Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation最新文献

{"title":"Effects of cardiorespiratory physiotherapy on lung function in stroke: a network meta-analysis.","authors":"So-Hyun Kim, Sung-Hyoun Cho","doi":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2417647","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2417647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The efficacy of various physiotherapy interventions for improving lung function has not been compared.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate cardiorespiratory physiotherapy interventions on lung function in patients with stroke, prioritize intervention types, and establish hierarchy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve randomized controlled trials published during 2000-2022 in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were selected. Interventions included aerobic training (AT), combined inspiratory and expiratory training (CIET), inspiratory training (IT), combined aerobic and breadth training (CABT), and conventional training (CT). Outcome variables were forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CIET and IT were more effective than CT for FEV1 and FVC. CIET and IT showed larger effect sizes compared to AT for FEV1. The intervention rankings were as follows: IT (86.62%), CIET (63.31%), CABT (50.79%), AT (28.72%), and CT (20.55%) for FEV1; IT (93.89%), CIET (75.06%), CT (42.38%), CABT (37.73%), and AT (0.94%) for FVC; and IT (78.30%), CT (54.14%), CABT (42.62%), CIET (41.65%), and AT (33.29%) for FEV1/FVC. CIET and IT were more effective than CT for FVC in patients with stroke aged ≥60 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Besides FEV1/FVC, IT and CIET inhalation exercises improved lung function more effectively than other therapies, with IT or CIET being more effective than AT or CT. CIET and IT were more effective than CT for FVC in patients with stroke aged ≥60 years than in those <60 years. These findings highlight the significance of breathing training for patients with stroke and support clinical decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":23164,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do facilitators and barriers to community ambulation differ among stroke survivors in low resource settings? A cross-sectional study in Nigeria.","authors":"Marufat O Odetunde, Olumide A Olaoye, Halimat O Ogwogho, Ayodele Teslim Onigbinde","doi":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2411876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2024.2411876","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Stroke survivors (SSV) in many low- and middle-income countries experience frustrating participation restriction in community ambulation (CA), which impedes community life. This study assessed facilitators and barriers to CA among community-dwelling SSV in a southwest state of Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study involved 66 community-dwelling ambulating SSV, purposively recruited from physiotherapy out-patient clinics of selected hospitals in southwest Nigeria. Semi-structured questionnaire containing physical and social environment elements of the ICF domains was administered on respondents. Mobility status at home and community, socio-demographic and clinical data of SSV were also obtained. Responses from open-ended questions were triangulated with appropriate close ended options. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression at <i>p</i> < 0.05 Alpha value.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Majority of the SSV were independent in their homes (59.1%), used mobility aids (87.9%) and assisted in CA (66.7%). They identified limited physical accessibility by crowds 25 (37.9%), lack of inclined surfaces 40 (95.2%), uneven floors 36 (87.8%), public seating arrangements 33 (78.6%), rain (73.8%) and inability to use services, systems and policies (77.3%) as barriers to CA. Built physical environment was a significant predictor of home (OR = 0.754, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and community mobility (OR = 0.850; <i>p</i> = 0.018), while post-stroke depression was a significant predictor of community mobility (OR = 1.038; <i>p</i> = 0.014).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Mobility aids, social attitudes and general support were identified as facilitators, whereas barriers to CA included built physical environment, services and policies, products and technology. Facilitators and barriers to CA are similar to some HIC contexts, perceived difficulties and experiences differ for infrastructural and social reasons among others.</p>","PeriodicalId":23164,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142393622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of visual stimulation using color looming disc in Anton syndrome: a case report.","authors":"Yuji Han, Soo Jeong Han, Hunbo Shim, Jee Hyun Suh","doi":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2413269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2024.2413269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives</b>: Anton syndrome is arare stroke syndrome that develops after damage to both occipital lobes, leading to cortical blindness and visual anosognosia. This report describes the rehabilitation course and functional progress of a 42-year-old man diagnosed with Anton syndrome.<b>Methods</b>: The patient started visual stimulation therapy using a color looming disc 5 months after Anton syndrome onset, for 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week for 4 weeks, totaling 20 sessions.