CIRIEC Working papers最新文献

{"title":"International City Network and Public-Private Cooperation for Urban Water-Environment Management","authors":"N. Fujiwara","doi":"10.25518/ciriec.wp201909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp201909","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization has progressed in parallel with rapid economic development in Asia, and people living in the region’s megacities face severe urban environmental problems, with the water-environment problem being especially serious. Such cities must develop the infrastructure to provide clean water and process sewage in densely populated areas. Meanwhile, water-supply and sewerage services in Japan are conducted by municipalities as a public service, but their revenues are shrinking in response to a decreasing birthrate, an aging population, and the waterconservation movement. In this study, we investigated the overseas expansion of Japanese public water services as an effort to improve the living environment in developing Asian countries and to advance the sustainability of public water services. The research methods included scrutinizing preliminary research, conducting case studies through text analysis of materials issued by national and local governments, and conducting interviews with municipalities. We examined four urban municipal water services, including ones in Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, and Kitakyushu, that developed publicprivate cooperative platform associations for expanding abroad. As a result of the research, we first identified the overseas expansion of public water services as a collaborative model—based on an international inter-city network—for solving urban problems. Japan’s water-related public and private sectors have a motivation to share their technologies and experiences of solving urban waterrelated environmental problems with the growing cities of Asia, but it is difficult for Japanese public water services to sustain a unilateral contribution to developing countries because their business environment is becoming less hospitable in a shrinking domestic market. Therefore, with national governmental support, major municipal water services in Japan have aimed to expand their business abroad to achieve regional economic development, relying on trust based on the solidarity and cooperation of the international cities to reduce the transaction cost of international water-related project development. Second, we clarify that the public-private cooperative platform established by the leadership of municipalities enhances the accountability and transparency of the overseas expansion projects of public water services. Municipalities hold themselves accountable to be fair to citizens and stakeholders. The Public and private cooperative platform established by Japanese public water service, as an intermediate organization, not only develops the implementation capacity but also strengthens accountability and transparency of the international public water service 5 expansion projects’ sharing information about the water-environment problems of each cities and selecting project partner companies. Third, we find that the international city networks that municipalities build are evolving from one-to-one mutual networks to multilateral network","PeriodicalId":228038,"journal":{"name":"CIRIEC Working papers","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134550143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community financing in the German organic food sector","authors":"G. Behrendt, S. Peter, S. Sterly, A. Häring","doi":"10.25518/ciriec.wp201918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp201918","url":null,"abstract":"The rise of socially responsible and impact investing funds provides evidence for an increased interest private investors have in combining their financial and ethical concerns. At the same time, citizens increasingly engage in food networks and take on a vital role in the governance of agri-food systems. These developments might benefit farms and firms which are committed to sustainable food and seek funding. Through different community financing models, they can involve citizens who aim at supporting the development of a more sustainable food system. While still a niche market, an increasing number of firms in the German organic food sector uses community financing to substitute or complement traditional bank credit financing. There is a wide range of different models which can be classified as follows: 1. Pure financing instruments, e.g. crowdfunding, profit participation rights, direct loans. 2. Financing models which base on a particular legal form, e.g. cooperative, corporation. 3. Financing in cooperation with an intermediary organization which pools citizens’ capital, e.g. citizen shareholder corporation, land purchase cooperative. 