Synthetic Metals最新文献

{"title":"Green synthesis of MXene@TiO₂ nanocomposites for high-performance flexible supercapacitors: Synergistic enhancement via polypyrrole polymerization and dopant engineering","authors":"Hatice Yasemin Ulgunar Iskender ,&nbsp;Osman Eksik ,&nbsp;Melih Besir Arvas ,&nbsp;Sibel Yazar","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a material with high chemical stability and safety characteristics, offering a large energy storage capacity. MXene (Ti₃C₂Tₓ transition metal carbides), on the other hand, is notable for its high electrical conductivity and excellent ion transport properties. These materials serve as ideal electrode materials for high-capacity, fast-charging, and long-cycle-life batteries and supercapacitors. In this study, nanoparticles with dimensions of 13–60 nm were successfully synthesized using the green synthesis method. The interface size that enhances electrode/electrolyte interaction in supercapacitor electrode materials and the presence of materials exhibiting redox behavior increased the supercapacitor performance of polypyrrole (PPy) by 16 times. The charge storage properties of PPy/MXene, PPy/MXene/TiO₂GC, and PPy/MXene@TiO₂GC electrode materials at different concentrations and through different synthesis methods were compared. The electrode material manufactured at PPy(10 mg)/MXene@TiO₂GC(20 mg) weights exhibited a specific capacitance value of 467.7 F g⁻¹, determined at a scan rate of 5 mV s⁻¹ in the 3-electrode system. A symmetrical device was created from the electrodes formed by coating this electrode material on wearable flexible carbon felt. According to the results obtained, the highest energy density achieved was 5.0 Wh/kg at 0.1 mA cm⁻², and the highest power density value achieved was 1000 W/kg at 1.0 mA cm⁻². It was observed that the symmetrical supercapacitor with 10,000 cycles retained 82.03 % of its capacitance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117915"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct electrodeposition of adherent ultra-thin polypyrrole films on minimally pretreated silicon for localized biofunctionalization","authors":"Abdulghani Ismail ,&nbsp;Adnane Bouzina ,&nbsp;Stéphane Tawil ,&nbsp;Marine Duplantier ,&nbsp;Yoann Roupioz ,&nbsp;Arnaud Buhot ,&nbsp;Loic Leroy ,&nbsp;Florence Duclairoir ,&nbsp;Pascal Mailley ,&nbsp;Aurélie Bouchet-Spinelli","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silicon is a valuable substrate for the design of biosensors and for micro/nanofluidic device fabrication, yet it remains challenging to achieve localized, tunable and robust surface functionalization. Existing methods such as hydrosylilation, silanization and electrografting often require multistep processing and harsh reagents like hydrofluoric acid. In this work, we introduce a one-step, aqueous electropolymerization strategy for directly functionalizing native oxide-bearing silicon with ultrathin polypyrrole (PPy) films. This is made possible by a simple dual pretreatment (plasma and oven) that enables stable, adherent PPy film formation using silicon as the working electrode. This film could be furtherly overoxidized to tune its conductivity and electroactivity. Homogeneous films with thicknesses ranging from 9 to ∼70 nm were obtained and characterized by AFM, SEM, ellipsometry, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR/ATR. Furthermore, the films were biofunctionalized with oligonucleotides or antibodies via co-electropolymerization with pyrrole conjugates. Fluorescence-based assays confirmed both the specificity and stability of biomolecule grafting. This approach offers scalable and biocompatible strategy for the fabrication of silicon-based biosensors and nanofluidic platforms requiring precise control of film morphology, surface charge, electrical properties, and functional groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117913"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fully printed organic photovoltaic employing F and N co-doped graphene oxide/polyaniline as hole extraction layer and copper nanowires as transparent conductive electrode","authors":"Nur Najiha binti Ahmad Rasid ,&nbsp;Nur Wardina Syahirah binti Mohamad Fadil ,&nbsp;Wilson Jose da Silva ,&nbsp;Peng Gao ,&nbsp;Abd. Rashid bin Mohd Yusoff","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) hold great promise for flexible and lightweight solar energy applications; however, their long-term stability and efficiency remain constrained by the performance of interfacial layers. In particular, the widely used hole extraction layer (HEL) material, PEDOT:PSS, suffers from intrinsic acidity and moisture sensitivity, which adversely affect device longevity. In this study, we report a novel HEL based on fluorine and nitrogen co-doped graphene oxide-polyaniline (FNGO/PANI) synthesized via in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of