<b>Results</b>: After 4 weeks of visual stimulation therapy using color-looming discs, reading tests for consonants, numbers, words, and colors and the latency of the P100 of Visual Evoked Potential showed improvement. Additionally, improvements were noted in the Modified Barthel Index and Mini-Mental State Examination scores related to visual function.<b>Conclusions</b>: This case illustrates the effectiveness of visual stimulation therapy using color-looming discs and its potential to achieve positive outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23164,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What do employers need when supporting stroke survivors to return to work?: a mixed-methods study.","authors":"Kristelle Craven, Jade Kettlewell, Blanca De Dios Pérez, Katie Powers, Jain Holmes, Kathryn A Radford","doi":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2409005","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2409005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Employers are key in supporting stroke survivors to return to work (RTW) but do not always have knowledge/skills or guidance to do so.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To explore employers' needs for provision of post-stroke RTW support.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mixed-methods study. Participants recruited through voluntary response/purposive sampling. Survey of employers investigated stroke knowledge (maximum score: 7), RTW process knowledge (maximum score: 8), and perceived competency for actions supporting RTW (maximum score: 100%). Regression analyses explored relationships between employers' demographic/contextual characteristics and knowledge and perceived competency scores. Interviews with employers explored factors influencing their post-stroke RTW support. Interview data were analyzed using a framework analysis. Survey/interview findings were synthesized with those from a qualitative systematic review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across the survey (<i>n</i> = 50), interviews (<i>n</i> = 7), and review (25 studies), employers' support was influenced by stroke survivors' decisions to disclose stroke-related limitations, employers' knowledge regarding roles/responsibilities, employers' communication skills, and information provided by healthcare. Regression analyses: Human resources/occupational health support was positively associated with stroke knowledge (ß = 2.30, 95% CI 0.36-4.41, <i>p</i> = 0.013) and RTW process knowledge (ß = 5.12, 95% CI 1.80-6.87, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Post-stroke RTW experience was positively associated with stroke knowledge (ß = 1.36, 95% CI 0.46-2.26, <i>p</i> = 0.004) and perceived competency (ß = 31.13, 95% CI 18.40-44.76, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Organization size (i.e. working in a larger organization) was positively associated with RTW process knowledge (ß = 2.96, 95% CI 1.52-4.36, <i>p</i> = <.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Employers' RTW support was influenced by personal and environmental factors; they may benefit from education and guidance on stroke and their roles/responsibilities during the RTW process.</p>","PeriodicalId":23164,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of end-effector robotic arm reach training with functional electrical stimulation for chronic stroke survivors.","authors":"Ki Hun Cho, Mi Ran Hong, Won-Kyung Song","doi":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2409595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2024.2409595","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Upper-extremity dysfunction significantly affects dependence in the daily lives of stroke survivors, limiting their participation in the social environment and reducing their quality of life.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effect of end-effector robotic arm reach training (RAT) with functional electrical stimulation (FES) on upper-limb motor recovery in chronic stroke survivors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this single-blinded randomized controlled trial, 28 chronic stroke survivors were randomized to receive RAT-with-FES and RAT-without-FES for 40 min/day, three times per week over a 4-week period, and the data of 26 participants were used in the final analysis. Upper-limb motor recovery was measured using the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA), and kinematics (movement time, speed, and distance) during reaching movements toward targets placed in three directions (ipsilateral, median, and contralateral sides) were measured using a robotic arm.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The upper-limb motor recovery (FMA and kinematics) improvement for the within-group comparisons tended to be greater in the RAT-with-FES group than in the RAT-without-FES group. However, in the between-group comparison, no significant differences were found in FMA, and significant differences were observed only for 2 distance parameters of kinematic factors: total (23.0% vs. 1.7%) and straight total (25.5% vs. 2.6%) distance on the ipsilateral side (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study was unable to clearly reveal the positive effects of electrical stimulation combined with robotic arm training. However, we believe that it provides basic data that furthers our understanding of the role of hybrid neuroprostheses in stroke rehabilitation and the factors determining successful treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":23164,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The minimal clinically important difference of two multifaceted