4. Others (mostly related to primary production), e.g. community supported agriculture (CSA), leasing and sponsorship. Community financing can increase financial independence from credit intuitions and provides an opportunity to receive funding which otherwise might be difficult to obtain. Given the high capital intensity in agriculture and rising purchase prices of agricultural land, access to traditional bank credit financing is a particular challenge for new or less productive farms. Access to finance can also be a key obstacle for smaller companies involved in collaborative short food chains and green start-ups that offer innovative products or services and/or lack business education. Apart from financial considerations, particular community financing models can also serve as marketing tool in order to build or intensify relationships to customers. As the example of the German energy transition shows, financial citizen participation can be crucial for financing the transformation of the energy sector. However, little is known 5 about community financing models in the agri-food sector. Accordingly, this paper presents empirical evidence on community financing in the German organic food sector and discusses the role it can play in food system transformation.","PeriodicalId":228038,"journal":{"name":"CIRIEC Working papers","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130435744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L’Economie solidaire en Turquie et son écosystème","authors":"Selin Pelek, Olivier Gajac","doi":"10.25518/ciriec.wp202002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp202002","url":null,"abstract":"Conscient des enjeux environnementaux du développement durable, l’État Algérien a adopté, depuis le début des années 2000, plusieurs stratégies visant la préservation de l’environnement, notamment en matière de gestion des déchets solides. Ces derniers sont en effet, un des principaux enjeux environnementaux auxquels doivent faire face au quotidien les collectivités locales. Leur gestion s’inscrit dans le cadre du Plan National d’Actions Environnementales et du Développement Durable (PNAE-DD) à travers l’adoption, en 2002, du Programme National de Gestion Intégrée des Déchets Ménagers et Assimilés (PROGDEM). Les déchets ménagers et assimilés (DMA) sont en constante augmentation aussi bien en termes absolus que par habitant. En 2018, la production des DMA a atteint environ 13 millions de tonnes. Ils représentent la fraction la plus importante des déchets produits, toutes catégories confondues (inertes, industriels, …). Il est du ressort des collectivités locales de s’assurer que leur collecte est totale sur l’ensemble de leur territoire. Il leur revient également de trouver en parallèle, des modes de traitement les plus appropriés : enfouissement, valorisation, recyclage, etc. Selon une étude réalisée par la Banque mondiale dans le cadre du Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP), une bonne gestion des déchets ménagers est estimée à 4 000 DZD/tonne (MATE, 2004). Cette évaluation est extrêmement élevée au regard du pouvoir d’achat des ménages. La taxe d’enlèvement d’ordures ménagères (TEOM) par ménage, fixée par la loi de finance 2015, se situe entre 1 000 et 1 500 DZD/an. Cependant, les ménages ne participent, au travers de cette taxe, que de manière très faible au coût réel, dans la mesure où le montant réellement collecté de la TEOM ne s’élève qu’à 15 % de ce qui devrait être perçu (MEER, 2018c). Il y a donc nécessité, d’adopter une véritable politique de recouvrement des coûts pour garantir une gestion durable des déchets ménagers et assimilés (DMA). Dans cette contribution, il s’agit de mettre en exergue, la situation de la gestion des déchets ménagers en Algérie et les modes de financement du service à travers, une analyse du contexte socio-économique ainsi que des recettes communales et des coûts de gestion des DMA","PeriodicalId":228038,"journal":{"name":"CIRIEC Working papers","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125824159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding social impact assessment through public value theory","authors":"Bryan Dufour, Francesca Petrella, Nadine Richez-Battesti","doi":"10.25518/ciriec.wp202012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp202012","url":null,"abstract":"Our research focuses on understanding the use that work integration social enterprises (WISEs) make of performance measurement models such as social impact assessment in their relations with public stakeholders. We carry out a comparative study between France and Denmark which are the two OECD members showing the highest level of social spending. Using public value theory as the pivot point of our analytical framework, we identify seven strategic intents that contribute to explain the use of performance measurement by WISEs. The use of Public Value theory shines a light on the unique set of problems that WISEs face when dealing with their public stakeholder, which is absent from the performance models that are promoted by current policy initiatives or by impact investors.","PeriodicalId":228038,"journal":{"name":"CIRIEC Working papers","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116749388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Platform Cooperativism in Italy and in Europe","authors":"F. Martinelli, Samuele Bozzoni, Simone Caroli, Francesca Tamascelli, Giuseppe Guerini","doi":"10.25518/ciriec.wp201927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp201927","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigates some cases of cooperative platforms in the field of workerowned cooperation and consumer cooperation and explores the effects of the merger of platform technology with cooperation. The research focuses on the main consequences of this merger on the organizational model and the engagement level of individuals and studies the change of attitudes of providers and consumers when they are engaged in a cooperative