Oxford Open Climate Change最新文献

{"title":"Additionality, baselines, and the proper accounting for land-based climate change mitigation efforts","authors":"Connor Nolan, Cecilia A Van Paasschen, Christopher B Field","doi":"10.1093/oxfclm/kgae012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgae012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Carbon storage and uptake on land is a critical part of climate change mitigation. Each year, up to 30% of anthropogenic emissions are neutralized by the ongoing background land sink. At the same time, greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation are major contributors to climate change. Protecting the background sink, avoiding additional emissions, and increasing removals are all key parts of a climate change mitigation portfolio. However, accurately measuring the true mitigation effects of a given intervention is challenging because of an inherent reliance on a counterfactual—an estimate of what would have happened in the absence of a given intervention. These counterfactuals are handled differently in carbon markets and in national greenhouse gas inventories, which can lead to confusion in accounting for progress on climate change mitigation. In this paper, we review how global carbon budgets, national greenhouse gas inventories, and carbon markets account for land-based carbon fluxes. We also examine the implications for additionality and identify some particularly challenging cases. Finally, we present recommendations moving forward and connect this work to broader challenges relevant to other carbon dioxide removal pathways.","PeriodicalId":225090,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Open Climate Change","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141639916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Open Letter to the IMO Supporting Maritime Transport that Cools the Atmosphere While Preserving Air Quality Benefits","authors":"Ron baiman, R. Bishop, C. Elsworth, A. Gadian, B. Melton, O. Peterson, Y. Tao","doi":"10.1093/oxfclm/kgae008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgae008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":225090,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Open Climate Change","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141678467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nexus dynamics: the impact of environmental vulnerabilities and climate change on refugee camps","authors":"Pablo Bose","doi":"10.1093/oxfclm/kgae001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgae001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Climate change and forced migration are often thought about in terms of the sheer numbers of people who might be displaced by a transforming environment. But the potential for ‘environmental refugees’ – whether from long-term degradation or short-term catastrophe—extends far beyond those directly affected. Understanding the forces that produce, respond to and amplify such forced migration patterns requires a complex and nuanced view of them. In this article, I explore the question of environmental displacement through the lens of nexus dynamics and look at how environmental refugees complicate our understandings of place, belonging, stability and resilience. I do so through a focus on the largest global refugee camps in the world and the particular environmental vulnerabilities that each faces. Using Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh (Rohingya refugees), Dadaab in Kenya (Somali refugees) and Za’atari in Jordan (Syrian refugees), I examine the ways that political, economic and ecological factors have driven the inhabitants to the camps, keep them vulnerable within them, and raise questions about both their and the camps’ respective futures. By cataloguing some of the environmental risks within the region of each camp and examining each camp’s response in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, I consider the broader logic, viability and purpose of each of these camps, as representative of parallel spaces globally. What does resilience and vulnerability mean in a refugee camp? How does a nexus dynamics approach to climate change and migration help us to understand a complex system such as this?","PeriodicalId":225090,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Open Climate Change","volume":" 578","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139617752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tentative Anatomy of Christian Responses to Anthropogenic Climate Change","authors":"Mark Siddall","doi":"10.1093/oxfclm/kgae002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgae002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This pilot study addresses the differences in responses to anthropogenic climate change expressed in published normative statements for a cross section of Christian denominations and groupings from the UK and USA as well as international groupings. Grid-group cultural theory is tentatively employed to better understand these differences. Because the cosmologies identified by grid-group theory have as their basis the metaphor of the body, this is in effect a tentative anatomy of Christian responses to anthropogenic climate change. As a test case, this paper explores whether or not it is fruitful to attempt to challenge a given cosmological outlook to better communicate climate change and how this might be achieved or whether to speak to that cosmological perspective and how this might be achieved. In addition, this paper explores how each distinctive cosmology might contribute helpfully in responding to anthropogenic climate change. Finally, avenues of further work to expand this approach are explored.","PeriodicalId":225090,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Open Climate Change","volume":"11 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139529161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A survey of mountaineers’ observations of global warming effects in the Hex River mountains, South-Western Cape, South Africa","authors":"Gavin Edward Craig Heath","doi":"10.1093/oxfclm/kgad012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgad012","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the changing climate of the Hex River mountains, a prominent mountain range in the south-western Cape in South Africa, over the last thirty to fifty years (1972-1992-2022). This mountain range is notable for its steep gradients and historical snow cover and related snow sports. The purpose of this study was to garner the observations of a mountain user group in South Africa regarding the impacts of global warming on the mountain range, in particular the high altitude zone between c.1800 and 2249masl, where snow, of varying texture and hardness, occurs during the winter. The literature that has been published on the mountain range’s climate indicates severe storms, and related danger, during the winter months as well as indications that the climate is changing. It also appears from previous research that geomorphic