Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics最新文献

{"title":"Russian-Chinese Space Reciprocity","authors":"Boris S. Manov","doi":"10.37075/bjiep/2022.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/bjiep/2022.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"The Cold War gave birth to two of the three most developed space programs today. As the Soviet communist ideology had to compete with the democratic USA, the USSR made incredible progress towards outer space and supported the initial growth of the first Chinese space technology. The two space programs have been intertwined since the first Sino-Soviet relations in the 1950s seeking to establish a balance of power and counter American ambitions for hegemony. The Russian and Chinese regimes have had an altering liaison from allies to opponents and consecutively partners in a struggle for power and influence within the space sector. Examining the two space programs allows the reader to comprehend the complex relations between two superpowers in a geopolitical struggle going beyond Earth’s boundaries. Using the problem-chronological and comparative method this article seeks to explore the intricate relationship between the Soviet Union/Russia and the People’s Republic of China, analysing the genesis of their relationship, differences, similarities and accomplished progress in the space sector until present day. The complex relationship formed between Russia and China in the last three decades has morphed into a close economic, military and space partnership, looking to counter current American space dominance and challenge the status quo. Space geopolitics is a relatively new field to the school of international relations and so far only a handful of political scientists have focused on activities conducted within the space environment, as crucial actions to the overall setting of the international scene. As our world continues its progress, space becomes an integral part of our daily lives, and any endeavors associated with space need to be considered, discussed and explained.","PeriodicalId":225817,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128836421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The European Union and the Russian Federation Relations – from the Ukrainian Crisis until the Beginning of the War","authors":"Roxanaa Trifonov","doi":"10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.06","url":null,"abstract":"The economic and political relations between the Russian Federation and the EU from the Ukrainian crisis (2013) until the beginning of the war (end of February 2022) can be defined by the term “cold peace”. Its semantic meaning presents the gradual erosion of bilateral trade and economic relations and their intensified destruction as a result of a number of sanctions and restrictive measures. The aim of this analysis is to trace the development of the relations between the EU and Russia in the post-crisis period until the war and their positioning in the “black-and-white colour spectrum” between the “strategic partnership” and “cold peace”. Undoubtedly, after the beginning of the war in the end of February 2022, the situation changed dramatically, as well as the relations between the European Union and the Russian Federation.\u0000Keywords: European Union, Russian Federation, Ukrainian crisis, Member States, sanctions, war\u0000JEL: F51, F53","PeriodicalId":225817,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130762686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risks and Challenges of Ecological Transition for the Financial System: What Role for Central Banks?","authors":"S. Goldman, Tsvetelina Marinova","doi":"10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"The ecological transition poses the most impelling challenges for central banks, regulators and supervisory authorities. This paper explores the different types of risks associated with ecological transition. It deplores their absence in the instruments of control and regulation at a time when climate change threatens financial stability and can be at the root of a systemic crisis. Risk management is particularly sensitive given its uncertain nature. Nowadays, many actors, including governments, the private and public sectors, as well as part of the international community, are intervening to support the ecological transition. Nevertheless, it would appear that central banks are best able to meet these challenges.\u0000Keywords: ecological transition, climate, central banks, monetary policy\u0000JEL: F52, F58, Q54","PeriodicalId":225817,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121442230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Global Supply Chains: The Human Rights Aspect","authors":"Bistra Boeva","doi":"10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to examine Global Supply Chains (GSC) from the perspective of human rights. Economists and international business scholars focus on the economic nature of this phenomenon and its complex international structure. International institutions (such as the WTO, OECD and others) direct their efforts to the regulation of the relations within the structure and to the measurement of the contribution of GSC to national economies and global trade. Human Rights activists, on the other hand, are tackling violations of human rights at the various stages of the supply chains. At present, politicians, regulators and a limited number of scholars are also trying to deal with the issue of human rights within GSC from a different angle – namely, the behaviour of business with regard to human rights issues in international business activities. The paper builds on the author’s previous research on global supply chains in their role as stakeholders within the corporate governance system. The author adheres to the view that the study of human rights issues in the context of GSCs demands an interdisciplinary research approach and utilizes an adequate conceptual framework that should be further developed. Theoretical observations are combined with a survey on the business attitude towards human rights. Venue for following studies is drafted.