer (NK) cell phenotyping and cytokines (interferon-gamma, IFN-γ and interleukin-13, IL-13) profiling in the culture supernatant. Compared to the rose greenhouse farmers, the grape orchard and chicken husbandry workers revealed a significantly upregulated plasma Pro-GRP and CYFRA 21-1 level. A low proportion of NK cells was observed among the female grape orchard workers and a lowered IFN- γ:IL-13 ratio was seen in the grape and chicken husbandry workers than the rose workers. Our findings imply that grape orchard and chicken husbandry workers have more disturbed immune homeostasis implicated with augmentation in the levels of lung cancer biomarkers than the rose greenhouse workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":23181,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Research","volume":"39 4","pages":"739-747"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541357/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41149419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective effects of cardamom aqueous extract against tamoxifen-induced pancreatic injury in female rats.","authors":"Hala Attia, Afraa Alzoubi, Nour Al-Anazi, Aliah Alshanwani, Naglaa El-Orabi, Alaa Alanteet, Raeesa Mohamad, Rehab Ali","doi":"10.1007/s43188-023-00198-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43188-023-00198-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tamoxifen (TAM) is a commonly used drug for breast cancer treatment. Although effective, TAM has deleterious effects on many organs. The toxic effects of TAM on the pancreas and the underlying mechanisms however, have not fully investigated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of TAM on the pancreatic tissue in female rats. We also examined whether cardamom aqueous extract (CAE) protects against TAM-induced pancreatic injury. TAM-intoxicated rats were injected with 45 mg/kg of TAM for 10 days, whereas rats in the CAE-treated group were administered 10 mL/kg of CAE for 20 days, starting 10 days prior to TAM administration. Treatment with TAM resulted in severe degeneration of the pancreatic acini and marked increases in the serum levels of pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, glucose, fatty acids and triglycerides along with decreased insulin serum levels. TAM led to oxidative stress as evident from a significant increase in the pancreatic levels of lipid peroxides and nitric oxide along with the depletion of reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Moreover, inflammation was indicated by a significant increase in tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels, enhanced expression of the macrophage recruitment marker; CD68 as well as up-regulated protein levels of toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor kappa B and increased p-p38/MAPK ratio; which are important signals in the production of inflammatory cytokines. TAM also markedly increased the pancreatic levels of caspase-3 and BAX reflecting its apoptotic effects. The CAE treatment ameliorated all the biochemical and histological changes induced by TAM. The present study revealed, for the first time, that TAM has toxic effects on the pancreatic tissue through oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptotic effects. The present study also provides evidence that CAE exerts cytoprotective effects against these deleterious effects induced by TAM in the pancreatic tissue.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-023-00198-w.</p>","PeriodicalId":23181,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Research","volume":"39 4","pages":"721-737"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541358/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41155309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two weeks dose range-finding and four weeks repeated dose oral toxicity study of a novel reversible monoamine oxidase B inhibitor KDS2010 in cynomolgus monkeys.","authors":"Kyung-Tai Kim, Doo-Wan Cho, Jae-Woo Cho, Wan-Jung Im, Da-Hee Kim, Jong-Hyun Park, Ki Duk Park, Young-Su Yang, Su-Cheol Han","doi":"10.1007/s43188-023-00182-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43188-023-00182-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A novel reversible monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, KDS2010, has been developed as a therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative diseases. This study investigated its potential toxicity in non-human primates before human clinical trials. Daily KDS2010 doses (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg) were orally administered to cynomolgus monkeys (1 animal/sex/group, 4 males and 4 females) for 2 weeks to determine the dose range. One male was moribund, and one female was found dead in the 100 mg/kg/day group. One male was also found dead in the 50 mg/kg/day group. The death was considered an adverse effect in both sexes since distal tubules/collecting duct dilation and hypertrophy in the epithelium of the papillary duct were observed in their kidneys. Based on dose range finding results, KDS2010 (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg/day) was administered orally for 4 weeks, and animals were given 2 weeks for recovery. No significant changes were observed during daily clinical observations and macro-and microscopic examinations, including body weight, food consumption, hematology, clinical chemistry, and organ weight. And, the kidney was seen as the primary target organ of KDS2010 in the 2 weeks study, but no adverse effect was observed in the 4 weeks study. Therefore, 40 mg/kg/day is considered the no-observed-adverse-effect level in both sexes of cynomolgus monkeys.