The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Favipiravir and Amlodipine in Hypertensive Local Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","authors":"Ali I Al-ameedi, Falah M AL-Rekabi","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1499","url":null,"abstract":"In the treatment of COVID-19, the antiviral medication Favipiravir has proven to be quite successful. Its metabolism is mediated by the enzymes aldehyde oxidase (AO) and xanthine oxidase (XO). This research investigated the potential drug-drug interaction betweenfavipiravir and amlodipine in hypertensive rabbits. Twenty local adult male rabbits (aged between 10 and 12 months and weighing between 2 and 2.5 kg) were induced with hypertension by 20 mg/kg BW of desoxycorticosterone acetate subcutaneously for three weeks and then divided randomly into two groups of ten. The first group received a single oral dose of 40 mg/kg BW of favipiravir, while the second group received 5 mg/kg of amlodipine orally for 14 consecutive days to inhibit AO before receiving a single oral dose of 40 mg/kg BW of favipiravir. Blood samples were collected from the marginal ear vein at 15, 30, 45 min, and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 36, 48, and 72 h. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the concentration of favipiravir in the plasma. The results showed that co-administration of amlodipine prolonged the time taken for favipiravir (Tmax) to reach maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and decreased its elimination half-life, while increasing the area under the curve (AUC). Amlodipine also prolonged the elimination of favipiravir by reducing the clearance per unit time (Cl/f). Additionally, hypertension potentiated the effect of amlodipine on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of favipiravir. In conclusion, concomitant use of favipiravir with other drugs that affect AO enzyme activity may alter the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. Therefore, adjusting the dose of favipiravir administered to hypertensive patients receiving amlodipine is recommended.","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46733734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphologic and Morphometric Study of Lungs in Adult Indigenous Peafowl ‎‎(Pavo cristatus)","authors":"Hanadi M AL-Araji, Hadaf H Mohammed","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1517","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Peafowl are a species of bird for which there is limited scientific research, despite the ‎importance of the respiratory system on bird health. This study aimed to provide a detailed ‎anatomical examination and comparative description of the lungs in adult male and female ‎indigenous peafowl (Pavo cristatus) to further our understanding of the respiratory system in ‎this species. Sixteen healthy adult peafowl (8 peacocks and 8 peahens) were obtained from ‎commercial markets in Dyalla, and  Baghdad, Iraq. The birds had a mean live weight of 3.5±0.59 kg for females ‎and 3.0±0.39 kg for males. After being anesthetized, the birds were sacrificed by cutting off major ‎blood vessels in the neck. Subsequently, the lungs were carefully dissected and examined to ‎identify their shape, color, position, dimensions, and overall structure. Detailed photographs of ‎the lungs were taken, and various measurements were recorded for each lung in male and ‎female peafowl. The lungs of the peafowl were found to have an elongated, triangular shape, ‎extending from the first to the sixth vertebral ribs. Each lung exhibited two borders (medial and ‎lateral) and three surfaces (vertebral, costal or dorsal, and septal). Notably, the lateral border ‎and dorsal surface of each lung had four deep grooves resulting from the embedding of the ‎second to fifth ribs, which led to the division of the lung into five lobes in both peacocks and ‎peahens. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first scientific research on the ‎anatomical features of the lungs in indigenous peafowl. The findings from this study contribute ‎to a better understanding of the lung structure in this bird species, which can be valuable for ‎future studies on avian respiratory physiology and health.‎‎‎ \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49057451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Clinical, Respiratory and Metabolic Parameters in Neonatal Calves in Different Courses of Aspiration Pneumonia","authors":"E. Gülersoy, C. Balıkçı, Adem Şahan, Ismail Günal","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1492","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Iatrogenic aspiration pneumonia (AP), often caused by incorrect drenching and ‎feeding with inappropriate bottles, is a frequent condition that can lead to sudden death ‎depending on the amount of aspirated fluid.  The evaluation of clinical scores‎ and blood ‎gas analytes may provide valuable insights into the complications that may arise due to AP in later ‎stages. In this study, the AP Group consisted of ‎23 Holstein breed calves aged 1-14 days, ‎which developed clinical signs such as cough, nasal and/or ocular discharge, and respiratory ‎distress after forced feeding with inappropriate bottles. The Control Group consisted of 11 healthy calves with similar characteristics. Clinical examinations, Calf ‎Health Score (CHS) evaluations, and venous blood gas analysis were performed. Based on anamnesis, calves with AP were classified as either Acute or Chronic AP. In clinical ‎examination, heart and respiratory rates were higher in the Acute AP Group compared to the ‎other groups (P<0.001). Total CHS was higher in the AP Group than that in the Control ‎Group (P<0.001). The pH, sO2, Cl and Hb levels of the AP Group were lower, and K and ‎lactate levels were higher compared to the Control Group (P<0.031). Among all groups, ‎the pCO2 levels were highest in the Acute AP Group (P<0.001). The Na level of the Chronic ‎AP Group was lower than that of the Control Group (P<0.05). The hematocrit level was ‎lowest in the Chronic AP Group (P<0.016).  