doped graphene oxide under acidic conditions. The co-doping strategy modulates the band structure of graphene oxide, enabling bandgap formation and favorable energy-level alignment while preserving carrier mobility. The FNGO/PANI composite exhibits excellent film uniformity, solution processability, and compatibility with low-temperature annealing (120 °C), making it suitable for flexible substrates and scalable fabrication. When integrated into fully printed OPVs utilizing copper nanowire (Cu NW) transparent conductive electrodes and a conventional bulk heterojunction active layer, devices incorporating FNGO/PANI as the HEL achieve a short-circuit current density (J_sc) of 16.90 mA cm⁻², open-circuit voltage (V_oc) of 0.80 V, fill factor (FF) of 69.82 %, and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.44 %. These results represent a significant improvement over devices using FNGO alone and demonstrate the synergistic benefits of co-doping and polymer integration. The findings highlight the potential of FNGO/PANI as a high-performance, solution-processable HEL for next-generation, fully printed OPV technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117914"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-scale Co-MOF derived Co-N/C@graphene hybrid aerogel for effective electromagnetic wave absorption","authors":"Ran Xu ,&nbsp;Man He ,&nbsp;Haoyuan Li ,&nbsp;Shuangjiang Feng ,&nbsp;Yongjuan Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaohai Bu ,&nbsp;Yuming Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The strategy of customizing MOF-derived electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials through the construction of precursor size has become a new research direction. While exploring the dimensional adaptability of Co-MOF derivatives in graphene hybrid aerogel for electromagnetic wave absorption is not widely researched, manipulating the compositions and microstructures of EMW absorbing materials has been found to afford superior EMW absorption. Herein, a series of Co-N/C@graphene hybrid aerogel (CNGA) were successfully synthesized by integrating graphene and multi-scale Co-MOF derivatives which are derived from multi-scale Co-MOF precursors. The results displayed the CNGA containing nanoscale Co-MOF derivatives at a 20 wt% filler ratio exhibited the optimal reflection loss (−46.8 dB, 2.7 mm) and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth (5.3 GHz, 2.1 mm). The exceptional EMW absorption properties are credited to the collaborative impact of distinctive loss mechanisms benefited from the small particle size of Co-MOF derivatives in CNGA and appropriate filler ratio. This work demonstrates the correlations between the size of Co-MOF derivatives and electromagnetic parameters of CNGA, and provides a guidance for the development of advanced hybrid aerogel electromagnetic wave absorbing materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117909"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144479946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of surface defects in SnO2 thin films prepared from different alcohol solvents on electron transport in polymer solar cells","authors":"A.K. Mussabekova,&nbsp;A.K. Zeinidenov,&nbsp;S.K. Tazhibayev,&nbsp;G.I. Omarbekova,&nbsp;D.R. Abeuov,&nbsp;A.K. Aimukhanov","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study demonstrates the influence of surface defects in tin dioxide (SnO₂) thin films, formed by synthesis from different alcoholic solvents, on efficiency of a polymer solar cell. The influence of the boiling point of alcohol solvents on the surface properties and the quality of the boundary interface of SnO₂ films was established. It is shown that the optical bandgap width and Urbach energy depend on the defectiveness of the SnO₂ thin films prepared from different alcoholic solvents. According to EDX data, all prepared films exhibit better stoichiometry. It has been established that the luminescence spectra of the films are associated with the formation of three emission centers, formed by defects such as interstitial tin or oxygen vacancies. Raman spectroscopy measurements of the films indicate the presence of oxygen vacancies, with their surface concentration depending on the type of alcohol solvent used in the synthesis. It is shown that in organic solar cells, the defectiveness of the SnO₂ film structure significantly affects the density of injected electrons in SnO₂. It is demonstrated that in SnO₂ films synthesized using butanol, the lower concentration of surface defects reduces electron-hole recombination at the PTB7-TH:ITIC/SnO₂ interface, resulting in an increase in the values of the OSC current-voltage characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117907"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of novel self-assembling monolayer materials for perovskite solar cells derived from