Russian Journal of Legal Studies最新文献

{"title":"Prosecutor’s Supervision and Management of the Inquiry on Political Crimes in the Russian Empire (Regulatory Framework)","authors":"V. Gorbachev","doi":"10.17816/rjls18462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/rjls18462","url":null,"abstract":"The article, based on the normative and archival materials, considers the issues of prosecutor’s supervision and management by the gendarme and the police inquiry about political crimes in the Russian Empire after the judicial reform of 1864. The inquiry of such crimes was of two types: formal (criminal procedural) and administrative (protective). The Prosecutor’s office managed directed by inquiry by giving instructions on cases. The supervision was manifested itself in the coordination with the Prosecutor’s office of certain actions of the gendarmerie and the police officers, in the presence of prosecutors during investigative actions, in studying the materials of the inquiry, cancellation of illegal decisions, reviewing complaints about the actions of the gendarmerie and the police, addressing issues of responsibility for violations, etc. Forms and features of Prosecutor’s supervision for each of the specified types of inquiry are considered. It is concluded that the Prosecutor’s supervision and management of the inquiry in political cases had limited legal capacity. At the same time, compared with the management and supervision of the police inquiry on common crimes, the formal inquiry on political crimes was under more careful supervision of the Prosecutor’s office, which responded (though not always) to the revealed violations. At the same time, protective proceedings, which most affected the personal inviolability of citizens, the law almost completely withdrew from the Prosecutor’s supervision. Despite this, gradually, departmental regulations and practice have developed some forms of the implementation of prosecutorial supervision and over protective proceedings. Considered some of the inaccuracies that occur in the literature when reporting on issues of prosecutorial supervision over the investigation of political crimes.","PeriodicalId":223654,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Legal Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122372305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Problems of the Financialand Legal Nature of Funds of Organizations","authors":"I. Zhestkov, А ЖестковИ, E. G. Glanskaya, Г ГланскаяЕ","doi":"10.17816/rjls18449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/rjls18449","url":null,"abstract":"The object of science of the financial right is understood as the public relations arising in the course of activities for systematic education (formation), distribution and use of the public, municipal and other public foundations for realization of problems of public character. At the same time the problem of publicity or not publicity of the legal nature of some funds remains not resolved neither in science of the financial right, nor in the legislation of the Russian Federation that does nоt give the chance precisely to define limits of an object of science of the financial right. The obligation of formation and also the sizes which purposes and an order of use are provided by imperatively federal normative legal acts is about funds of funds of the private organizations. In particular, it is possible to carry indemnification funds of self-regulatory organizations, obligatory reserves of credit institutions, reserve funds of joint-stock companies, reserve fund of Association of Tour Operators to such funds in the sphere of outbound tourism, an indemnification fund of professional association of insurers on obligatory insurance by the citizen of responsibility of carrier for infliction of harm of life, etc. In article questions of the legal nature of separate funds of the organizations, including specifics and financial and legal features of their formation and use, relevant for financial and legal science, are considered. Provisions of the legislation of the Russian Federation and also a position of the leading erudite jurists of rather public or non-public legal nature of funds are analyzed. The attention is especially focused that funds have special-purpose character, are formed and used in public interests by the organizations equipped with public functions.","PeriodicalId":223654,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Legal Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130060372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principles of Regulation of Tax Relations in Romania","authors":"L. Nani, Лия Нани","doi":"10.17816/rjls18448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/rjls18448","url":null,"abstract":"The maintenance of a balance between the proper execution of a state’s functions and individual interests is secured by the principles of regulation of tax relations. Such principles are defined by the constitutions and the tax legislations of foreign countries. The modern interpretation of the principles of regulation of tax relations is revealed by the relevant jurisprudence. The present article addresses matters of interest for Russia of the application of principles of regulation of tax relations in Romania. Such regulation is based, particularly, on the principles of legality, certainty and specificity, as well as bona fide of the taxpayer. The principles of proportionality and effectiveness of the EU apply in addition to the national level of legal regulation. The guarantor of the observance of such principles is the court: the biggest part of decisions on tax disputes are in favour of the taxpayer. The article represents an attempt to systematize the distinctive features of the realization of the aforementioned principles in the context of the analysis of the relevant jurisprudence of national courts of Romania (the appeal courts, the High court of cassation and justice and the Constitutional court), as well as of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. The identified distinctive features relate to the following matters: compliance with the constitutionally stipulated procedure of enacting tax laws and elimination of contradictions between secondary legislation and tax laws, inadmissibility of the retroactivity of the law, application of legal methods of ascertaining the risk of taxpayers who are to be verified, as well as compliance with tax secrecy requirements. The article contains examples of jurisprudence in the matter of accountability of a state in civil procedure for the illegal appropriation of funds from the taxpayer in the practice of national courts and of the European Court of Justice.","PeriodicalId":223654,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Legal Studies","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132109964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defects of Rendering Medical Care: Legal Consequences of Professional Noncompetence","authors":"E. Savoshchikova, В СавощиковаЕ, I. Voronina, А ВоронинаИ, D. A. Sablin, А СаблинД","doi":"10.17816/rjls18445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/rjls18445","url":null,"abstract":"The authors refer to the topic related to the establishment of justice in the protection of such constitutional rights as the right to life, the