The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research最新文献

{"title":"Air Ambulance Inter-Hospital ECMO Retrieval of H1N1 Associated ARDS Patient First of Its Kind Case Reported in India","authors":"G. Rawal, Raj Kumar, S. Yadav, R. Sujana","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a revolutionary life-saving technology for patients with severe but potentially reversible pulmonary or cardiac failure or for patients in need of a bridge to transplantation. In the Indian scenario, the facility of ECMO is limited to few specialized healthcare centers having the expertise personnel and the equipment for this technology. However, the critically unwell patients with respiratory and/or cardiac failure are managed by all the healthcare facilities throughout the country. This has led to the development of mobile ECMO team which carries necessary equipment for initiation of ECMO at referral center and also retrieval of the patient on ECMO. We present the case of a patient with H1N1 influenza associated severe ARDS who was retrieved via air-medical transport (fixed wing aircraft) on ECMO by the mobile ECMO team of our center. In the present case, the patient was cannulated and ECMO was initiated at the referral hospital. This allowed a safe transfer of this patient with severe refractory hypoxemia to ECMO centre. The long or short-distance inter-hospital transport of critical patients with respiratory and/or cardiac failure is feasible and safer on ECMO as compared to the conventional methods of transport. The mobile ECMO teams have made this technology available to all even when the admitting hospital doesn’t have this facility and expertise. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first case reported in India of air-medical retrieval of a patient on ECMO. Key-wordsAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Air ambulance, Extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), H1N1 influenza (Swine flu), Hypoxia, Inter hospital transport INTRODUCTION Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) has seen a remarkable recognition and evolution in its use in the last decade. ECMO has emerged as an invaluable tool in the hands of intensive care physicians in the management of patients with severe pulmonary and/or cardiac dysfunction refractory to conventional management [1] , especially in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Though it is not a treatment modality in itself, it serves as a crucial bridge to therapy in a critical patient, bargaining time for the treatment or the management to be effective. In India, ECMO is available only in few specialized centers, however, the patients with refractory respiratory Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"1649-1651"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82528385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Composting of Different Wastes with Yash Activator Plus","authors":"M. Hafeez, Pramila R. Gupta, Y. P. Gupta","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial composting play an important role in the recycling of different processing wastes and the compost generated by bio-conversion of wastes offers several benefits such as enhanced soil fertility and soil health that can lead to increased agricultural productivity, improved soil biodiversity, reduced ecological risks and a healthier environment. The present experiment was conducted in Plastic pots, which were filled with the different wastes, namely Sugarcane waste, Plants waste, Flower waste, Mausmi waste and Mixed waste, which was inoculated by Yash Activator Plus (2% w/w) with a set control pot of each. The results of this study revealed that with Yash Activator Plus, the temperature was increased rapidly at 20 days of composting which were 50, 52, 58, 54 and 54 ̊C. Control treatments increased temperature up to 45, 44, 48, 46, and 46 ̊C respectively. The total loss of dry matter content at the end of composting amounted to be 37.73, 39.67, 52.94, 51.25 and 40% from the initial amount of Sugarcane waste, Plants waste, Flower waste, Mausmi waste and Mixed waste respectively. The maximum and minimum dry matter contents were decreased in flower waste and sugarcane waste respectively. Increased temperature enhanced the process of composting rapidly due to the thermophilic microorganisms, which reduces the time of composting. On the basis of this study, we can conclude that the mixed consortia of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms increased the process of composting, which reduces the time of degradation of different wastes. Key-wordsCompost, Microbial composting, Different waste, Yash Activator Plus INTRODUCTION \"Yash Activator Plus\" is a very effective microbial consortium for rapid composting. It is a mixture of culture of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms specifically for accelerating the composting of organic waste. It contains cultures of Bacteria and fungi along with enzymes, which facilitate bio conversion of organic waste into a stabilized end product called “compost. Use of this microbial consortium for rapid composting: The microbiology of composting is very complex. It involves consortium of fungi and bacteria Actinomyces for bio conversion of organic waste into end product for various uses. Microbial growth in composting depends upon so many factors. Carbon and nitrogen sources are the most critical in terms of bio-degradability of the waste/ biomass. Microbial composting refers to microbiological process which converts waste materials into organic manure, which are rich in plant nutrients and humus [1] . Aeration and moisture control are the main key operating parameters for operating the windrow compost plant. Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"1670-1674"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74594977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Socio-Behavioral Factors and Oral Health Status of 12-15 Year Old School children in Belagavi City- A Cross Sectional Study","authors":"Sonal Dwivedi, A. Ankola, M. Hebbal, Roopali M. Sankeshwari, Vinayak Kamath","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.2.13","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundOral health is a multi-factorial concept, determined by knowledge, behavior, and attitude of a person. Like any behavior carried out daily like a habit, oral health behaviors are also repeated like a habit. The multidimensionality of behavioral change makes studying it, and factors associated with it, a challenge, since there are so many aspects to consider. ObjectivesTo find an association between the oral health status and socio-behavioral factors among 12-15 years old school children of Belagavi city, India. MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to find an association between the oral health status and the knowledge, attitude and behavior of adolescents. One thousand participants were selected using two-stage random sampling. Dental caries, bleeding on probing, dental trauma, enamel fluorosis, intervention urgency was recorded according to the WHO 2013 proforma and the parameters regarding knowledge, attitudes as well as behavior using a closed ended self-designed questionnaire. Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis, and linear correlation tests were done. ResultsAmong 1000 subjects, 767 (76.7%) participants were found to have dental caries and 512 (51.2%) showed the presence of gingival bleeding. Out of a total score of 41, the mean knowledge score was 34.47 (±3.84) for boys and 34.76 (±4.13) for girls. Linear correlation showed that attitude was weakly correlated (r=0.18 and 0.20 respectively) but with a strong statistical significance to knowledge as well as behavior respectively. ConclusionAttitude when compared separately either with knowledge or behavior showed a weak correlation that was highly significant. Comparison of behavior with caries experience showed a weak negative correlation which was statistically insignificant. Key-wordsOral health, Adolescents, Socio-behavioral, Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior INTRODUCTION The prevalence of non-communicable diseases is significant worldwide; they represent a comprehensive burden to people and society, display large disparities across countries, disproportionately affect poor and disadvantaged population groups and they are increasing rapidly across the globe. Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":"17 9 1","pages":"1690-1697"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82940441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil of Aniba duckei Kosterman","authors":"R. D. M. Teles, V. E. M. Filho, A. R. Nascimento","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"This research presented a chemical study of essential oil from Aniba duckei Kostermans, known as rosewood, as well as its test against bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Serratia sp., and Vibrio alginolyticus. For control, we used pipemidic acid, ampicillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, tetracycline, and vancomycin antibiotics. Oil yield was 1.2% (m/m) with linalool being its major component, with 89.34%. The essential oil was more efficient than all antibiotics tested against A. hydrophila and Vibrio alginolyticus. Linalool was less efficient than the A. duckei Kosterman’s essential oil but more effective than many antibiotics. The essential oil, when tested against Bacillus cereus, was second only to gentamicin, while linalool presented less effectiveness than both gentamicin and tetracycline against the same bacteria. But both oil and linalool were effective against Serratia. The A. duckei Kosterman’s essential oil activity was better than linalool’s in all cases due to the oil’s minor components action and synergy between them, which hinder resistance developed by bacteria. Key-wordsAniba duckei Kostermans, Antibacterial activity, Essential oil, Rosewood, Linalool, INTRODUCTION Indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics over the years has resulted in the development of resistant species . Higher rates of microbial resistance, a decrease in a number of approved antimicrobials and the need for drugs that act by different mechanisms of action compared to drugs in use are reasons that justify the search for new antibiotic agents . Many studies have turned their attention to natural sources in the last few years and, in many cases, the antibacterial activity of essential oils has been tested against pathogens . Essential oils are defined by the International Standard Organization (ISO) as ‘products obtained from parts of plants by steam distillation as well as products obtained by squeezing citrus fruit pericarp (Rutaceae). They are complex mixtures of volatile, lipophilic, odoriferous and liquid substances . Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":"29 1","pages":"1657-1662"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87584979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Serum Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) in Batak Male Schizophrenic Patients Versus Healthy Controls","authors":"R. Simamora, B. Loebis, M. Husada","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Schizophrenia is a common psychotic disorder, with a risk of about 1%, the etiology of schizophrenia unknown, one of which includes immunological disorders. Although, there are conflicting results, most studies focusing on plasma levels or the production of mitogen-stimulated cytokines. Furthermore, this study compared serum levels of TNF-α in male chronic schizophrenic patients and healthy control. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 40 male patients diagnosed with chronic schizophrenic and 40 healthy control. Severity of illness was assessed with PANSS. Serum levels of TNF-α were measured by Quantikine HS Human TNF-α Immunoassay. Results: TNF-α levels were significantly higher in chronic schizophrenic (25.12±1.76) to healthy control subjects (5.49±1.69), p=0.001; p<0.05. Conclusion: This study suggested that TNF-α play a role in the immunopathogenesis of schizophrenia and behavioral changes. The relationship between schizophrenia and inflammation was supported by the production of abnormal cytokines. Key-wordsBatak male, Chronic schizophrenic, Healthy control, Serum TNF-α INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a common psychotic disorder, with a risk of about 1%, the most common early onset of this disease is 15-30 years of age, and is a chronic disease that causes disruption to patients and their families. [1] The exact cause of schizophrenia is not known, although several etiological theories have been proposed for the disease, including developmental or neurodegenerative processes, neurotransmitter abnormalities, viral infection and immune dysfunction or autoimmune mechanisms. [2] Schizophrenic patients have aberrant proportions of immuno-competent cells and varied levels of cytokines, especially pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in their peripheral blood or cerebrospinal fluid. [3] Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":"64 1","pages":"1652-1656"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84173462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychiatric Co-morbidities and Management Outcomes in Mentally Ill Prisoners","authors":"M. D’souza","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73928971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Studies on Galactia tenuiflora var. Minor Baker (Leguminosae)","authors":"Bhalerao Vu, Arangale Kb, Shinde Yp, Malpure Nv","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79971270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotoxic Study of Chewing Leaf Tobacco in Swiss Albino Mice","authors":"Ashoka Ch, M. Mustak","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.19","url":null,"abstract":"The tobacco plant Nicotiana has probably been responsible for more deaths than any other herb as it is market driven commodity of economic benefit. While the majority will likely be killed by use of cigarettes, tobacco use in other forms also contributes to worldwide morbidity and mortality. Chewing leaf tobacco is less used now as the ban is imposed on it. We tested the genotoxic potential of chewing leaf tobacco using in vivo cytogenetic testsperipheral blood micronucleus test, and sperm abnormality assay. Three doses of tobacco viz., 3%, 5%, and 10% were given for 14 days. Cyclophosphamide, an indirect acting clastogen was used as positive control agent and it was injected intra peritoneally to the animals only once. Double distilled water was used as negative control. The frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (MNNCE) was increased in tobacco treated mice with the maximum MN being induced in NCEs at 10% dose. All three tobacco doses used in this study, induced significant abnormal sperms compared to controls (P<0.05). The chewing leaf tobacco at a certain concentration is genotoxic. Key-wordsChewing Leaf tobacco, Peripheral blood micronucleus, Swiss albino mice, Howell-Jolly bodies INTRODUCTION The tobacco plant has conquered the world as a powerful drug in the form of cigarettes, cigars, and pipes [1,2] Nicotiana varieties originate mainly from South America. The tobacco plant, Nicotiana, has probably been responsible for more deaths than any other herb. At present, tobacco smoking is causing over 3 million deaths a year worldwide, and if current smoking trends continue the annual mortality will exceed 10 million by around 2030. Undoubtedly, tobacco is the most important avoidable cause of premature death and disease in the world . Smokeless tobacco is consumed without burning the product and can be used orally and through nasal route. Oral smokeless tobacco products are placed in the mouth, cheek or lip and sucked (dipped) or chewed. In India, smokeless tobacco is famous in the form of Gudakhu, Mishri, snuff, chewing tobacco, Masher, Mawa, Sadagura etc. Maybe tobacco is the only one plant now known the world over for the overall health burden it causes to public health. And probably this is the only one plant whose references are made in almost every life science journals at least once. Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":"32 1","pages":"1620-1626"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89217182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges to Cure: Transmission, Virulence and Pathogenesis of HIV Infection","authors":"P. Verma, G. Shanmugam, S. Bansode","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.18","url":null,"abstract":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major contributor to the global burden of the disease, opportunistic infections, and tumors follow. HIV also directly attacks the immune system and affects certain body’s system (like Central Nervous System, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems, Digestive System etc). HIV transmission is complex and depends on the number of behavioral and biological co-factors. The hallmark of HIV infection is the progressive depletion of CD4 helper T cells because of reduced production and increased destruction. Although the typical HIV infected patient shows a sustained CD4 cell increase, a remarkable number of subjects never achieve normal ranges of CD4. HIV infection is also characterized by a marked increase in immune activation, which includes both the adaptive and innate immune systems and abnormalities in coagulation. Extraordinary efforts in the fields of clinical, pharmacology, and biology care have contributed to progressively turn HIV infection from an unavoidably fatal condition into a chronic manageable disease, at least in the countries where HIV infected people have full access to the potent anti-retroviral (ARV) drug combinations that permit a marked and sustained control of viral replication. Although their pathogenesis is still under-discussed, they are likely to originate from immune dysfunction associated with HIV infection and chronic inflammation. The last consideration regards the dis-homogenous pattern of HIV disease worldwide. Key-wordsHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV), simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Cell mediated immunity (CMI), Anti-retroviral agents INTRODUCTION HIV virus is the harmful mediator of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), was identified in 1983 following the first reported cases of AIDS in 1981-1982. HIV is a member of a class known as Retroviruses. These viruses store their genetic information as ribonucleic acid (RNA), unlike most viruses which store their genetic information as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Previous to viral replication can obtain place, the RNA must be converted to DNA by the reverse transcription enzyme, hence the Latin term Retro, meaning 'turning back' . HIV comprises an outer envelope consisting of a lipid bilayer with spikes of glycoproteins (gp), gp41 and gp120 encoded by env gene. These glycoproteins (gp) are associated in such a manner that glycoproteins 120 protrude from the surface of the HIV virus. The envelope is inside membrane made of nucleocapsid (p 17, matrix protein), which surrounds a central core of protein, p24 (capsid protein) encoded by gag gene. Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"1614-1619"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83493795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Tuberculosis: A Review","authors":"S. Parveen, D. Arya","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Globally tuberculosis remains a challenge from the point of diagnosis, detection of drug resistance, and treatment. Treatment can only be initiated, when infection is detected and it’s based on the results of AST, recently there has been a marked increase in the development and testing of novel assays designed to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although most important advances that would develop tuberculosis (TB) analysis have not been realized, we are beginning to see the innovations that have been prompted by the recognition of the economic potential of the market for new diagnostic tests for TB and considerably increased public and private funding and awareness. In this present review, we focused on the newer tests that are accessible for the analysis of suppressed and active tuberculosis and rapid detection of drug resistance, nucleic acid amplification for identification of M. tuberculosis complex, and rapid tests for detecting drug resistance. PCR-based technologies and hybridization assays used for the recognition of the mycobacteria. Though these newer techniques are useful for a rapid result, emphasizing that culture-based diagnosis is still the ‘gold standard’ for the diagnosis and follows up on tuberculosis. Key-wordsDrug Sensitivity Testing (DST), M. tuberculosis, Molecular diagnosis, Tuberculosis infection, PCR, INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading infectious diseases in the world and is responsible for more than 2 million deaths and 8 million new cases annually [1] and in India, accounts for one-fifth of this global burden of TB . The disease is caused by a bacterium called M. tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but can infect any part of the body such as the kidney, intestine, pleura, spine, and brain. If not treated properly, this infectious disease can be fatal . TB and HIV have been closely linked since the emergence of AIDS and both diseases is a major public health challenge. It is estimated that 60-70% of HIV positive persons will develop tuberculosis in their lifetime . Smear microscopy has suboptimal sensitivity and detects only about 60-70% of the TB cases. The implementation of culture for the diagnosis can improve the TB detection rate of a laboratory by about 30-40%. These two laboratory methods, smear microscopy and culture are still the “gold standards” for the diagnosis of TB and culture is considered as the most sensitive method. Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88459941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}