{"title":"The Strength of Strong Ties in an Emerging Industry: Experimental Evidence of the Effects of Status Hierarchies and Personal Ties in Venture Capitalist Decision-Making","authors":"Robert Wuebker, Nina Hampl, Rolf Wustenhagen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1998450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1998450","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing from social network theory, scholars have identified two ways in which social ties influence venture capital investment decisions: directly through personal ties and indirectly through status hierarchies. Previous research has examined these effects independently. Our study is the first to perform a joint examination of the role of social ties and status hierarchies in venture capital decision-making. We examine the relative importance of these two mechanisms through an adaptive choice-based conjoint (ACBC) experiment comprising of 3,132 investment decisions made by 86 venture capitalists from the United States and Europe. Our experimental context allows us to explore whether, under high levels of market uncertainty, strong personal ties exert more influence over investment decisions than the presence of a high-status investor in the deal. We also explore the moderating effects that market structure and experience play in shaping these decision processes. Our findings reveal that personal ties are more important in venture capital decision-making when compared to the relative status of other venture capital firms participating in the investment syndicate. Building on our main findings, we show that the influence of personal ties is less pronounced in the European investment community, as compared to more densely networked U.S. investors. We also find a U-shaped relationship between venture capitalist experience and the influence of personal networks on investment decisions.","PeriodicalId":223617,"journal":{"name":"Strategy Models for Firm Performance Enhancement eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122453664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Knowledge Spillovers: Cooperation between Universities and KIBS","authors":"Cristina Kellem S C Fernandes, J. Ferreira","doi":"10.1111/radm.12024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12024","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge is increasingly perceived as a fulcral factor to company competitiveness. As the transfer of knowledge is one of the key functions of knowledge intensive business services (KIBS), this research seeks to analyse how the transfer of knowledge takes place between the higher education sector and KIBS type firms. The empirical results show that cooperation between KIBS and universities occurs irrespective of the typology (whether professional or technological in focus). We also empirically establish how geographic proximity is the factor bearing greatest influence over cooperation while such cooperation proves to have a positive impact on the company capacity to innovate. We furthermore find that this innovation capacity also drives a positive company financial performance.","PeriodicalId":223617,"journal":{"name":"Strategy Models for Firm Performance Enhancement eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115005614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intra-Industry Diversification and Firm Performance","authors":"Talli Zahavi, Dovev Lavie","doi":"10.1002/SMJ.2057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/SMJ.2057","url":null,"abstract":"We study how intra-industry product diversity affects firm performance by analyzing the implications of expanding a firm’s product line within its core business. We conjecture that increases in product diversity initially undermine performance because of negative transfer effects but then improve it due to economies of scope. We further theorize that this U-shaped effect of product diversity becomes more pronounced as the firm increases the intensity of its technology investment, yet is likely to be attenuated by the firm’s accumulated experience with intra-industry diversification. Data on 156 U.S.-based software firms operating from 1990 to 2001 furnish support for these conjectures. Our study advances emerging research on intra-industry diversification by underscoring some of its contingent performance effects.","PeriodicalId":223617,"journal":{"name":"Strategy Models for Firm Performance Enhancement eJournal","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114397889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Predatory Hiring as Exclusionary Conduct: A New Perspective","authors":"Michael A. Williams","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2293468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2293468","url":null,"abstract":"The showing of predatory or exclusionary conduct is a necessary element to prove an attempted monopolization claim under § 2 of the Sherman Act. Predatory hiring as a form of exclusionary conduct has not been extensively analyzed from legal or economic perspectives. Most litigated cases have followed Universal Analytics, Inc. v. MacNeal-Schwendler Corp., where the court held that unlawful predatory hiring occurs when talent is acquired not for purposes of using that talent but for purposes of denying it to a competitor. An anticompetitive act by a single firm is an act that is not profit maximizing but for the monopoly rents the act creates or maintains, but that is profit maximizing inclusive of those monopoly rents. But a monopolist likely will use and derive profits from important labor talent once acquired, even if the effect of the hiring is anticompetitive. Thus, the current legal standard for proving predatory hiring as an element of an attempted monopolization claim may prevent plaintiffs from successfully prosecuting cases in which antitrust impact and injury exist. Therefore, we argue that the current legal standard required to prove a predatory-hiring claim should be revised. We use a recently litigated matter in the ambulance industry, ICare-EMS v. Rural/Metro, as a case study to make our argument. This case study is particularly revealing because, unlike most litigated matters, internal company documents and deposition testimony from plaintiff and defendant firm witnesses were not designated confidential. Therefore, we are able to illuminate the bases for the firms’ internal business decisions in great detail. These decisions reveal the companies’ intentions in ways not normally observable by antitrust scholars.","PeriodicalId":223617,"journal":{"name":"Strategy Models for Firm Performance Enhancement eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132430546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"R&D Investments