processes are increasing due to unexpected summer rainstorms, with resulting debris flow and rockfall. Fire frequency and water shortage appear to be increasing in the summer months. The methodology comprised a questionnaire which included a map of the mountain range and information on particular topoclimates. An appeal was sent to members of the mountain user group in the Western Cape; respondents were selected according to their experience of, and frequency of, visits to the mountain range. Those respondents with an education in atmosphere science were emphasised. Accounts of historical subalpine meteorology (including historical storm events) were derived from journals of the mountain user group. Personal photographs were scanned for environmental changes and two were selected to show changes in snow cover. The results indicated that water supply in summer is becoming more marginal. Other results are that there are differences regarding global warming between the windward and leeward sides, and south- and north-facing slopes of the mountain range. In addition, global warming appears to be changing altitudinal zones, especially of the temporary cryosphere that exists during the winter months. Recommendations included amending routes to avoid eroded sections and possible rockfall for people traversing the mountain range.","PeriodicalId":225090,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Open Climate Change","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136178140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empirical comparisons between the past 5000 years of European and eastern Mediterranean history and precipitation as recorded by ice accumulation in the GISP2 (Greenland) ice core","authors":"R. Holdaway","doi":"10.1093/oxfclm/kgad007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgad007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Adequate and regular levels of precipitation are fundamental to the sustained success of civilizations based on early agricultural production technologies, but palaeoclimate studies have concentrated on temperature. Potentially important insights into the fates of early civilization can be gained, however, from long term records of precipitation. Patterns in precipitation over the past 5000 years recorded by the ice accumulation balance in the GISP 2 ice core on the Greenland plateau appear to be correlated with major events in European and Mediterranean history. Near Greenland, Viking raids coincided with a major step-wise precipitation increase after 600 CE. Viking settlement of Greenland coincided with a precipitation low. During the Egyptian Old Kingdom period of pyramid-building precipitation was higher than when the New Kingdom tombs were excavated. The Old Kingdom and Akkadian Empire both failed as precipitation descended into the same prolonged precipitation low. The end of the New Kingdom and of the other Bronze Age civilizations in the eastern Mediterranean and around the Aegean Sea coincided with the lowest ice accumulation rate in the past 5000 years. The Roman “Imperial Good Times” coincided with a precipitation high. The brief 2nd century imperial reigns and those of late New Kingdom pharaohs accompanied precipitation lows, as did the Antonine and Justinianic plagues. A trans-Alpine “production see-saw” hypothesis, in which the same precipitation levels generated opposite effects, fits the sequence of successes and failures of western civilizations.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Global warming captures the headlines and occupies global research programmes, but precipitation is a key factor in food production now and even more so in the past. Until recently the margin between seed harvested and seed sown was very low: drought or floods could eliminate it entirely. Most climate studies relating to the past 5,000 years in Europe and the Mediterranean are local in scope. There is no overall pattern against which to interpret regional historic events. Ice accumulation (balance between precipitation and evaporation) through time on the Greenland plateau may provide an overarching perspective on the precipitation history of these areas. Preliminary comparisons of the well-dated ice accumulation record with dates of significant historical events such as the collapse of Bronze Age civilizations, the Viking diaspora, and pandemics suggest that the events were correlated with lows and highs of Greenland ice accumulation. An “Alpine see-saw” model may be useful in understanding why changes in the fortunes of communities north and south of the mountains were often in opposition. Finally, events can be correlated without one causing the other. The examples canvassed here meet accepted criteria for their being a causal relationship between precipitation and the fates of civilizations.\u0000","PeriodicalId":225090,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Open Climate Change","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121754172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Paradox Test in Climate Litigation","authors":"Adam Parr","doi":"10.1093/oxfclm/kgad005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgad005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The common law and natural law traditions have both sought authority in ‘reason’ and the ‘laws of nature’. Pollock applied this logic in explaining judicial development of negligence: the application of reason to emerging science and technology. The equivalent today is a growing body of scientific evidence that humans are destroying their own habitat through climate change, biodiversity destruction and pollution. Humanity depends on its habitat for survival and therefore each step in this direction increases the risk of its extinction. The courts are already being asked to declare as unlawful governmental decisions that breach human rights and statutory or constitutional protection of the environment. This perspective article proposes that when presented with scientific evidence of habitat destruction in judicial review cases, the courts could examine whether a decision is unlawful and/or irrational. This ‘Paradox Test’ would ask: (1) will the decision contribute to the destruction of the human habitat; and (2) if so, is it justified on the ground of necessity? It is proposed that a decision that failed such a test would be unlawful and irrational as contrary to what is arguably the most fundamental law of nature: species survival. The essay defines the Paradox Test, sets it in an historical context, and positions it as implicitly inside the boundaries of current English doctrine of judicial review, where it would need to be judicially recognised. Consequently, practitioners are invited to apply the test in court and to share their experience.","PeriodicalId":225090,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Open Climate Change","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117293283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine methods for carbon dioxide removal: fundamentals and myth-busting for