triphenylamine carboxylic acids: π-spacer length matters","authors":"Dmitry O. Balakirev ,&nbsp;Elizaveta D. Blagodarnaia ,&nbsp;Ekaterina A. Ilicheva ,&nbsp;Polina K. Sukhorukova ,&nbsp;Mikhail V. Zolotov ,&nbsp;Nikita S. Saratovsky ,&nbsp;Konstantin P. Trainov ,&nbsp;Alexander Y. Belyy ,&nbsp;Irina A. Chuyko ,&nbsp;Svetlana M. Peregudova ,&nbsp;Lev O. Luchnikov ,&nbsp;Danila S. Saranin ,&nbsp;Yuriy N. Luponosov","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The employment of organic self-assembled monolayer (SAM) molecules as hole-selective materials, in particular, but for the interface tailoring, in general, is an effective strategy to enhance performance and long-term stability for almost all classes of organic and hybrid electronics devices, including perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which are rapidly moving towards their commercialization. SAM modified interfaces offer several advantages over conventional thin film organic/inorganic contact surfaces, such as tunable energy levels, wettability, controlling and minimizing optical and electrical losses, ease of large area deposition, and smoothing of rough substrates. The present study first addresses an issue of the oligothiophene π-conjugated spacer length influence in the context of a comparative analysis for elaborated SAM materials represented by triphenylamine-based carboxylic acid derivatives. Thermal properties, and phase behavior, optical and electrochemical properties analysis for the elaborated SAMs backed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed expose the possibility of their practical application in the p-type interface tuning of p–i–n PSCs. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.37 % was achieved using the simplest synthesized SAM material—triphenylamine carboxylic acid (<strong>0T</strong>). Furthermore, stability tests under continuous light soaking suggest potential defect passivation, further reinforcing the applicability of these materials. The findings provide valuable insights into the design of simple yet effective SAM-modified interfaces for the next-generation PSCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117908"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening adhesion of polypyrrole films by electrografting of diazonium layers","authors":"Abdeslam Et Taouil,&nbsp;Sophie Lakard,&nbsp;Sandrine Monney,&nbsp;Boris Lakard","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is crucial for conductive polymer thin films to adhere well to the substrate to ensure stability, durability, and optimal performance in a wide range of applications, from flexible electronics to sensors. In this work, electrografting of phenyl (Bz/FTO) and 4-(<em>1 H</em>-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl (BzPy/FTO) monolayers on FTO surface was performed in aqueous solution of aniline and 4-(<em>1 H</em>-pyrrol-1-yl)aniline, respectively, using the diazonium electroreduction method. Electrochemical experiments were used to demonstrate the functionalization of the FTO surface by the electrografted layer and to estimate the surface blocking rate, which reached over 99 %. A polypyrrole film was then successfully electrodeposited onto electrografted phenyl (PPy/Bz/FTO) or 4-(<em>1 H</em>-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl (PPy/BzPy/FTO). The morphology, conductivity, electroactivity and stiffness of these films were determined and compared with those of polypyrrole electrodeposited on bare FTO surfaces (PPy/FTO). The electroactivity was found to be fairly similar for each of these films, while the PPy films electrodeposited on electrografted FTO surfaces showed three times lower conductivity than those electrodeposited on bare FTO substrates but stronger adhesion (47–48 nN against 33 nN). The very strong adhesion of the PPy films on electrografted FTO was confirmed by water immersion and drying tests, as they did not delaminate, whereas PPy films grown on bare FTO substrate peeled off. Therefore, the use of electrografted layers makes it possible to obtain PPy films that are more adherent in water and therefore potentially more interesting for applications in aqueous media such as sensors, energy storage or soft robotics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117906"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring temperature effects on bulk heterojunction organic solar cell parameters from the analysis of a second-order recombination model","authors":"Mariana Richelle Pereira da Cunha ,&nbsp;Daniel Roger Bezerra Amorim ,&nbsp;Douglas José Coutinho ,&nbsp;Roberto Mendonça Faria","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of organic thin-film solar cells is determined by a series of factors arising from the electrical and optoelectronic properties of each layer that composes the devices. However, a correct theoretical analysis of electronic transport, from