Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods最新文献

{"title":"The role of tetrahydroxyquinone solubility on apoptosis induction in human colorectal cells.","authors":"Zaira López, M Eduardo Cano, Michelle Valdovinos Pérez, Rogelio Rodríguez Rodríguez, Martha Rodríguez Sahagún, Peter Knauth","doi":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2443455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2024.2443455","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (THQ) is a highly redox-active substance that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce apoptosis in cell culture experiments. The underlying mechanism for ROS production has previously been postulated to be the autoxidation of THQ to rhodizonic acid (RhA). However, our results suggest that the cells detoxify THQ by reducing it to hexahydroxybenzene (HHB), catalyzed by the NADPH-quinone-oxidoreductase (NQO1). Then, HHB undergoes autoxidation back to THQ, closing a redox cycle that continuously generates ROS. Only this continuous mechanism produces enough ROS to trigger apoptosis. The cell's protective measures can effectively eliminate the ROS generated by a single autoxidation of THQ to RhA because RhA is not reduced back to THQ and thus does not close a redox cycle. This also explains why only fresh THQ solutions are cytotoxic, whereas older THQ solutions, which are readily autoxidized to RhA, are not.</p>","PeriodicalId":23177,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142923375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in metabolite genotoxicity test results of rat liver S9 microsomes treated with various microsomal enzyme inducers.","authors":"Shigeru Igaki, Kiyohiro Hashimoto, Toshikatsu Matsui, Tadahiro Shinozawa","doi":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2443543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2024.2443543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rat S9 microsome fraction is commonly used to assess compound metabolite formation during <i>in vitro</i> genotoxicity assessments. However, methods using S9 have not been standardized for genotoxicity studies, and different experimental methods are used at various facilities. Therefore, this study investigated whether the differences between the two experimental conditions (1) S9 inducers, phenobarbital + beta-naphthoflavones vs. Aroclor 1254 and (2) the plate incubation vs. preincubation method) in the micro-Ames test would affect the results. Nitrosamine and in-house genotoxicity-positive compounds were used with benzopyrene and 2-aminofluorene as positive control compounds. No differences were observed in the genotoxicity results in the groups treated with the positive control. However, the S9 fraction induced by Aroclor 1254 showed higher cytochrome P450 activity than the fraction induced by phenobarbital and beta-naphthoflavone. The incubation method also affected the results; the nitrosamine compounds showed different genotoxicity activity between the plate incorporation method and preincubation method. In-house aminomethyl quinoline compounds also showed different results depending on the S9 type. These results suggest that different inducers and methods induce various metabolic enzyme activities, which may lead to differences in genotoxicity through distinct metabolite production.</p>","PeriodicalId":23177,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142915647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies on pharmacokinetic properties and intestinal absorption mechanism of sanguinarine chloride: in vivo and in situ.","authors":"Wenqing Sun, Yufeng Xu, Zhiqin Liu, Wei Liu, Hongting Wang, Guanyu Chang, Zihui Yang, Zhen Dong, Jianguo Zeng","doi":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2383366","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2383366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sanguinarine (SAN) is an alkaloid with multiple biological activities, mainly extracted from <i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i> or <i>Macleaya cordata</i>. The low bioavailability of SAN limits its utilization. At present, the nature and mechanism of SAN intestinal absorption are still unclear. The pharmacokinetics, single-pass intestinal perfusion test (SPIP), and equilibrium solubility test of SAN in rats were studied. The absorption of SAN at 20, 40, and 80 mg/L in different intestinal segments was investigated, and verapamil hydrochloride (P-gp inhibitor), celecoxib (MPR2 inhibitor), and ko143 (BCRP inhibitor) were further used to determine the effect of efflux transporter proteins on SAN absorption. The equilibrium solubility of SAN in three buffer solutions (pH 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8) was investigated. The oral pharmacokinetic results in rats showed that SAN was rapidly absorbed (T_max=0.5 h), widely distributed (Vz/<i>F</i> = 134 L/kg), rapidly metabolized (CL = 30 L/h/kg), and had bimodal phenomena. SPIP experiments showed that P-gp protein could significantly affect the effective permeability coefficient (P_eff) and apparent absorption rate constant (Ka) of SAN. Equilibrium solubility test results show that SAN has the best solubility at pH 4.5. In conclusion, SAN is a substrate of P-gp, and its transport modes include efflux protein transport, passive transport and active transport.