The Dhaka University Journal of Science最新文献

{"title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Injecting Drug Use as a Risk Factor of HIV in Bangladesh","authors":"Swarna Chowdhury, Noor Jahan Akter, M Shafiqur Rahman, Priom Saha, Prianka Barman, Tasmin Akter Fahin, Swapnil Roy, Durjoy Dey, Md Mehedi Hassan, Tasnim Sultana Munmun, Samia Ashrafi, Maisha Maliha Rahman","doi":"10.3329/dujs.v71i2.69125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v71i2.69125","url":null,"abstract":"HIV is a new, transpiring problem, especially, among injecting drug users (IDU) in Bangladesh. Although HIV prevalence in Bangladesh compared to the neighboring countries is still low, ongoing high-risk behaviors among injecting drug users could facilitate the more extensive transmission of HIV to the general population. This study aims to assess the relationship between HIV and injecting drug use. Through a systematic review, we included 19 studies that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Pooled prevalence, odds ratio, 95% CI, and measures of heterogeneity were calculated by the random-effects model. Publication bias was examined by funnel plots and Egger‘s test. We found the overall pooled prevalence was 3.65% (95% CI: 2.10-5.56%) which indicates that Bangladesh is on the brink of a concentrated epidemic. IDUs were 6.085 times more likely to be HIV-positive than non-IDUs (pooled OR: 6.085; 95% CI: 4.654-7.956). The pooled prevalence for males was reported to be 2.44% (95% CI: 1.51-3.57%), which was significantly higher than those for females with a pooled prevalence of 0.26% (95% CI: 0.00-1.19%). This meta-analysis revealed that injecting drug use is a significant risk factor for HIV in Bangladesh. Moreover, while the HIV prevalence in female IDUs was found to be very low, it was much higher in male IDUs.
 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 71(2): 160-168, 2023 (July)","PeriodicalId":22453,"journal":{"name":"The Dhaka University Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135884886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hotel and Manager Characteristics and Technology Orientation Strategy","authors":"Zoni M. Mwangi, Veronicah K. Kaluyu","doi":"10.59952/tuj.v5i3.293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59952/tuj.v5i3.293","url":null,"abstract":"Management and hotel characteristics can strongly influence the decision to support technology orientation strategy in luxury hotels. In the rapidly changing hotel business environment, a strong technology orientation holds the key to the strategic direction that will lead to sustained competitive advantage. Nonetheless, studies relating technology orientation strategy and manager and hotel characteristics in the hotel industry in Eastern Africa are scare. Based on Resource Based View, and a sample of 247 senior hotel managers, this paper provides an analysis of hotel and manager characteristics and their relationship with technology orientation in the luxury hotel industry in Kenya. The paper uses empirical data and shows that age of hotel (rho=0.14; ρ<0.05) and size of hotel (rho=0.22; ρ<0.05) had a positive correlation with technology orientation in luxury hotels at the 5% level of significance. On the other hand, age of senior managers (rho=-0.13; ρ<0.05) had a negative correlation with technology orientation, while level of education among senior managers (rho=0.14; ρ<0.05) had a positive correlation with technology orientation in luxury hotels. Implications of the findings for hotel management practice and research are provided in the paper.","PeriodicalId":22453,"journal":{"name":"The Dhaka University Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135591033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Work Related Adjustment factors-a strong Predictor of Expatriates’ Commitment in Mission Hospitals in Kenya: The role of Transformational Leadership","authors":"Lydia J. Maket, Abigael Chepkirui","doi":"10.59952/tuj.v5i3.292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59952/tuj.v5i3.292","url":null,"abstract":"Many organisations worldwide rely on the contributions of expatriates, who are crucial in filling skill gaps in business operations. However, expatriates face challenges that stem from cultural differences. This paper models the relationship between non-work-related adjustment factors and the expatriates’ commitment. Previous research provides mixed results on this relationship. Therefore, this paper fills the void by interrogating the influence of transformational leadership on the relationship between non-work adjustment factors and commitment. Based on a sample of 112 expatriates drawn from selected mission hospitals in Kenya, results indicated that non-work-related adjustment factors significantly affected the expatriates’ commitment (β=1.277, p=0.000). Transformational leadership also affected expatriate commitment (β=.951, p=0.000), and finally, transformational leadership moderated the relationship between the non-work related adjustment factors and expatriates’ commitment (β=1.127, p=0.000). The study recommends that human resource managers in the mission hospitals should set up policies on the non-work related adjustment of expatriates in their hospitals. Also, managers of institutions in the home country should prepare their expatriates on cross-cultural adjustment mechanisms to adapt to their commitment to their host country.","PeriodicalId":22453,"journal":{"name":"The Dhaka University Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135739290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Customer Orientation Posture on Transient Competitive Advantage Adoption among Private Hospitals in Nairobi City County, Kenya","authors":"Veronicah Kaluyu, Lawrence Odollo","doi":"10.59952/tuj.v5i3.290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59952/tuj.v5i3.290","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic changes in business environment have led to switch from pursuit of sustained competitive advantage to transient competitive advantage which enables the firm to adapt swiftly to a fast-changing environment. This study’s’ purpose was to assess the influence customer orientation, on the adoption of transient competitive advantage by private multi-practice hospitals in Nairobi City County, Kenya. This study was guided by the dynamic capability theory of the firm and McGrath (2013) transient competitive advantage theory. The study adopted a descriptive correlational survey research design. The total target population was 400 hospital administrators from which a sample size of 200 respondents was selected using Stratified random sampling method. To enhance reliability and validity of study instruments, a pilot study was carried out whereby a reliability coefficient of 0.7 was considered acceptable. Analysis of data was done within acceptance margin of error of 0.95. Regression beta coefficients were used to examine influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable among private multi-practice hospitals in Nairobi City County in Kenya. The study found out that that customer orientation had a statistically significant influence on transient competitive advantage (β= 0.246(t=.000) with model prediction of R square 0.218 significant at F=.000) The study concludes that customer orientation strategic postures has a statistically significant influence on transient competitive advantage among private multi-practice hospitals in Nairobi city County in Keny. Thus the study recommends the hospitals’ policy reviews to capture these areas for improvement: review policy to revamp customer needs surveys, competition analysis, increase customer responsiveness and after service care. The study findings may be important to the management of private hospitals in Kenya with regard to strategic posturing and adoption of transient competitive advantage and also in effort to ensure continuous improvement of customer service among HealthCare services.","PeriodicalId":22453,"journal":{"name":"The Dhaka University Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135244439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Strategic Aggressiveness Posture on Transient Competitive Advantage Adoption among Private Hospitals in Nairobi City County, Kenya","authors":"Veronicah Kaluyu, Lawrence Odollo","doi":"10.59952/tuj.v5i3.291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59952/tuj.v5i3.291","url":null,"abstract":"Hyper dynamic business environment has rendered the pursuit of sustained competitive advantage untenable, hence the need to focus on transient competitive advantage which is a combination of various factors, which result in the ability of the firm to adapt swiftly to a fast-changing environment. This study’s’ purpose was to assess the influence of strategic aggressiveness posture on adoption of transient competitive advantage. The precise objective of the study entailed was to assess the influence of strategic aggressiveness posture on the adoption of transient competitive advantage by private multi-practice hospitals in Nairobi City County, Kenya. This study was guided by the dynamic capability theory of the firm and McGrath transient competitive advantage theory. The study adopted a descriptive correlational survey research design. The total target population was 400 hospital administrators from which a sample size of 200 respondents was selected using Stratified random sampling method. To enhance reliability and validity of study instruments, a pilot study was carried out whereby a reliability coefficient of 0.7 was considered acceptable. Both descriptive and inferential data analysis methods were used to analyze data. Analysis of data was done within acceptance margin of error of 0.95. Regression beta coefficients were used to examine influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable among private multi-practice hospitals in Nairobi city County in Kenya. The study found out that that strategic aggressiveness posture had a statistically significant influence on transient competitive advantage (β= 0.397(t=.000) and with model prediction of R square 0.292 significant at F=.000). The study concludes that strategic aggressiveness posture has a statistically significant influence on transient competitive advantage among private multi-practice hospitals in Nairobi city County in Kenya. Thus the study recommends the hospitals’ policy reviews to capture these areas for improvement: review policy to revamp competition analysis, increase market assertiveness and soldier towards best cost provision as well as adopt unpredictability in services differentiation.","PeriodicalId":22453,"journal":{"name":"The Dhaka University Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135243227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Teamwork on Humanitarian Aid Response in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas in Kenya","authors":"Mohamed Abdullahi, Jeremiah Koshal, Stephen Morangi Nyambegera","doi":"10.59952/tuj.v5i3.289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59952/tuj.v5i3.289","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to examine teamwork's influence on humanitarian aid responses in arid and semi-arid areas in Kenya. The study used a positivist approach and explanatory research design. The explanatory research design was deemed suitable for the study since the research aims to explain the causal relationship of the variables. The population was 5,996 and a sample size of 375 was obtained using the Yamane formula. The study used a stratified random technique to select the respondents. Structured questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect the data. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis and presented in prose form. Moreover, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25 was used to organize the quantitative data. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in tables and figures. The correlation analysis indicates a positive and significant association between teamwork explaining and humanitarian aid responses (r = 0.452, p = 0.001). The regression analysis indicates teamwork can explain 20.4% of the variations in humanitarian aid responses. The F-value of 85.626 with a p-value of p = 0.000 emphasizes the model's statistical significance, while the regression coefficients show a positive and significant influence (β = 0.282, p = 0.000), indicating that a unit increase in teamwork increases humanitarian aid responses by 0.282 units. These statistics underline the importance of teamwork in enhancing humanitarian efforts in the studied areas. The study concludes that humanitarian aid responses in Arid and Semi-Arid areas in Kenya are significantly influenced by teamwork. The study recommends that the NGOs' management in the humanitarian aid responses should focus on teamwork. Organizations should establish effective communication to enhance the sufficient flow of information from one department to another. The study also recommended that management focus on developing soft skills to increase the employees' ability to express and communicate. Management should organize more activities, such as inter-departmental meetings, to create quality bonding among superiors and subordinates. Proper training and development plans should be established to realize effective organizational communication.","PeriodicalId":22453,"journal":{"name":"The Dhaka University Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135537555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategic Management Accounting Practices and Financial Performance of Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya","authors":"Marion Mbogo, Clement Olando, Jimmy Macharia","doi":"10.59952/tuj.v5i3.288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59952/tuj.v5i3.288","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies acknowledge that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are key drivers to Kenya's economic development. Many of these SMEs face persistent constraints and do not realize their full potential, with many failing within their first three years of operation. A possible cause for the high failure rate is poor financial performance. Existing literature highlights one remedy as the use of strategic management accounting practices. This paper investigated the influence of strategic management accounting practices (SMAPs) on the financial performance of small and medium manufacturing enterprises (SMMEs) in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study used self-reporting opinion questions on Return on Investments (ROI), Return on Assets (ROA) and net profit margin as financial measures. A descriptive research design was used. Target population was 693 SMMEs in Nairobi. Data was collected through a self-administered cross-sectional survey. Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 254 SMMEs with 156 usable responses. Data was analyzed using structural equation modelling to explain the relationships among multiple variables for SMAPs and financial performance. Results of hypothesis testing revealed that SMAPs significantly influence financial performance (chi-square (χ2) = 612.82, DF = 171, p-value = 0.000, CMIN/DF (x2 /df = 3.584, RMSEA = 0.114, IFI= 0.857, CFI= 0.856, NFI= 0.819, GFI =0.806, AGFI=0.751), where the model explains 43.7% in the variations on financial performance of SMMEs. Results suggest that the financial performance of SMMEs can be improved by deploying SMAPs. The study recommends that SMMEs should be encouraged to adopt SMAPs through policy and practice.","PeriodicalId":22453,"journal":{"name":"The Dhaka University Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135538801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotion Dysregulation Linked to Depression Symptoms in a Sub-Saharan Sample of Adolescent University Students","authors":"Bernice Nderitu, Michael Kihara, Dana Basnight-Brown","doi":"10.59952/tuj.v5i3.283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59952/tuj.v5i3.283","url":null,"abstract":"Emotions are fundamental to human development and survival across the lifespan. Adolescence is a volatile and critical developmental period characterized by frequent high-intensity positive and negative emotions. Emotion dysregulation and depression symptoms are common occurrences in adolescence. This study explored the association between emotion regulation difficulties and depressive symptoms in adolescents. The study was anchored on the extended