\u0000Keywords: words: global supply chains, human rights; international business; stakeholders; corporate governance, adverse impact, modern slavery\u0000JEL: M54, M55, K3, J28, F2","PeriodicalId":225817,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122164598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is There an Endogenous Tendency towards Equilibrium in Economic Systems? Business Cycles and Crises in the Modern Economic Thought","authors":"G. Pavanelli","doi":"10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"This paper critically examines the models of economic crises and business cycles devised by leading economists from the nineteenth century to the present day in the light of the current reflections on the limits of the so-called ‘mainstream’ theory. To this end, the article analyses the point of view of the classical authors (J.B. Say, Ricardo, Malthus and Sismondi) and the first analyses of crises in terms of business cycles (Tooke, Juglar, Jevons). It discusses then Tugan-Baranovsky and Arthur Spiethoff models, Wesley C. Mitchell contribution and the monetary explanations of the cycles during the 1920s (R.G. Hawtrey and Irving Fisher). It then examines the main interpretative models of cycles and crises during the 1930s: L. Mises and F. Hayek models, Irving Fisher’s Debt-deflation theory and Keynes contribution. The econometric approach of Frisch and Tinbergen and the ‘real business cycles’ model are then presented, as well as the ‘heterodox’ approach of Hyman Minsky. A main interpretative line of this paper is to maintain that, in spite of its complex taxonomy, modern analysis on business cycles and crises draws inspiration from two distinct methodological approaches that reflect radically different visions of how market economies actually work. The ‘majority’ view is the one shared by most marginalist and neoclassical authors and by the ‘New Classical Economists’. According to them, economic systems are intrinsically stable and tend to converge towards equilibrium. Fluctuations are caused by exogenous shocks bound to be reabsorbed quickly. Contrary to this view, two research approaches are identified having in common a marked attention to the institutional context. On the one hand, the contributions of Schumpeter and, to some extent, Mitchell who shared the belief that fluctuations should be studied with reference to a specific historical context. On the other hand, the analysis of J.M. Keynes and H. Minsky who believe that economic systems are potentially unstable, full employment cannot be taken for granted and appropriate policy measures are needed.\u0000Keywords: business cycles, crises, Say’s Law, Hyman Minsky, Wesley C. Mitchell, New Classical Economics, real business cycles \u0000JEL: B3, N1, B41","PeriodicalId":225817,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123108832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Analysis of Intra-Industry Trade with Some Selected European Union Countries in the Turkish Manufacturing Industry","authors":"Şerife Sezer, Mahmut Masca","doi":"10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to analyse intra-industry trade in the manufacturing industry sector with the EU countries, where Turkey has the most trade. The period of the study is 2000-2020. The countries examined are Germany, France, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Belgium-Luxembourg, Sweden, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, the Czech Republic, Portugal, Austria, Ireland, Denmark, and the UK. In the analysis, the Grubel Lloyd index was used, which is one of the widely applied static measurement methods in the literature. The study discusses intra-industry trade of manufacturing industry products according to the 3rd revision of the Standard International Trade Classification. According to the analysis results, when Turkey’s foreign trade is evaluated on a sectoral basis, it has been observed that high intra-industry trade is realized in product groups with low added value. Another result obtained is that intra-industry trade with the UK, Germany, France, Poland, Bulgaria and Romania reached high values.