the generation and recombination of photocarriers to their extraction by the electrodes, is of paramount importance in the race for more efficient solar cells, becoming a beacon in understanding all the electrodynamic phenomena involved, pointing the corrections that must be made to the devices. In this work, we make comparison between two classics bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, having PCDTBT or PTB7-Th as electron donor molecules and the fullerene PC₇₁BM as acceptor. Experimental current-voltage results of the two devices, carried out at different temperatures, were compared from the perspective of a recently developed theoretical expression, and the filling factor was analyzed as a function of the merit factor <em>θ</em>_<em>o</em>, which is directly related to the ratio between the recombination rate and extraction rate of the photocarriers. We also applied that fill factor analysis to the best solar cells based on non-fullerene acceptors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117905"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the size of the substituents in triptycene (TPC-X) on the magnetic and conducting properties of the layered 2D organic metals (MDABCO+)(C60•−)(TPC-X), where X = H, Br, and I","authors":"Pavel A. Sobov ,&nbsp;Alexey V. Kuzmin ,&nbsp;Artem F. Shevchun ,&nbsp;Maxim A. Faraonov ,&nbsp;Salavat S. Khasanov ,&nbsp;Akihiro Otsuka ,&nbsp;Hideki Yamochi ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Kitagawa ,&nbsp;Dmitri V. Konarev","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modification of the neutral triptycene TPC-X molecule by increasing the size of the X substituent at the 9th position from X = H to Br and I affects the magnetic and conducting properties of the (MDABCO⁺)(C₆₀^•−)(TPC-X) salts (<strong>1</strong>–<strong>3</strong>, respectively), where MDABCO⁺ is <em>N</em>-methyldiazabicyclooctanium. These salts feature hexagonal fullerene layers composed of C₆₀^•−, which remain undimerized owing to spatial separation by TPC-X. Two distinct fullerene layers, <em>A</em> and <em>B</em>, differ in their surroundings. The calculated bandwidth of 0.133–0.141 eV for <strong>3</strong> indicates a narrow band nature and as a result both fullerene layers are close to a Mott insulating state. Only one type of fullerene layers demonstrate metallic conductivity in <strong>2</strong> and <strong>3</strong>, while another type of fullerene layers have localized electronic state and shows strong antiferromagnetic spin coupling down to low temperatures. Magnetic coupling in <strong>2</strong> and <strong>3</strong> follows the Heisenberg model for 2D hexagonal layers, with <em>J</em> =−28 and −34 cm⁻¹, respectively. The 2D metallic conductivity enables the observation of a Dysonian-type electron paramagnetic resonance signal from oriented single crystals of <strong>2</strong> and <strong>3</strong>, similar to <strong>1</strong>. Heating <strong>2</strong> and <strong>3</strong> above 300 K decreases their A/B ratio, reaches unity above 350 K, signaling a crossover to a nonmetallic state. The interfullerene center-to-center (ctc) distances increase upon heating, essentially reducing overlap and transfer integrals in (MDABCO⁺)(C₆₀^•−)(TPC-X). Because these salts are narrow-band metals, such an increase in ctc distances may drive a transition of these metals to a Mott-insulating state.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117904"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of a pencil graphite electrode modified with PABSA/MXene@BPB and its application for trace analysis of labetalol","authors":"Mansoureh Lalei,&nbsp;Kobra Zarei","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A sensor was developed to quantify labetalol through a two-step electrode modification process. Initially, a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was immersed in a solution containing Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene and bromophenol blue (BPB), enabling the co-deposition of MXene and BPB onto the electrode surface to form MXene@BPB/PGE. Subsequently, the modified electrode was transferred into a phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.0) containing aminobenzenesulfonic acid, and electropolymerization was carried out via cyclic voltammetry (CV), resulting in the formation of poly(aminobenzenesulfonic acid) on the electrode (PABSA/MXene@BPB/PGE). Under optimized conditions, labetalol was detected in two linear dynamic ranges of 0.1–1.0 nM and 1.0–10.0 nM, with a detection limit of 0.02 nM. The method demonstrated high sensitivity and accuracy for labetalol determination in urine and blood samples. Electrode surface characterization was performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and CV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117903"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}