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-023-00182-4.</p>","PeriodicalId":23181,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Research","volume":"39 4","pages":"693-709"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41149261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative roles of sphingosine kinase in liver pathophysiology.","authors":"Kyu Min Kim, Eun Jin Shin, Ji Hye Yang, Sung Hwan Ki","doi":"10.1007/s43188-023-00193-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43188-023-00193-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioactive sphingolipids and enzymes that metabolize sphingolipid-related substances have been considered as critical messengers in various signaling pathways. One such enzyme is the crucial lipid kinase, sphingosine kinase (SphK), which mediates the conversion of sphingosine to the potent signaling substance, sphingosine-1-phosphate. Several studies have demonstrated that SphK metabolism is strictly regulated to maintain the homeostatic balance of cells. Here, we summarize the role of SphK in the course of liver disease and illustrate its effects on both physiological and pathological conditions of the liver. SphK has been implicated in a variety of liver diseases, such as steatosis, liver fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatic failure. This study may advance the understanding of the cellular and molecular foundations of liver disease and establish therapeutic approaches via SphK modulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23181,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Research","volume":"39 4","pages":"549-564"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541397/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41149219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A regional approach for health risk assessment of toxicants in plastic food containers.","authors":"Lan Binh Thi Nguyen, Nguyen Thi Thanh Truc, Ngoc Tran Thi Nguyen, Dinh Khang Vu, Byeong-Kyu Lee","doi":"10.1007/s43188-023-00194-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43188-023-00194-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plastic food containers are being used popularly, generating a waste of about 115 million tons in Vietnam. Such waste is causing environmental and health issues. This study conducted a field survey with 250 local people and selected 59 samples out of 135 plastic food containers collected in Go Vap district, Vietnam. Collected plastic samples identified compositions were PET 13.6%, PP 28.8%, PS 16.9%, and 40.7% undefined plastics. Collected plastic samples were classified based on the plastic type using recycling code and quantitatively analyzed with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy method to assess concentrations of Cd, Sb, Pb, Hg, Sn, Cr, Br, Cl, and S. Most of these collected plastic samples (91.5%) were found to contain 8/9 hazardous substances and most elements contained in these plastics were below their standard thresholds. These elements in plastic samples could be divided as the result into three hazard groups: (1) high hazard group (Sb, Cl, and S); (2) medium hazard group (Cr, Br and Hg); and (3) low hazard groups (Cd, Pb and Sn). Among substances in the high hazard group, element Sb was assessed for its migration because only Sb is regulated in Vietnam in QCVN 12-1: 2011/BYT. Substances of Cl, S, Cr, Br, and Hg (group 1, 2) do not have regulations related to the method of decontamination. Thus, additional health risks need to be assessed using the USEtox model. Finally, this study proposed a screening process to assess the risk of toxicity of elements contained in plastic food containers through ISO 31000:2018.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-023-00194-0.</p>","PeriodicalId":23181,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Research","volume":"39 4","pages":"681-692"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41153777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AXL is required for hypoxia-mediated hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha function in glioblastoma.","authors":"Thuy-Trang T Vo, Quangdon Tran, Youngeun Hong, Hyunji Lee, Hyeonjeong Cho, Minhee Kim, Sungjin Park, Chaeyeong Kim, Choinyam Bayarmunkh, Damdindorj Boldbaatar, So Hee Kwon, Jisoo Park, Seon-Hwan Kim, Jongsun Park","doi":"10.1007/s43188-023-00195-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43188-023-00195-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of central nervous system tumor. Molecular targeting may be important when developing efficient GBM treatment strategies. Sequencing of GBMs revealed that the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/RAS/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway was altered in 88% of samples. Interestingly, AXL, a member of RTK, was proposed as a promising target in glioma therapy. However, the molecular mechanism of AXL modulation of GBM genesis and proliferation is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression and localization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) by AXL in GBM. Both AXL mRNA and protein are overexpressed in GBM. Short-interfering RNA knockdown of AXL in U251-MG cells reduced viability and migration. However, serum withdrawal reduced AXL expression, abolishing the effect on viability. AXL is also involved in hypoxia regulation. In hypoxic conditions, the reduction of AXL decreased the level and nuclear localization of HIF-1α. The co-expression of HIF-1α and AXL was found in human GBM samples but not normal tissue. This finding suggests a mechanism for GBM proliferation and indicates that targeting AXL may be a potential GBM therapeutic.