process model of emotion regulation. The study employed a descriptive-analytical design and sampled 352 adolescents, ages 18-19, from the United States International University-Africa, Kenya. SPSS® v28 was used to analyze data and apply descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found no gender or ethnic differences in emotion regulation. However, there was a significant association between emotion regulation difficulties and depression, χ2 (3) = 12.133, p = 0.007, V = 0.186, and a positive and significant linear relationship between the variables, r (352) = 0.229, p < 0.001, r2 = 0.052. Notably, the higher the emotion regulation difficulties, the higher the depression levels. The study concluded that emotionally dysregulated adolescent university students are particularly vulnerable to developing psychological symptoms of depression.","PeriodicalId":22453,"journal":{"name":"The Dhaka University Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135152290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategic Management Accounting and Financial Performance of Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya","authors":"Marion Mbogo, Clement Olando, Jimmy Macharia","doi":"10.59952/tuj.v5i3.282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59952/tuj.v5i3.282","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies acknowledge that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are key drivers to Kenya's economic development. Many of these SMEs face persistent constraints and do not realize their full potential, with many failing within their first three years of operation. A possible cause for the high failure rate is poor financial performance. Existing literature highlights one remedy as the use of strategic management accounting practices. This paper investigated the influence of strategic management accounting practices (SMAPs) on the financial performance of small and medium manufacturing enterprises (SMMEs) in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study used self-reporting opinion questions on Return on Investments (ROI), Return on Assets (ROA), operating profit and net profit margin as financial measures. A descriptive research design was used. Target population was 693 SMMEs in Nairobi City County. Data was collected through a self-administered cross-sectional survey. Survey questionnaires were administered to a representative sample of 254 SMMEs with 156 usable responses. Data was analyzed using structural equation modelling to explain the relationships among multiple variables for SMAPs and financial performance. Results of hypothesis testing revealed that SMAPs significantly influence financial performance (chi-square (χ2) = 612.82, DF = 171, p-value = 0.000, CMIN/DF (x2 /df = 3.584, RMSEA = 0.114, IFI= 0.857, CFI= 0.856, NFI= 0.819, GFI =0.806, AGFI=0.751), where the model explains 43.7% in the variations on financial performance of SMMEs. Results suggest that the financial performance of SMMEs can be improved by deploying SMAPs. The study recommends that SMMEs should be encouraged to adopt SMAPs through policy and practice.","PeriodicalId":22453,"journal":{"name":"The Dhaka University Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135258673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Internalized Moral Perspective on Resilience of the Kenyan Health System","authors":"Osoro Joan Kemunto, Teresia K.K. Linge","doi":"10.59952/tuj.v5i3.279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59952/tuj.v5i3.279","url":null,"abstract":"Internalized Moral Perspective is a construct of authentic leadership. It provides moral reasoning which confers self-regulation to individuals, organizations and systems in the face of acute and chronic shocks. This paper looks at internalized moral perspective through the lens of two sub-constructs: capability approach and consequential evaluation. The Study was carried out between March and September 2022 – response phase of pandemic response. The sampling frame consisted of Level 5 and 6 hospitals that served 8 counties identified as high risk for COVID-19 in Kenya. A modified Authentic Leadership Questionnaire was administered face-to-face, through email or through WhatsApp. Twenty six (26) hospitals responded (two Level 6, and twenty-four Level 5 hospitals). The Study revealed a high score of Internalized Moral Perspective = 17.9. Nakuru and Garissa County expressed the highest level of Internalized Moral perspective while Kakamega had the lowest expression. There was a weak positive linear correlation with Resilience Index (rho = 0.147) and a good path analysis (t = 2.016, p <0.05). Thus, the Study rejected the null hypothesis that stated, internalized moral perspective does not influence resilience index in the Kenyan health system. The Study concluded that internalized moral perspective not only confers resilience to the Kenyan health system, but is also an opportunity for growth in order to confer cultural competence to the leaders. The Study recommended increased experience sharing in disaster response and adoption of crisis outreach model for mental health. Experience sharing needs to be not only in-hospital but also, inter-hospital and inter-county for better resilience. Channels include: continuous medical education, conferences, seminars, workshops and publications.","PeriodicalId":22453,"journal":{"name":"The Dhaka University Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135551801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}