right to health, the right to medical assistance in determining how individuals with special knowledge, namely, medical professionals act as subjects, facilitating the implementation of these rights and monitoring them through, including legal mechanisms. The issues of ambiguous interpretation of the term «medical error» and the competence of commission forensic medical examination in assessing the quality of medical care are considered. The author cites the classification of defects in the provision of medical care. The concept of «medical error» is not used, since the term «medical error» is indifferent to the law, it is replaced by the term defining any illegal action of the doctor, namely - «defect in the provision of medical care». The authors identify the following types of defects of medical care: deliberate iatrogenic (deliberate defect) is a defect of medical care resulting from intentional crime; iatrogenic careless (negligent defect) is a defect of medical care, including signs of careless crimes; erroneous iatrogenic disease (medical error) - defects in the provision of medical care associated with a conscientious delusion of a medical worker that do not contain signs of intent or negligence; accidental iatrogenic disease (accident) - defects in the provision of medical care associated with an unforeseen coincidence, which does not exclude the lawful actions of medical workers. On the basis of acquaintance with practice of rendering medical care in work it is noted that specific weight of defects of rendering medical care and medical mistakes is rather big. The paper notes the data of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, giving the information of death due to medical errors in American hospitals. The paper deals with the subjective and objective causes of medical errors, the most common causes of medical errors are indicated. The data of monitoring of citizens’ appeals regarding the failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ «On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation». Analyzed appeals of citizens of the Russian Federation, containing claims in view of improper performance by medical workers of their official duties. The materials are presented taking into account the appeal to the foreign experience of regulation of these issues.","PeriodicalId":223654,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Legal Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128847913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Independence of the Judge, the Prosecutor and the Investigator","authors":"A. Tymoshenko, А ТимошенкоА","doi":"10.17816/rjls18451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/rjls18451","url":null,"abstract":"In the article, based on the analysis of doctrinal literature, law enforcement practice, the results of the survey of prosecutors and investigators questioning the issues of the institute of independence (independence) of the judge, the prosecutor and the investigator. These participants in the criminal process, performing key functions in criminal proceedings, need serious guarantees of the exercise of their special powers. At the same time, the study of relevant legislative acts leads to the conclusion that there are a number of problems whose solution will significantly increase the status of these officials and make them active participants in solving urgent problems of the population. On the one hand, the principle of absolute independence of a judge from the leadership of the judicial system, and on the other - the need to ensure the elementary organization of labor of “ordinary” servants of Themis. Likewise, the author sees a gap in the special powers of the investigator, who has the opportunity to practically independently resolve the criminal law tort, and an indicator of his real autonomy within the preliminary investigation body, which is characterized by an almost complete dependence on the leadership of the investigative body. In addition, the legislator does not form at all his attitude towards the internal independence of an employee of the prosecution authority. In view of the revealed organizational and legal problems of ensuring the independence (autonomy) of the judge, the prosecutor and the investigator, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to more finely regulate the organization of work of these persons, in every possible way protecting them from outside interference","PeriodicalId":223654,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Legal Studies","volume":"801 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116146275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observers in the Process of Concluding International Treaties","authors":"A. Y. Kurashvili, Ю КурашвилиА","doi":"10.17816/rjls18440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/rjls18440","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the participation of observers from states and international organizations in the process of concluding international treaties. The status of observers is not defined in present laws and regulations; also there are no significant scientific researches on this topic, both internationally and nationally. Nevertheless, as a result of long practice, a certain set of rights and obligations of observers has been formed, which characterizes their status. In the present publication, the author dissects separate stages of treaty-making process in which observers can be involved and gives the characteristics of rights and obligations for such observers. Despite the limited functionality of the observers, their involvement in the process is quite high. When discussing the provisions of the international treaty, it is important for its future participants to obtain the opinion of competent organizations or interested states on the subject and the main provisions of such treaty. Thus, the participation of observers in the process of concluding international treaties is not only a unilaterally granted privilege, but also a legal symbiosis with other actors in the process, where treaties become more natural and viable. In the author’s opinion, observer states and observer organizations play an important role in the process of creating international legal norms. Taking into account the comments and recommendations of observers at conferences or in international organizations significantly increases the chance of adopting the text of the treaty when voting. This research may be of interest to persons engaged in law of treaties, law of international organizations, procedural issues of concluding international treaties, as well as the status of participants in the process of concluding treaties.","PeriodicalId":223654,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Legal Studies","volume":"28 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120931558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Philosophy of Law and Philosophy of Crime and Punishment (Review of the Monograph of Bochkarev S. A. «The Philosophy of Criminal Law: Statement of a Question». M.: Norma, 2019)","authors":". .","doi":"10.17816/rjls18465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/rjls18465","url":null,"abstract":"The article is the review of the monograph of Sergey Aleksandrovich Bochkarev, PhD in Law, head of the laboratory of political