These findings suggest that venous blood samples can be effectively used to classify the course of AP ‎in neonatal calves; significant alterations in venous blood gas, electrolyte levels, and CHS can ‎be observed in affected animals; sO2 and pCO2 levels are particularly important in ‎distinguishing between acute and chronic cases of AP; and clinical and laboratory findings may ‎be similar to those observed in healthy animals in chronic cases depending on the body’s ability ‎to compensate or tolerate the disease. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48323651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Ultrasonic Extract of Capparis spinosa‎‎ Fruits Against E. coli‎‎ O157:H7‎","authors":"Reham N Abdulridha, Ali H Saliem","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1529","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000E. coli‎‎ O157:H7, is one of the main causes of diarrhea and the most prevalent bacterial ‎infection that causes serious illnesses. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of Capparis ‎spinosa fruit ultrasonic extract against resistant E. coli‎‎ O157:H7 was isolated from stools of calves ‎that were suffering from diarrhea; the bacteria were identified by the Vitek 2 system and a latex agglutination ‎test. C. spinosa‎‎‎ was extracted by ultrasonic waves water bath. The phytochemicals were carried out on C. ‎spinosa fruit extract to detect the secondary metabolites. The MIC of the extract was calculated with ‎concentrations of 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400, 12800 and 25600 51200 µg/mL by microdilution method ‎‎(checkerboard). While using a field-emission scanning electron microscope to observe the morphological ‎alterations in E. coli‎‎ O157:H7 sample. The findings of this study revealed that the extract contains some ‎biologically active compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, tannins, cumarines, saponins, ‎quinones, and amino acids. That extract of C. spinosa‎‎‎ had a MIC of 6400 µg/mL and had a perfect action ‎against E. coli‎‎. O157:H7 by forming vacuoles within the cells and that internal content had seeped out as pore ‎formation. This finding could potentially provide an explanation for the traditional utilization of ‎this plant material as an antibacterial agent‎‎. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41341041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial Activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum‎ from Dairy Products ‎Against Some ‎Foodborne Bacteria","authors":"Doaa A. Qasim, Inam J Lafta, Oluyinka A Iyiola","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1500","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Lactiplantibacillus plantarum‎, one of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), is found in various foods, ‎‎including dairy products, meat, and vegetables, and most of these bacteria offer beneficial ‎‎effects to humans and animals as potential probiotics with broad-spectrum antimicrobial ‎‎activities. The aim of this study was evaluating the antibacterial efficacy of L. ‎plantarum‎ ‎against ‎some foodborne bacteria isolated from dairy products. This research involved 34 dairy ‎products, ‎including local and imported milk, cheese, and yogurt sold locally in Baghdad ‎province, Iraq, during May ‎‎2022. For the isolation of L. ‎plantarum‎, a special medium called ‎MRS (de Man Rogosa and ‎Sharpe) was applied. Colonies were purified and identified by routine ‎bacteriological methods, ‎Vitek2 system, and confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ‎targeting the ‎16S rRNA‎ ‎gene followed by the amplicon sequencing. Other aerobic bacteria ‎contaminating dairy products ‎were also isolated onto sterile selective media specific for each ‎microorganism, and the isolates ‎were identified by routine diagnostics tests followed by ‎verification with Vitek2 system. Then, ‎the culture supernatant of L. ‎plantarum‎ was tested for its ‎antagonistic activity toward foodborne ‎bacteria by the use of agar well diffusion assay. The ‎findings showed the isolation of 2 L. ‎plantarum‎‎, 3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa‎, 4 Escherichia coli, ‎one isolate of Bacillus subtilis, and ‎another Staphylococcus hominis. The filtered supernatant of ‎L. ‎plantarum‎ was significantly ‎efficient in inhibiting the growth of the above bacteria. Each of E. ‎coli and B. subtilis‎ revealed ‎zones of inhibition of 36 and 38 mm in diameter, respectively, ‎while P. aeruginosa‎ and S. ‎hominis had inhibition zones diameters of 27 and 29 mm, ‎respectively. This suggests that the L. ‎plantarum‎‎ supernatant possesses a broad-spectrum ‎activity against foodborne bacteria. To ‎conclude, locally made dairy products can hold different ‎contaminating bacteria, which can be ‎eliminated by using probiotics, such as L. ‎plantarum‎, to ‎avoid foodborne diseases onset‎. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43342704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of RAPD-PCR and Phylogenetic Analysis for Accurate ‎Characterization of ‎Salmonella‎‎‎ spp. Isolated from Chicken and Their Feed ‎and Drinking Water in Comparison ‎with API 20E, Vitek 2, and Serotyping","authors":"Thamer O Hasan, Inam J Lafta, Emad A Ahmed, Samah A Jassam","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1493","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The aim of this study was ‎the‎ discrimination of Salmonella‎‎ isolated from chicken and their feed ‎and drinking water for the epidemiological control of salmonellosis. Totally, 289 samples, ‎including 217 chicken cloaca swabs, 46 water, and 26 feed samples were collected from five ‎different farms in Karbala governorate, Iraq. Conventional bacteriology tests, API 20E, Vitek 2, ‎and serology were used for bacterial identification. Random amplified polymorphic ‎DNA (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to analyze the genetic relationships ‎among Salmonella‎‎ isolates. The isolation rate of Salmonella‎‎ spp. was 21.1% (61/289). While the ‎water samples constituted the highest rate (30.4%), a rate of 21.7% was reported for the cloaca ‎swabs, with no isolate at all from chicken feed. Vitek 2 was able to identify some isolates to the ‎serotype level, such as S. Enteritidis, S. Paratyphi B, and S. Paratyphi C. However, the isolates ‎were diagnosed as S. enterica by API 20E, and as S. enterica subsp. arizonae through serology. ‎Analyzing the samples by the RAPD-PCR assay showed the presence of genetically different ‎Salmonella‎‎ spp. Dendrograms created by the GelJ software successfully delineated the genetic ‎relationships. Therefore, RAPD-PCR can be used as a surrogate tool for the fast, reliable, and ‎accurate detection of Salmonella‎‎ in epidemiological surveys when compared with other ‎biochemical-based identification methods. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41934397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haemoglobin Epsilon as a Biomarker for the Molecular Detection of Canine ‎Lymphoma","authors":"Layla H Al-Kinani, Margaret A Sharp, Kenneth M Wyatt, F. Coiacetto, Claire R Sharp, G. Rossi, Wayne K Greene","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1494","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Lymphoma is a cancer arising from B or T lymphocytes that are central immune system ‎components. It is one of the three most common cancers encountered in the canine; ‎lymphoma affects middle-aged to older dogs and usually stems from lymphatic tissues, ‎such as lymph nodes, lymphoid tissue, or spleen. Despite the advance in the management of ‎canine lymphoma, a better understanding of the subtype and tumor aggressiveness is still ‎crucial for improved clinical diagnosis to differentiate malignancy from hyperplastic ‎conditions and to improve decision-making around treating and what treatment type to use. ‎This study aimed to evaluate a potential novel biomarker related to iron metabolism, ‎embryonic haemoglobin (HBE), for early diagnosis. Archived samples in combination with ‎prospective samples collected from dogs with and without lymphoma were used in this ‎study for the retrospective analyses of this tumor based on the same biomarker amplified by ‎real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The HBE mRNA was aberrantly expressed ‎in canine B and T cell lymphoma compared to the normal lymph node tissue and ‎hyperplastic lymph nodes. In conclusion, this study identified a novel potential biomarker for improving lymphoma ‎diagnosis and treatment in dogs. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to ‎confirm the suitability of this biomarker for canine lymphoma diagnosis. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43179146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Omega-7 Against Cisplatin in Rat Model","authors":"Shrouq H Mahmood, A. Hassan","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v46i2.1413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v46i2.1413","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Omega-7 (palmitoleic acid, 16:1 n7) is a monounsaturated fatty acid that is found to have several beneficial effects. Cisplatin is commonly considered for the treatment of different carcinomas. Cisplatin therapy is restricted due to its nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity caused by cisplatin is thought to be associated with inflammatory reactions among other mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible anti-inflammatory effect of omega-7 on cisplatin in rats. Thirty adult male Wistar Albino rats were divided randomly into five equal groups, rats of group 1 received liquid paraffin solution orally for 7 consecutive days, rats of group 2 received cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg) by single intraperitoneal injection, rats of group 3 received omega-7 (50 mg/kg) by oral administration for 7 days consecutively and then followed by single cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneal injection on the eighth day, rats of group 4 received omega-7 (100 mg/kg) by oral administration for 7 days consecutively followed by single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg) on the eighth day, rats of group 5 received omega-7 only (100 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days. On day 9, all animals were euthanized and then serum samples were utilized for assessment of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Treatment of rats with omega-7 had led to significant decline in the activities of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, and significant reduction in the level of IL-10. Omega-7 has an anti-inflammatory effect against cisplatin adverse effects. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45861257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Phosphatidylcholine on Dyslipidemia and Atherogenic Index in High Fructose Exposed Rats","authors":"M. Surour, Sadiq J Ramadhan, K. Khudair","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v46i2.1404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v46i2.1404","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The purpose of this research was to investigate the beneficial effects of phosphatidylcholine in reducing changes in both lipid and protein profiles in addition to atherogenic index in adult rats with fructose-induced metabolic syndrome. Thirty-six mature Wistar Albino female rats (Rattus norvegicus) (aged 12-15 weeks and weighing 200±10 g) were divided randomly into four groups (G1, G2, G3, and G4); then variable treatments were orally administered for 62 days as follows: G1 (Control group), received distilled water; G2, treated with phosphatidylcholine (PC) orally (1 g/kg BW); G3 (Fr), orally dosed with 40% fructose and 25% fructose mixed with drinking water; G4 (Fr+PC), were also intubated with 40% fructose and 25% fructose in drinking water, and received PC at 1 g/kg BW by oral tube. At the end of the research, specimens were taken by cardio puncture approach after fasting for 8-12 h. Serum was obtained to measure lipid criteria (total serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and Atherogenic index) and protein profile (total protein, albumin, and globulins). The results showed that the occurrence of dyslipidaemia (hypercholesterolemia, triacyleglycerolemia) increase in low density of lipoprotein-cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, no-high density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations and atherogenic index and reduce the concentration of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) in fructose treated animals in addition to disturbance in protein profile (lowered in total protein and globulins level).PC treatment resulted in decreased changes in lipid profile, protein profile, and atherogenic index in rats, whereas fructose induced metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, using Phosphatidylcholine treatment in rats may reduce the changes of lipid and protein profiles and atherogenic index while fructose may lead to metabolic syndrome. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46424706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of P-glycoprotein Inhibitor (Carvedilol) on Developmental Outcome Methotrexate are Given Alone and in Combination of Pregnant Rats","authors":"Zaid K Shnawa, Duraid A. Abass","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v46i2.1410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v46i2.1410","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000This study was performed according to FDA protocol to evaluate the developmental effects of carvedilol (P-glycoprotein inhibitor), methotrexate (P-glycoprotein substrate) and their combination at therapeutic doses on pregnant rats. Sixty Albino Wistar rats (40 female rats and 20 males) were allocated randomly into four groups orally administered 0.72 mg/kg carvedilol (Cv-treated group [TG]), 0.36 mg/kg methotrexate (MTX-TG), combined doses carvedilol+methotrexate (Cv+MTX-TG),  and  distilled water (control group) for 2 months in male and 2 weeks in female rats before mating and after copulation, then approval of pregnancy; dosing continued in female groups during pregnancy and lactation periods. Half of the animal groups were euthanized one day before parturition to study prenatal effects, while the other half left for parturition and lactation to study postnatal effect.  The results of fertility index recorded in Cv-TG (71.43%), MTX-TG (42.46%) and Cv+MTX-TG (38.47%) was markedly lower than that in control (83.33%) group with lower gestation index was recorded in MTX-TG (80%) and Cv+MTX-TG (60%) than that in Cv-TG (100%) and the control group (100%). The result of resorbed and fetal death recorded a higher percent in Cv-MTX-TG in comparison with MTX-TG and Cv-TG; Cv-MTX-TG fetuses also recorded more anomalies, including hemorrhagic placenta, curved legs, and microcephaly during prenatal period. The postnatal effects showed that the Cv+MTX-TG group recorded a higher decrease in number of pups born, their weight, and increase in number of stillbirths in comparison with methotrexate followed by carvedilol groups in comparison with control group, while the result of viability index recorded (Cv-TG=98.15%, MTX-TG=93.93% and Cv+MTX-TG=76.19%) and lactation index (Cv-TG=77.36%, 83.87% and Cv+MTX-TG=75%). The postnatal anomalies were only recorded in Cv+MTX-TG included skull defect and ulceration, blindness, skin lesion, and alopecia in lactating pups. It is concluded that inhibition of P-gp by carvedilol might increase the placental passage and increase methotrexate concentration in fetal and pups’ tissue with consequence of increase toxic effect of methotrexate both in fetus and pups of Cv+MTX-TG group which might explain the present results of teratogenic study. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41394309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}