</p>","PeriodicalId":23177,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods","volume":" ","pages":"43-52"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic exploration of 6-shogaol's preventive effects on azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium -induced colorectal cancer: involvement of cell proliferation, apoptosis, carcinoembryonic antigen, wingless-related integration site signaling, and oxido-inflammation.","authors":"Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi, Babajide Oluwaseun Ajayi, Olufunke Florence Ajeigbe, Opeyemi Rabiat Maruf, Daniel Abu Anyebe, Ifeoluwa Tobi Opafunso, Isaac Adegboyega Adedara","doi":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2381798","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2381798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant global health burden, being the third most prevalent cancer and the second most significant contributor to cancer-related deaths worldwide. Preventive strategies are crucial to combat this rising incidence. 6-shogaol, derived from ginger, has shown promise in preventing and treating various cancers. This study investigated the preventive effects of 6-shogaol on azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced CRC in mice. Forty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control, 6-shogaol, AOM + DSS, and 6-shogaol + AOM + DSS. Mice in the control group received corn oil for 16 weeks, while those in the 6-Shogaol group were administered 20 mg/kg of 6-shogaol for 16 weeks. The AOM + DSS group received a single intraperitoneal dose (<i>ip</i>) of 10 mg/kg of AOM, followed by three cycles of 2.5% DSS in drinking water. The 6-shogaol + AOM + DSS group received both 6-shogaol for 16 weeks and a single <i>ip</i> of 10 mg/kg of AOM, followed by three cycles of 2.5% DSS in drinking water. The AOM + DSS-treated mice exhibited reduced food consumption, colon weight, and colon length, along with increased tumor formation. Co-administration of 6-shogaol effectively reversed these changes, inhibiting CRC development. Histopathological analysis revealed protective effects of 6-shogaol against colonic insults and modulation of inflammatory responses. 6-shogaol significantly reduced Carcinoembryonic antigen and Kiel 67 levels, indicating inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Mechanistically, 6-shogaol promoted apoptosis by upregulating protein 53 and caspase-3 expression, and it effectively restored the balance of the Wingless-related integration site signaling pathway by regulating β-catenin and adenomatous polyposis coli levels. Moreover, 6-shogaol demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects, reducing myeloperoxidase, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, and cyclooxygenase-2 levels in AOM/DSS-treated mice. Additionally, 6-shogaol restored redox homeostasis by reducing lipid peroxidation and nitrosative stress and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities. The findings suggest that 6-shogaol inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, regulates Wnt signaling, suppresses inflammation, and restores redox homeostasis, providing comprehensive insights into its potential therapeutic benefits for CRC.</p>","PeriodicalId":23177,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141735059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The investigation of the toxicity of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) by using <i>in silico</i> toxicity prediction platform ProTox- 3.0.","authors":"Priyanka Banerjee, Onur Ulker, Irem Ozkan, Ozge Cemiloglu Ulker","doi":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2382815","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2382815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From the past to the present, many chemicals have been used for the purpose of flame retardant. Due to PBDEs' (Polybrominated diphenyl ether) lipophilic and accumulative properties, some of them are banned from the market. As an alternative to these chemicals, OPFRs (organophosphorus flame retardants) have started to be used as flame retardants. In this article, acute toxicity profiles, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, blood-brain barrier permeability, ecotoxicity and nutritional toxicity as also AHR, ER affinity and MMP, aromatase affinity, CYP2C9, CYP3A4 interaction of the of 16 different compounds of the OPFRs were investigated using a computational toxicology method; ProTox- 3.0. According to our results, eight compounds were found to be active in terms of carcinogenic effect, whereas two compounds were found to be active for mutagenicity. On the other hand, all compounds were found to be active in terms of blood-barrier permeability. Fourteen compounds and four compounds are found to have ecotoxic and nutritional toxic potency, respectively. Eight compounds were determined as active to AhR, and four chemicals were found to be active in Estrogen Receptor alpha. Eight chemicals were found to be active in terms of mitochondrial membrane potency. Lastly, three chemicals were found to be active in aromatase enzymes. In terms of CYP interaction potencies, eight compounds were found to be active in both CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. This research provided novel insights into the potential toxic effects of OPFRs. However, further studies are needed to evaluate their toxicity. Moreover, these findings lay the groundwork for <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> toxicity research.