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Intra-industry Trade, Manufacturing Industry, Grubel Lloyd Index\u0000JEL: B17, F0, F5, F11, F14","PeriodicalId":225817,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114737441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"External Influences and Religious Paticularism in the Balkans: the “Bulgarian Case”","authors":"Sonia Hinkova","doi":"10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines some of the contemporary external factors and processes influencing religious identity of all Bulgarian citizens who profess Islam (referred to as Bulgarian Muslims in the text). It analyzes the degree of religiousness of the Muslims in Bulgaria, tracing out the major characteristics and leading tendencies of this community. The article studies the strategic potential and foreign policy possibilities by which Turkey is capable of building up a prestige and trust within the Muslim community in Bulgaria. It analyzes some specific Turkish policies for “export” of religiousness towards Muslims in Bulgaria.\u0000Keywords: Bulgarian Muslims, religious afiliation, external influences, Turkey\u0000JEL: Z12, N34, F54","PeriodicalId":225817,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132353533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Trade Relations between Turkey and United Kingdom after Brexit and in the Covid-19 Epidemic","authors":"","doi":"10.37075/bjiep.2021.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2021.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"In the process of globalization, where international economic relations have further increased their significance, the separation of United Kingdom from the EU (Brexit) has literally called into question the understanding of integration. It is also noteworthy that the Brexit event coincided with the trade wars between the USA and China and the beginning of the new regional unions that China has established in the Pacific. Undoubtedly, these developments will significantly affect the future of world trade. Slowing economic growth in the world economy, deterioration in income and wealth distribution, increasing indebtedness rates, falling productivity and the threat of the COVID-19 epidemic in terms of world trade volume are commonly discussed. Especially during the COVID-19 epidemic, the supply constraints, the breaks in supply chains and the problems in logistics sector, are generally seen to mark the beginning of important changes in international trade. And Brexit has taken place amid such severe conditions. Naturally, it will have consequences for almost every country. Brexit is likely to have an effect not only on the fully-fledged members of the EU, but also on countries outside the EU. The EU and the UK are important partners in Turkey’s foreign trade. Hence the question of How Brexit will affect the trade between UK and Turkey, given Turkey’s customs union agreement with the EU has lately topped Turkey’s agenda. This study aims to discuss Turkey’s foreign trade with England prior to Brexit as well as the possible developments after Brexit.","PeriodicalId":225817,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133336761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brexit and Western Balkans","authors":"","doi":"10.37075/bjiep.2021.1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2021.1.06","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses effects of Brexit on relations between the United Kingdom and the Western Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia). First, the symbolism of the UK departure from the EU for the Western Balkans is explained. In the following step, multiple types of relations (in trade, security, culture) between the post-Brexit UK and this region are analysed using the theoretical concepts of linkage, leverage and soft power. Finally, the consequences of Brexit on further EU enlargement are presented. The research has confirmed the initial hypotheses. First, as expected, the volume and density of UK-Western Balkan relations will be reduced after Brexit. Second, Western Balkans is of a very limited interest for the UK, primarily in security. Third, Brexit has not in a serious way changed the already existing low chances of EU accession for the Western Balkan countries. The reason for this has little to do with the UK’s presence in or absence from the EU and is rather a consequence of the majority view within the Union (that Britain had already shared before Brexit) concerning further enlargement and low level of preparation of Western Balkan countries for EU membership.","PeriodicalId":225817,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133705640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Multimodal Construction of Brexit in the Economist (2017 – 2021)","authors":"","doi":"10.37075/bjiep.2021.1.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2021.1.08","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to show how and why the Economist constructs the post-Brexit European Union’s (EU) image in a string of commentaries published in the Charlemagne section in the 2017-2021 period. The theoretical concepts that provide the interdisciplinary methodological framework within which the research topic – the exposure of the discursive and cognitive mechanisms whereby the global media of British origin constructs the EU’s image and frames the debate about the EU – is explored encompass social semiotics and critical discourse analysis. The findings suggest that through its interplay of headline and subheading, together with the cartoon and textual body, the Economist holds the assumption that Brexit threatens the cohesion of the EU and prompts the drawing of a new balance of interests.","PeriodicalId":225817,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124224583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}