fatigue evaluation questionnaires in chronic stroke.","authors":"Soheila Fallah, Zahra Parnain, Parvaneh Taghavi-Azar-Sharabiani, Moslem Cheraghifard, Behnoosh Vasaghi-Gharamaleki, Mahtab Roohi-Azizi, Mansoureh Hashemi, Mahin Yousefi, Mohammad-Taghi Joghataei, Ghorban Taghizadeh","doi":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2408997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2024.2408997","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This research sought to ascertain the Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) and Robust Clinically Important Difference (RCID) of the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory-Short Form (MFSI-SF) and Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire-11 (CFQ-11) as two important concepts for the clinical interpretation of the results in chronic post-stroke population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 128 subjects with chronic post-stroke completed the MFSI-SF and CFQ-11 before and after six weeks of intervention. The MCIDs were derived using both anchor- and distribution-based methods; however, only anchor-based methods were used to estimate RCIDs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Anchor-based MCIDs for MFSI-SF and CFQ-11 were in the range of -5 to -6.28 and -2 to -4.56, respectively. Distribution-based MCIDs in MFSI-SF and CFQ-11 were calculated in the range of -4.17 to -24.05 and -1.72 to -7.68, respectively. RCID ranges of -10 to -15 were obtained for the MFSI-SF and -6 to -7.33 for the CFQ-11.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings may have implications for clinical experts in the clinical interpretation of fatigue changes observed in MFSI-SF and CFQ-11 in individuals with chronic stroke.</p>","PeriodicalId":23164,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The psychometric properties of the PROMIS® profile CAT in people with stroke.","authors":"Daniëlla M Oosterveer, Winke van Meijeren-Pont, Henk Arwert, Caroline B Terwee, Thea Pm Vliet Vlieland","doi":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2312642","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2312642","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS) Profile Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) consists of seven CATs and one single item measuring most relevant aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The aim of our study was to determine construct validity and floor and ceiling effects of the PROMIS Profile CAT in Dutch people with stroke.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>People with stroke receiving rehabilitation completed the PROMIS Profile CAT and the EuroQol-5 dimensions (EQ5D). Construct validity was evaluated with hypotheses testing based on expected correlations between the profile domains and the domains of the EQ5D. The proportion of participants with the lowest and highest scores were calculated for each profile domain to assess floor and ceiling effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>160 participants were included (median age 61 years, 41.9% female). For the PROMIS Profile domains Physical Function, Anxiety, Depression, Sleep Disturbance, Pain Interference, and Pain Intensity > 75% of the results met our hypotheses. For Fatigue and Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities only 60% of hypotheses were met. No floor or ceiling effects were found, with the exception of a floor effect for Pain Intensity which probably indicates that many participants had no pain.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Most domains of the PROMIS Profile CAT showed sufficient construct validity and no problematic floor or ceiling effects in people with stroke. These CATs and the single item Pain Intensity can be used to efficiently measure HRQoL in people with stroke.</p>","PeriodicalId":23164,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"738-744"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139707969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Racial disparities among mild stroke survivors: predictors of home discharge from a retrospective analysis.","authors":"Lindsay Bright, Carolyn M Baum, Pamela Roberts","doi":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2329491","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2329491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Half of all strokes are classified as mild, and most mild stroke survivors are discharged home after their initial hospitalization without any post-acute rehabilitation despite experiencing cognitive, psychosocial, motor, and mobility impairments.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics of mild stroke survivors and their association with discharge location.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective analysis of mild stroke survivors from 2015-2023 in an academic medical center. Demographic characteristics, clinical measures, and discharge locations were obtained from the electronic health record. The Social Vulnerability Index was used to measure the community vulnerability. Associations between variables and discharge location were examined using bivariate logistic regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 2,953 mild stroke survivors included in this study. The majority of participants were White (65.46%), followed by Black (19.40%). Black stroke survivors and individuals with higher social vulnerability had a higher proportion of discharges to skilled nursing facilities (<i>p</i> = 0.001). Black patients and patients with high vulnerability in housing type and transportation were less likely to be discharged home.