and legal researches of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, «The philosophy of criminal law: statement of a question». Analyzing the monograph, the reviewer draws attention to the author’s main approaches to understanding the philosophy of criminal law both in Russia and abroad, assesses the author’s analysis of the development of philosophical thought in the field of criminal law, and also considers the basic theoretical and philosophical aspects of the work. The reviewer comes to the conclusion that not only «statement of a question», but also the full development of the philosophy of criminal law in Russia seems to be extremely relevant. The review gave a positive assessment of the theoretical aspects of the work, also approved the author’s manner of linking the philosophies of the topic under consideration with current problems of modern society (this is the best way to look for constructive approaches to solving these problems). The reviewer believes that raising the question of the philosophy of criminal law is extremely relevant and highly values the work under review.","PeriodicalId":223654,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Legal Studies","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124101089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Concept of «Crimein the Field of Computer Information»","authors":"D. Shibaev, В ШибаевД, I. V. Lobachev, В ЛобачёвИ","doi":"10.17816/rjls18454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/rjls18454","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is concerned with correct regulation of public relations which are directly connected with legally, socially and linguistically verified conceptual apparatus. The latter helps to reveal legal relations. Crimes in the field of the so-called «computer information» are relatively new acts, and therefore, their classification to the present day has been rather controversial. The comparative and legal research methods, methods of analysis and synthesis have been used to unveil some crucial definitions to classify criminal offences where computer device or electronic information is used either as a tool or a target. Thus, the main objective of the research done is a comprehensive study of the theoretical foundations of crimes in the field of computer information as well as different views on the following notions: «information», «digital information», «computer crimes», «information security», etc. The article contains the history of crimes in the realm of computer information, their features and signs, the formation of a conceptual apparatus. The works of the prominent think-tanks of criminal, administrative, information law, such as Yu.M. Baturin, V.B. Vekhov, N.A. Selivanov, V.A. Kopylov, V.V. Krylov and some devoted to the basic concepts with regard to the classification of E-crimes or, in IT terms, offences in the field electronic media have been studied. The paper describes the debates associated with the application of the term «computer crime» as: independent one having a special subject and object; separate one but within the branch of criminal law; incorrect due to its narrow semantic content. Proponents of such a point of view suggest it should be expanded and treated as «information crimes». The authors offer the definition of a crime in the field of computer information elaborated as a result of their research efforts. In their view, it means unlawful criminally-committed and publicly dangerous act, criminally prosecuted and punished, encroaching public relations to safely produce, store, transfer, search, use, diffuse and protect computer information which damages or threatens the legal rights or interests of individuals and (or) legal entities, society, state.","PeriodicalId":223654,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Legal Studies","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131785621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduce CRS Standards for the Automatic Exchange of Tax Information into International Practice and Improve the Legal Regime on Controlled Foreign Companies","authors":"V. Jilkine, А ЖилкинВ","doi":"10.17816/rjls18446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/rjls18446","url":null,"abstract":"Countering crime in taxation area is one of the crucial tasks since this type of offence encroaches upon the economic principles and the power of the state, promotes development of corruption ties and therefore is deemed to be among the most dangerous perils to the national financial security. The Tax Policy Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has launched a system, within the framework of the Automatic Exchange Portal, for disclosure of schemes aimed at circumventing the single standard (CRS) for automatic exchange of information on taxpayers’ accounts. The law on the place of residence (location) is applicable in terms of international private law pertaining to OECD information exchange rules. The legislation on controlled foreign companies proved to be the legislators’ response, in most of the developed countries, to minimization of taxation in offshore zones, having the purpose to prevent tax evasion through offshore companies established in jurisdictions with minimal taxation. On 27.12.2017, within the framework of the course for counteracting offshore structures and obtaining unreasonable tax benefits, certain amendments were introduced in Federal Law No. 376-ФЗ, with specification of conditions for classifying a foreign company as a controlled foreign company; setting the criteria for recognizing individuals and organizations to be controlling entities; introducing a procedure for taxation and exemption of controlled foreign company’s profit from taxation. In this regard, it is necessary to draft a number of laws aimed at development of mechanisms for return of capital to the Russian jurisdiction and regulation of legal norms intending to release business representatives from paying the 13-percent tax in the event of termination of their business abroad.","PeriodicalId":223654,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Legal Studies","volume":"145 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129682524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Separate Subjects of Application of Special Knowledge in the Criminal Process of Russia (by the Example of a Teacher, Psychologist and Doctor)","authors":"V. Latypov, С ЛатыповВ","doi":"10.17816/rjls18392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/rjls18392","url":null,"abstract":"In the present article the author considers a procedural order of attraction and participation in implementation of justice of the expert persons (the teacher, the psychologist and the doctor) having the special knowledge interesting a consequence and court. On the basis of the carried-out analysis the author comes to a conclusion about inexpediency of a mention in the text of the Criminal Procedure Code of the RF of the doctor as certain participant of investigative action, and impossibility to level in the procedural plan of the teacher and psychologist to experts.","PeriodicalId":223654,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Legal Studies","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115685142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}