</p>","PeriodicalId":23177,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods","volume":" ","pages":"32-42"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141761069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal and dosage impact of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on grass carp: unveiling oxidative stress, DNA damage, and antioxidant suppression.","authors":"Riaz Hussain, Saima Naz, Sana Alam, Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Arooj Ali, Muhammad Shahid Khan, Dalia Fouad, Farid Shokry Ataya, Ayaz Mammadov, Kun Li","doi":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2382801","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2382801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have gained significant importance in biomedicine and variety of nanotechnology-based materials used in the agriculture and biomedical industries. However, the release of different nanowastes in the water ecosystem becomes a serious concern. Therefore, this study was executed to evaluate the toxic impacts of MgO NPs on grass carp. A total of 60 grass carp were randomly divided in three groups (G0, G1, and G2). Fish reared in group G0 were kept as control while fish of groups G1 and G2 were exposed to 0.5 mg/L and 0.7 mg/L MgO NPs, respectively, mixed in water for 21 days. The 96h median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of MgO NPs was found to be 4.5 mg/L. Evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes, DNA damage in different visceral organs and the presence of micronuclei in erythrocytes were determined on days 7, 14, and 21 of the trial. Results revealed dose- and time-dependent significantly increased values of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation product, DNA damage in multiple visceral organs and formation of micronuclei in the erythrocytes of treated fish (0.7 mg/L). The results on antioxidant profile exhibited significantly lower amounts of total proteins, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase in visceral organs of the fish exposed to MgO NPs (0.5 and 0.7 mg/L) at day 21 of trial compared to control group. In conclusion, it has been recorded that MgO NPs severely influence the normal physiological functions of the grass carp even at low doses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23177,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods","volume":" ","pages":"19-31"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141735062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of long-term incubation of precision-cut kidney slices.","authors":"C Hoeffner, F Worek, G Horn, N Amend","doi":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2382797","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2382797","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Precision-cut kidney slices (PCKS) provide a powerful model to close the gap between <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> research. Publications by various authors favor different incubation conditions, media, and antibiotics, that have not yet been compared in a standardized manner. After preparation, rat-PCKS were incubated in a total of nine combinations of incubation media and antibiotics for four days. We found that a combination of DMEM/F-12 and gentamicin showed the highest levels of viability. Utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods, we observed stable levels of cellular viability for 10 days when incubated in the most suitable medium combination of DMEM and gentamicin. Additionally, a calcein acetoxymethyl/ethidium homodimer-1 based live/dead staining, analysis of total protein content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were explored to assess both short- and long-term tissue viability. PCKS showed a significant decrease in total protein content, leveling off at around 60% over the duration of 10 days. To be able to evaluate viability irrespective of decreases in total protein detected, we chose to utilize the alamarBlue Cell Viability Assay. Quantifying both intra- and extracellular activity of LDH, while using different concentrations of ethanol as a positive control, we explored enzyme content as a parameter for cell membrane damage and cytotoxicity in PCKS. Overall, we showed that PCKS are suitable for both short- and long-term observation by optimizing incubation parameters, with numerous possibilities for other assays and methods in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23177,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods","volume":" ","pages":"11-18"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141735061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Undifferentiated versus retinoic acid-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells in investigation of markers of neural function in toxicological research.","authors":"Irina Vulin, Dina Tenji, Ivana Teodorovic, Sonja Kaisarevic","doi":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2385968","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2385968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line is a standard <i>in vitro</i> experimental model of neuronal-like cells used in neuroscience and toxicological research. These cells can be differentiated into mature neurons, most commonly using retinoic acid (RA). Despite differences in characteristics, both undifferentiated and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells are used in research. However, due to uncertainties regarding the expression of specific markers of neural function in each culture, there is no definite conclusion on which culture is better suited for (neuro)toxicological and/or neuroscience investigations. To address this dilemma, we investigated the basal expression/activity of the key elements of acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, and GABA neurotransmitter pathways, along with the elements involved in exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and neuron electrophysiological activity in undifferentiated and in RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells using a six-day differentiation