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-023-00195-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":23181,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Research","volume":"39 4","pages":"669-679"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541364/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41115409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxygen consumption rate to evaluate mitochondrial dysfunction and toxicity in cardiomyocytes.","authors":"Dohee Ahn, Ryeo-Eun Go, Kyung-Chul Choi","doi":"10.1007/s43188-023-00183-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43188-023-00183-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increase in the types and complexity of diseases has led to significant advances in diagnostic techniques and the availability of effective therapies. Recent studies have focused on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Mitochondria are important organelles in cells that generate energy. Besides the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of cells, mitochondria are also involved in thermogenesis, control of intracellular calcium ions (Ca²⁺), apoptosis, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammation. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in several diseases including cancer, diabetes, some genetic diseases, and neurogenerative and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, the cardiomyocytes of the heart are rich in mitochondria due to the large energy requirement for optimal cardiac function. One of the main causes of cardiac tissue injuries is believed to be mitochondrial dysfunction, which occurs via complicated pathways which have not yet been completely elucidated. There are various types of mitochondrial dysfunction including mitochondrial morphological change, unbalanced levels of substances to maintain mitochondria, mitochondrial damage by drugs, and mitochondrial deletion and synthesis errors. Most of mitochondrial dysfunctions are linked with symptoms and diseases, thus we focus on parts of mitochondrial dysfunction about fission and fusion in cardiomyocytes, and ways to understand the mechanism of cardiomyocyte damage by detecting oxygen consumption levels in the mitochondria.</p>","PeriodicalId":23181,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Research","volume":"39 3","pages":"333-339"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10313613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9749086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute toxicity assessment of nine organic UV filters using a set of biotests.","authors":"Stec Marcin,&nbsp;Astel Aleksander","doi":"10.1007/s43188-023-00192-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-023-00192-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>UV filters in environmental compartments are a source of concern related to their ecotoxicological effects. However, little is known about UV filters' toxicity, particularly those released into the environment as mixtures. Acute toxicity of nine organic UV filters benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, 4-methoxy benzylidene camphor, octocrylene, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, homosalate, and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane was determined. UV filter solutions were tested as single, binary, and ternary mixtures of various compositions. Single solutions were tested using a set of bio tests, including tests on saline crustaceans (<i>Artemia franciscana</i>), freshwater crustaceans (<i>Daphnia magna</i>), marine bacteria (<i>Aliivibrio fischeri</i>), and freshwater plants (<i>Lemna minor</i>). The tests represent different stages of the trophic chain, and hence their overall results could be used to risk assessment concerning various water reservoirs. The toxicity of binary and ternary mixtures was analyzed using the standardized Microtox^® method. Generally, organic UV filters were classified as acutely toxic. Octocrylene was the most toxic for <i>Arthemia franciscana</i> (LC₅₀ = 0.55 mg L^-1) and <i>Daphnia magna</i> (EC₅₀ = 2.66-3.67 mg L^-1). The most toxic against freshwater plants were homosalate (IC₅₀ = 1.46 mg L^-1) and octocrylene (IC₅₀ = 1.95 mg L^-1). Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EC₅₀ = 1.38-2.16 mg L^-1) was the most toxic for marine bacteria. The least toxic for crustaceans and plants were benzophenone-1 (EC₅₀ = 6.15-46.78 mg L^-1) and benzophenone-2 (EC₅₀ = 14.15-54.30 mg L^-1), while 4-methoxy benzylidene camphor was the least toxic for marine bacteria (EC₅₀ = 12.97-15.44 mg L^-1). Individual species differ in their sensitivity to the tested organic UV filters. An assessment of the toxicity of mixtures indicates high and acute toxicity to marine bacteria after exposition to a binary mixture of benzophenone-2 with octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, or homosalate. The toxicity of mixtures was lower than single solutions predicting antagonistic interaction between chemicals.</p><p><strong>Graphical abstract: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":23181,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Research","volume":"39 4","pages":"649-667"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41144236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}