and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation of the High Technology Sector (Software and Hardware) in the E.U.","authors":"E. Pantagakis, D. Terzakis, Stavros E. Arvanitis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2178919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2178919","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship among research and development expenses (R&D), market value and firm performance. Additionally, what is also questioned is, whether the relationship between R&D and market value of the firm is linear. Design/methodology/approach – Data analysis was realized through panel data analysis and the feasible generalized square method (FGLS), using data from the financial statements of 39 European firms, which activate in the Software and Hardware Computer sector, for the period 2006-2010. Following prior studies, our dependent variables are the Market Value and Annual Return on Assets (ROA). Findings – Results indicate a positive correlation between R&D investment and firm performance in the marketplace. In contrast, the above does not apply in the case of R&D and firm performance, since due to time lag, the relationship with the ROA results in being negative. Furthermore, a non-linear relationship between R&D and market value of the firm is verified. Research limitations/implications – There are limitations because many firms either they do not accurately calculate or they do not record their R&D investments in their financial statements. Originality/value – The verification of the existence of a non-linear relationship between R&D investments and market value of firms, adds an innovative character in this research.","PeriodicalId":223617,"journal":{"name":"Strategy Models for Firm Performance Enhancement eJournal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133531163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Growth and Labor-Managed Firms","authors":"H. Vetter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2174908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2174908","url":null,"abstract":"Some results suggest if the economy is competitive is does not matter whether firms are run capitalists or workers. In particular, in the long run labor-managers use the same amount of labor and hire the same amounts of non-labor inputs as a similar capitalists firm. Here we reexamine this issue when the production possibilities are characterized by technical progress. It is argued that labor-managers can sometimes increase the present value of firm-members’ income by committing to a policy of steadily reduction of labor-use. In turn this implies that changes of the saving rate changes growth.","PeriodicalId":223617,"journal":{"name":"Strategy Models for Firm Performance Enhancement eJournal","volume":"40 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132414291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance Learning System","authors":"Joseph Sammut","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2129720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2129720","url":null,"abstract":"The author heads his own auditing public practice (for the purposes of this Paper hereinafter referred to as 'Practice JS' or simply 'Practice') employing five staff, three engaged on technical matters and two on semi or non-technical matters. Although the Office makes use of a myriad of informal performance controls, yet there are no formal performance management tools in place. A selection of such tools based on the current informal ones is planned for commissioning towards the end of the current calendar year (2012). The project involves both technical and non-technical performance management devises aimed at strengthening both the professional as well as the administrative operations of the practice.","PeriodicalId":223617,"journal":{"name":"Strategy Models for Firm Performance Enhancement eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124413167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Complex Ownership and Capital Structure","authors":"Teodora Paligorova, Zhaoxia Xu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1362249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1362249","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores pyramidal firms and their motivations for the use of debt financing. We find that pyramids have significantly higher leverage than non-pyramids and that the use of debt in pyramids is associated with the risk of expropriation. We do not find evidence for the control-enhancing, disciplining, tax-reduction, and risk-sharing explanations for the use of debt financing. Our results indicate that the capital structure of pyramids is affected by the expropriation activities of ultimate owners that have excess control rights.","PeriodicalId":223617,"journal":{"name":"Strategy Models for Firm Performance Enhancement eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130787016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diagnosing BSNL as a Business","authors":"John Thomas, CMA. Ramesh Damarla","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2030691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2030691","url":null,"abstract":"In looking into firm level financial performance, generally analysis is concerned with two sets of performance measures. One based on capital market valuation of a firm and the other set based on accounting measures of profitability and financial performance. Our method is to approach the issue from a stakeholder’s point of view. Stake holders in BSNL are: Government of India, Customers, Regulatory agencies, Suppliers and the General Public. The traditional way of defining Stakeholders also does not seem to hold valid for BSNL because the objectives of the Government (as the only investor) is far beyond the short-term goals of financial returns of value maximization. With the opening up of the Telecommunications sector in India, the Consumers as a stakeholder acquires a different meaning, and it becomes the focus of all marketing and innovation of all operators in the sector. The same could be said of the suppliers and the peripheral equipment vendors. We can then argue that the most important stakeholders in BSNL are in fact its own Employees. Our attempt will then try to focus on an assessment of the Company’s performance that views financial performance from the perspective of the Employees. At the same time we wish to point out that it cannot offer a complete perspective because employees have much more at stake than just financial issues before them.","PeriodicalId":223617,"journal":{"name":"Strategy Models for Firm Performance Enhancement eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114193423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}