the wider community","authors":"E. Rohling","doi":"10.1093/oxfclm/kgad004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgad004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To avoid global warming in excess of 1.5 °C under the current sluggish adoption of drastic reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, application of methods to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere will become essential in the near future; yet, development of these methods is in its infancy. Land-based methods are further developed than marine methods, but it is likely that similar-scaled application will be necessary in both realms. There are many misconceptions in discussions groups and fora about the “simplicity” or “ease” of proposed marine applications, partly because the complex marine carbon cycle is insufficiently understood by the proponents, having been discussed in largely inaccessible, technical texts only. This review outlines the basic operation of the marine carbon cycle in straightforward terms, with some simplifications, to help advance the debate among the wider community. Break-out boxes provide additional detail where desired, and references (and the sources cited therein) provide avenues for further study. The review then discusses two potential marine methods for atmospheric carbon removal that are thought to offer the greatest potential in terms of carbon removal mass: ocean iron fertilization and ocean alkalinity enhancement. Finally, six statements/arguments that seems to regularly crop up in carbon removal discussion groups are evaluated within the perspective of the compiled and reviewed information.","PeriodicalId":225090,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Open Climate Change","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125292286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar Radiation Modification is risky, but so is rejecting it: A call for balanced research","authors":"C. Wieners, Benedikt Hofbauer, Iris E de Vries, Matthias Honegger, D. Visioni, H. Russchenberg, T. Felgenhauer","doi":"10.1093/oxfclm/kgad002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgad002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As it is increasingly uncertain whether humanity can limit global warming to 1.5 degrees, Solar Radiation Modification (SRM) has been suggested as a potential temporary complement to mitigation. While no replacement for mitigation, evidence to date suggests that some SRM methods could contribute to reducing climate risks and would be technically feasible. But such interventions would also pose environmental risks and unprecedented governance challenges. The risks of SRM must be carefully weighed against those of climate change without SRM. Currently, both types of risks are not sufficiently understood to assess whether SRM could be largely beneficial. Given the already serious impacts of climate change and the possibility that pressure from their increasing severity will trigger rash decisions, we argue that timely, careful investigation and deliberation on SRM is a safer path than wilful ignorance. A framework of ethical guidelines and regulation can help limit potential risks from SRM research.","PeriodicalId":225090,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Open Climate Change","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116827851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enzymes for consumer products to achieve climate neutrality","authors":"Patricia Molina-Espeja, J. Sanz-Aparicio, P. Golyshin, Ana Robles-Martín, V. Guallar, F. Beltrametti, Markus Müller, M. Yakimov, J. Modregger, Moniec van Logchem, P. Corvini, P. Shahgaldian, Christian Degering, S. Wieland, Anne Timm, Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho, Ilaria Re, Sara Daniotti, S. Thies, K. Jaeger, J. Chow, W. Streit, R. Lottenbach, Rainer Rösch, Nazanin Ansari, M. Ferrer","doi":"10.1093/oxfclm/kgad003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgad003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Today, the cheosphere’s and biosphere’s compositions of the planet are changing faster than experienced during the past thousand years. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion are rising dramatically, including those from processing, manufacturing and consuming everyday products; this rate of greenhouse gas emission (36.2 Giga-tons accumulated in 2022) is raising global temperatures and destabilizing the climate, which is one of the most influential forces on our planet. As our world warms up, our climate will enter a period of constant turbulence, affecting more than 85% of our ecosystems, including the delicate web of life on these systems and impacting socioeconomic networks. How do we deal with the green transition to minimize climate change and its impacts while we are facing these new realities? One of the solutions is to use renewable natural resources. Indeed, nature itself, through the working parts of its living systems, the enzymes, can significantly contribute to achieve climate neutrality and good ecological/biodiversity status. Annually they can help decreasing CO2 emissions by 1 to 2.5 Billion-tons, carbon demand by about 200 Million-tons, and chemical demand by about 90 Million-tons. With current climate change goals, we review the consequences of climate change at multiple scales and how enzymes can counteract or mitigate them. We then focus on how they mobilize sustainable and greener innovations in consumer products that have a high contribution to global carbon emissions. Finally, key innovations and challenges to be solved at the enzyme and product levels are discussed.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Accumulated greenhouse gas emissions are expected to increase from 36.2 Giga-tons (Gt) to 60 Gt over the next three decades. The global surface temperature has increased by + 1.09 °C since 2001, and might increase by + 2.2 °C in 2100, +3.6 °C in 2200 and +4.6 °C in 2500. These emissions and temperature rises cannot be reduced in their entirety, but they can be lowered by using enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions that make life possible since 3.8 billion years ago. Scientists have been able to \"domesticate\" them in such a way that enzymes, and their engineered variants, are now key players of the circular economy. With a world production of 117 Kilo-tons and a trade of 14.5 Billion-dollars, they have the potential to annually decrease CO2 emissions by 1 to 2.5 Billion-tons (Bt), the carbon demand to synthesise chemicals by 200 Million tons (Mt), the amount of chemicals by 90 Mt, and the economic losses derived from global warming by 0.5%, while promoting biodiversity and our planet’s health. Our success to increase these benefits will depend on better integration of enzymatic solutions in different sectors.\u0000","PeriodicalId":225090,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Open Climate Change","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123847677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}