project. The argument is that a cooperative platform can offer solutions and answers to both platform workers’ needs and problems of modern consumption by allowing both providers and consumers to join the entrepreneurial project, share resources – and, in specific cases, earnings – in an equal way, and be part of a community. Against the outsourcing and dispersive models of a classical digital platform, such as Deliveroo, Uber or Airbnb, where providers and consumers are separated and isolated, a cooperative platform enables the propensity of providers and consumers to engage in collective actions and become the protagonist of the platform activity. In this way, the organizational form of a cooperative platform is both an alternative to classical digital platforms and an evolution of traditional cooperative models.","PeriodicalId":228038,"journal":{"name":"CIRIEC Working papers","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129777850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patents for Covid-19 vaccines are based on public research","authors":"M. Florio","doi":"10.25518/ciriec.wp202103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp202103","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has forced us to reconsider the relationship between public and private research and development. The policy issue is whether, over the next 20 years, governments’ only negotiating position on biomedical technologies will be to sign one purchase contract after another and transfer value from tax payers to investors in pharmaceutical companies. Knowledge and technologies that are crucial to Covid-19 vaccine development and production were created with the contribution of governments. Patents filed by pharma companies do not protect the public interest arising from such earlier research. The paper offers a case study on the privatization of knowledge created in the first place by research and development in the public sector or supported by public funds and eventually being appropriated by pharmaceutical corporations.","PeriodicalId":228038,"journal":{"name":"CIRIEC Working papers","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121152359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local Civil Regimes for Combating Child Poverty","authors":"Melanie Schinnerl, Dorothea Greiling","doi":"10.25518/ciriec.wp202010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp202010","url":null,"abstract":"Child poverty is a persistent problem in many European welfare states, irrespective of the welfare state regime. The paper examines approaches on the local level in Belgium and Austria, two countries with a corporatist welfare state tradition and three levels of government. In both countries child poverty rates are high, with 23% (Austria) and 22% (Belgium) (Eurostat, 2019). Child poverty means that the children live in households which are at risk of poverty or social exclusion. Children of such households have a much higher risk of being poor later in life. By conducting case studies in four focus cities (Antwerp, Ghent, Linz and Vienna) the paper contributes to the emerging empirical research on the localisation of social policies in a multi-level governance context. Theoretically, the paper addresses the practices of rescaling of social policies towards the local level. The study examines how the European Commissions’ 2013 Recommendation “Investing in Children: breaking the cycle of disadvantages” is translated into the local social policies. For that purpose, the paper focuses on the local collaborations between the local governments and the partners of the social and solidarity economy on the policy design - and the service provision levels. Our findings show that the discrepancies start already with the vertical policy making competencies, with a stronger role of the Belgian regions. Also, Belgium has a longer tradition of an explicit policy focus of reducing child poverty. In all three pillars of the 2013 Recommendation, the two focus countries face some challenges, despite some progresses, in particular in pillar two (access to affordable quality services). The policy makers of the four cities are guided, in a varying degree, by the social investment paradigm. This was most prominent in the interviews in Linz. Regarding collaborative local policy making, Ghent is the only focus city with an explicit local plan to combat child poverty. In all four cities target group-specific and universal services are provided for poor children and their families. Regarding the delivery of social policies to combat child poverty, there are considerable differences in the governance modes. While both Flemish cities have a tradition of institutionalized local networks to combat early childhood poverty, the servicedelivery modes in the two Austrian cities are much fragmented, when it comes to combat child poverty. The network approach offers better chances to provide an integrated service. On a more positive note, the two Austrian cities provided good practices in managing the transition phase from school to work.","PeriodicalId":228038,"journal":{"name":"CIRIEC Working papers","volume":" 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131978228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Innovation - Scaling Social Impact","authors":"R. Spear, C. Chan","doi":"10.25518/ciriec.wp201922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp201922","url":null,"abstract":"A