protocol. Our findings revealed that both SH-SY5Y cell types are functionally active. While undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells exhibited greater multipotency in the expression of tested markers, most of those markers expressed in both cell types showed higher expression levels in RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Our results suggest that the six-day differentiation protocol with RA induces maturation, but not differentiation of the cells into specific neuron phenotype. The greater multipotency of undifferentiated cells in neural markers expression, together with their higher sensitivity to xenobiotic exposure and more simple cultivation protocols, make them a better candidate for high throughput toxicological screenings. Differentiated neurons are better suited for neuroscience researches that require higher expression of more specific neural markers and the specific types of neural cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":23177,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods","volume":" ","pages":"53-63"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141793561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fifteen day repeat air: liquid Interface air-only exposures can cause respiratory epithelium injury in MucilAir^™ nasal respiratory epithelial cells that parallels chemically induced cytotoxicity.","authors":"Leslie Recio, Raymond Samuel, Susan A Elmore, Jamie Scaglione","doi":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2382794","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2382794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) are being widely used to reduce, refine, and replace, animal use in studying toxicology. For respiratory toxicology, this includes <i>in silico</i> and <i>in vitro</i> alternatives using air:liquid interface (ALI) exposures to replace traditional <i>in vivo</i> inhalation studies. In previous studies using 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-DCP), a 5-day 4 h repeat exposures of MucilAir^™ nasal cell culture models caused, dose-dependent cytotoxicity, depletion of GSH, changes in differential gene expression and histopathological transitions in cellular morphology from pseudostratified columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium. In this report we attempted to extend these studies using 15-day 1,3-DCP 4 h exposures to using MucilAir^™ nasal cultures as outlined by an US EPA recent task order (US EPA 2023). For the 15-day repeat exposure, there were severe histopathologic changes in the MucilAir^™ nasal mock-treatment (air-only) VITROCELL^® chamber controls compared to incubator controls preventing any further analysis. The histopathological transitions in cellular morphology from pseudostratified columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium observed in the air only control in this study and previously with 1,3-DCP in MucilAir^™ nasal cultures is also a hallmark of chemically induced cytotoxic responses <i>in vivo</i> in the respiratory tract. Histopathology assessments of 3D respiratory tract models used in ALI exposures can provide the linkage between <i>in vitro</i> to <i>in vivo</i> outcomes as part of the validation efforts of ALI use in regulatory toxicology. This report indicates that importance of histopathological assessments of incubator and mock-treatment (air-only) controls from each ALI exposure experiment along with exposed cell based model.</p>","PeriodicalId":23177,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods","volume":" ","pages":"81-87"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141793560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro investigation the effects of iodinated contrast media on endothelial cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis.","authors":"Gunjanaporn Tochaikul, Krai Daowtak, Chalermchai Pilapong, Nutthapong Moonkum","doi":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2386605","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15376516.2024.2386605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In medical practice, iodine contrast media are necessary for diagnostic techniques. However, it comes with a potential risk to the patient in the form of allergic reactions. The aim of this research is to study the effects of iodine contrast media on endothelial cells in an <i>in vitro</i> system at various concentrations, specifically investigating their impact on cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis in the treated cells within the field of diagnostic radiology. Our results showed that in iodine contrast media, when the concentration was within the range of 2.5-50 mgI/ml, cell viability decreased by 50%. Conversely, exposure to ioversol at concentrations between 12.5 and 50.0 mgI/ml resulted in a notable increase in the percentage of total apoptotic cells, including both early and late apoptosis. In conclusion, our <i>in vitro</i> investigation sheds light on the effect of iodinated contrast media on endothelial cell viability, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. These findings contribute valuable insights to ensure the safety of their use, aligning with guidelines in radiological procedures. Further research and adherence to established guidelines are crucial for refining our understanding and promoting the safe application of iodinated contrast media in the field of radiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":23177,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods","volume":" ","pages":"64-71"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141856564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}