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Mild stroke survivors have a high rate of home discharge, potentially because less severe stroke symptoms have a reduced need for intensive care. Racial disparities in discharge location were evident, with Black stroke survivors experiencing higher rates of institutionalized care and lower likelihood of being discharged home compared to White counterparts, emphasizing the importance of addressing these disparities for equitable healthcare delivery and optimal outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23164,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"755-761"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140185653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of eccentric strength training on motor function in individuals with stroke: a scoping review.","authors":"Natalia Perez, Cristian Morales, Alvaro Reyes, Travis Cruickshank, Luis Penailillo","doi":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2330040","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2330040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Preliminary evidence suggests that eccentric strength training (ECC) improves muscle strength and postural control in individuals with stroke; however, the evidence about the effects of ECC in people living with stroke has not been systematically analyzed.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the effects of ECC, compared to other exercise modalities (i.e., concentric training), on motor function in individuals with stroke.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This scoping review was performed according to PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. Until March 2023, a comprehensive search of studies using ECC intervention to improve motor functions in individuals with stroke was performed. Study designs included were randomized and non-randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies using MEDLINE, Web of Science, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine, PEDro, and OTSeeker databases. Two independent reviewers selected articles based on title and abstract and extracted relevant information from the eligible studies. The results were qualitatively synthesized, and the critical appraisal was performed using the Rob 2.0 and Robins-I tools.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten studies, with 257 individuals, were analyzed. ECC revealed positive effects on muscle strength, muscular activity, balance, gait speed, and functionality, mainly compared with concentric training, physical therapy, and daily routine. No significant adverse events were reported during ECC. The critical appraisal of individual articles ranged from some to high concern.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ECC had a greater and positive effect on motor function in individuals with stroke than other exercise modalities. However, the limited number of studies, variability of outcomes, and the risk of bias produced a low certainty of evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":23164,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"667-680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140176657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of motor imagery and action observation on autonomic functions in patients with chronic stroke.","authors":"Humeyra Kiloatar, Aylin Aydogdu Delibay, Hasan Huseyin Gokpinar","doi":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2322884","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10749357.2024.2322884","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effects of motor imagery (MI), action observation (AO), and action execution (AE) interventions on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in individuals with chronic stroke.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a single-center, randomized, case-control study. Thirty-six patients were randomly assigned to MI (<i>n</i> = 10), AO (<i>n</i> = 15), and the AE group (<i>n</i> = 11). Heart rate (HR)-based measurements (HR, heart rate variability (HRV)) and blood pressure were evaluated before the practice of each group. In the MI group, participants were instructed to imagine themselves walking at their own comfortable pace for 5 minutes. Meanwhile, in the AO group, participants were shown a video of a person walking for 5 minutes. Finally, in the AE group, participants were instructed to actually walk for 5 minutes. Then, all measurements were taken again.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A statistically significant difference was found in HR and mean RR interval within the AE group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the Root Mean Square of Successive Differences Between Normal Heartbeats (RMSSD) (ms) within the AO group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There was a significant difference in HR and mean RR intervals (ms) between groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). According to post-hoc analyses, HR was statistically significantly higher in the AE group compared to the other groups, and the mean RR interval was statistically significantly lower (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, in patients with chronic stroke, AE and AO may affect ANS by increasing sympathetic activation. It is recommended for future studies to evaluate whether patients actually engage in imagery during the MI task.</p>","PeriodicalId":23164,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"713-722"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139997489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}