recurring theme amongst policymakers and researchers concerned with social innovation is how to increase its social impact, or replicate it elsewhere. This paper draws on the literature to develop a typology of strategies for scaling social impact. It then uses a Danish Case study of an innovative social enterprise to examine the rationale for strategic choices, and issues involved, when the social enterprise ambitiously scales its social impact. This experience also reveals how the strategies evolve over a number of years.","PeriodicalId":228038,"journal":{"name":"CIRIEC Working papers","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114860326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Falsas cooperativas de trabajadores y medidas adoptadas por los poderes públicos en España para combatirlas","authors":"Gemme Fajardo García","doi":"10.25518/ciriec.wp201930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp201930","url":null,"abstract":"Falsas cooperativas se consideran aquellas entidades que se constituyen como cooperativas, pero no llevan a cabo una actividad cooperativa de acuerdo con los fines y características típicas de las cooperativas (autonomía, gestión democrática, responsabilidad económica, adhesión voluntaria, ...). Las falsas cooperativas pueden darse en todos los modelos cooperativos y en todos los sectores. Las razones en cada caso pueden ser diferentes: no asumir riesgos, garantizar clientes o ahorrar costos, son generalmente los más comunes. La señal principal que advierte de la existencia de una falsa cooperativa es la falta de independencia de la cooperativa o de sus miembros. Esta dependencia es apreciada por la concurrencia de una serie de indicaciones y también por la imposibilidad o dificultad que tienen los miembros para evitar esta dependencia. No es suficiente que haya indicios de dependencia, es necesario confirmar, analizar si los miembros en su mayoría aceptan la situación o se ven obligados a pasar por ella sin opciones de cambio. En este trabajo, hemos analizado el caso de algunas falsas cooperativas que han surgido para externalizar el trabajo, para que los trabajadores, como miembros de la cooperativa, asuman los costos y riesgos de dicha actividad. No se trata solo de evitar la aplicación de la legislación laboral, normalmente hay otras consecuencias asociadas, incluso más graves, como la responsabilidad derivada de la actividad realizada. Estas acciones fraudulentas ocurren en muchos lugares y son un tema de preocupación mundial. Precisamente, \"Combatir las falsas cooperativas\" es parte del Plan de Acción Conjunta acordado por la OIT y la ACI en 2018. Pero nuestro objetivo en esta ocasión es analizar los últimos casos de falsas cooperativas que se han detectado en España, en relación con cooperativas de trabajadores. Estos casos han ocurrido en tres áreas: trabajadores de transporte, trabajadores de mataderos y trabajadores intermitentes en cooperativas de facturación. Este estudio se estructura en las siguientes secciones: 1. Exposición de los elementos legales que condicionan en estos casos las acciones de los promotores de falsas cooperativas: características de la legislación cooperativa, laboral y de seguridad social; 2. Análisis de la organización y funcionamiento en los tres modelos de cooperativas falsas de trabajo que son objeto de atención (cooperativas de facturación, del sector cárnico y de transportes); 3. Medidas adoptadas por las autoridades públicas para combatirlas: a) Medidas adoptadas en la legislación cooperativa; b) Medidas adoptadas desde la función de inspección y control de la Administración Pública, en materia de cooperativas y empleo; c) Sentencias emitidas por el Tribunal Supremo y otros tribunales, y 4. Evaluación de las medidas adoptadas y otras propuestas.","PeriodicalId":228038,"journal":{"name":"CIRIEC Working papers","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114921829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender Equality and Women Empowerment in Social Economy Enterprises","authors":"A. Costantini, Alessia Sebillo","doi":"10.25518/ciriec.wp202202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp202202","url":null,"abstract":"Women remain underrepresented in the labour market. In the EU, they earn 14,1% less than men, and they still experience barriers to access and remain at the labour market (Eurostat, 2021a). Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the gender dimension of social and economic inequalities, producing a severe gender impact and the risk of economic marginalisation of women. Why do we expect the social and solidarity economy to improve gender equality at work? Therefore, the paper will discuss the potential and limits of the SEEs in promoting gender equality and women's empowerment. The analysis has referenced existing literature and available information on the sector, including interviews with experts and illustrative cases within Diesis Network, one of the broadest European networks supporting the social economy and social enterprise development. The aim is to show impactful solutions of SEEs and bring social and solidarity economy closer to the gender perspective to increase their impact in supporting inclusive and sustainable growth.","PeriodicalId":228038,"journal":{"name":"CIRIEC Working papers","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117022339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}