Synthetic Metals最新文献

{"title":"The influence of surface defects in SnO2 thin films prepared from different alcohol solvents on electron transport in polymer solar cells","authors":"A.K. Mussabekova,&nbsp;A.K. Zeinidenov,&nbsp;S.K. Tazhibayev,&nbsp;G.I. Omarbekova,&nbsp;D.R. Abeuov,&nbsp;A.K. Aimukhanov","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study demonstrates the influence of surface defects in tin dioxide (SnO₂) thin films, formed by synthesis from different alcoholic solvents, on efficiency of a polymer solar cell. The influence of the boiling point of alcohol solvents on the surface properties and the quality of the boundary interface of SnO₂ films was established. It is shown that the optical bandgap width and Urbach energy depend on the defectiveness of the SnO₂ thin films prepared from different alcoholic solvents. According to EDX data, all prepared films exhibit better stoichiometry. It has been established that the luminescence spectra of the films are associated with the formation of three emission centers, formed by defects such as interstitial tin or oxygen vacancies. Raman spectroscopy measurements of the films indicate the presence of oxygen vacancies, with their surface concentration depending on the type of alcohol solvent used in the synthesis. It is shown that in organic solar cells, the defectiveness of the SnO₂ film structure significantly affects the density of injected electrons in SnO₂. It is demonstrated that in SnO₂ films synthesized using butanol, the lower concentration of surface defects reduces electron-hole recombination at the PTB7-TH:ITIC/SnO₂ interface, resulting in an increase in the values of the OSC current-voltage characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117907"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening adhesion of polypyrrole films by electrografting of diazonium layers","authors":"Abdeslam Et Taouil,&nbsp;Sophie Lakard,&nbsp;Sandrine Monney,&nbsp;Boris Lakard","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is crucial for conductive polymer thin films to adhere well to the substrate to ensure stability, durability, and optimal performance in a wide range of applications, from flexible electronics to sensors. In this work, electrografting of phenyl (Bz/FTO) and 4-(<em>1 H</em>-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl (BzPy/FTO) monolayers on FTO surface was performed in aqueous solution of aniline and 4-(<em>1 H</em>-pyrrol-1-yl)aniline, respectively, using the diazonium electroreduction method. Electrochemical experiments were used to demonstrate the functionalization of the FTO surface by the electrografted layer and to estimate the surface blocking rate, which reached over 99 %. A polypyrrole film was then successfully electrodeposited onto electrografted phenyl (PPy/Bz/FTO) or 4-(<em>1 H</em>-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl (PPy/BzPy/FTO). The morphology, conductivity, electroactivity and stiffness of these films were determined and compared with those of polypyrrole electrodeposited on bare FTO surfaces (PPy/FTO). The electroactivity was found to be fairly similar for each of these films, while the PPy films electrodeposited on electrografted FTO surfaces showed three times lower conductivity than those electrodeposited on bare FTO substrates but stronger adhesion (47–48 nN against 33 nN). The very strong adhesion of the PPy films on electrografted FTO was confirmed by water immersion and drying tests, as they did not delaminate, whereas PPy films grown on bare FTO substrate peeled off. Therefore, the use of electrografted layers makes it possible to obtain PPy films that are more adherent in water and therefore potentially more interesting for applications in aqueous media such as sensors, energy storage or soft robotics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117906"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring temperature effects on bulk heterojunction organic solar cell parameters from the analysis of a second-order recombination model","authors":"Mariana Richelle Pereira da Cunha ,&nbsp;Daniel Roger Bezerra Amorim ,&nbsp;Douglas José Coutinho ,&nbsp;Roberto Mendonça Faria","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of organic thin-film solar cells is determined by a series of factors arising from the electrical and optoelectronic properties of each layer that composes the devices. However, a correct theoretical analysis of electronic transport, from the generation and recombination of photocarriers to their extraction by the electrodes, is of paramount importance in the race for more efficient solar cells, becoming a beacon in understanding all the electrodynamic phenomena involved, pointing the corrections that must be made to the devices. In this work, we make comparison between two classics bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, having PCDTBT or PTB7-Th as electron donor molecules and the fullerene PC₇₁BM as acceptor. Experimental current-voltage results of the two devices, carried out at different temperatures, were compared from the perspective of a recently developed theoretical expression, and the filling factor was analyzed as a function of the merit factor <em>θ</em>_<em>o</em>, which is directly related to the ratio between the recombination rate and extraction rate of the photocarriers. We also applied that fill factor analysis to the best solar cells based on non-fullerene acceptors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117905"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the size of the substituents in triptycene (TPC-X) on the magnetic and conducting properties of the layered 2D organic metals (MDABCO+)(C60•−)(TPC-X), where X = H, Br, and I","authors":"Pavel A. Sobov ,&nbsp;Alexey V. Kuzmin ,&nbsp;Artem F. Shevchun ,&nbsp;Maxim A. Faraonov ,&nbsp;Salavat S. Khasanov ,&nbsp;Akihiro Otsuka ,&nbsp;Hideki Yamochi ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Kitagawa ,&nbsp;Dmitri V. Konarev","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modification of the neutral triptycene TPC-X molecule by increasing the size of the X substituent at the 9th position from X = H to Br and I affects the magnetic and conducting properties of the (MDABCO⁺)(C₆₀^•−)(TPC-X) salts (<strong>1</strong>–<strong>3</strong>, respectively), where MDABCO⁺ is <em>N</em>-methyldiazabicyclooctanium. These salts feature hexagonal fullerene layers composed of C₆₀^•−, which remain undimerized owing to spatial separation by TPC-X. Two distinct fullerene layers, <em>A</em> and <em>B</em>, differ in their surroundings. The calculated bandwidth of 0.133–0.141 eV for <strong>3</strong> indicates a narrow band nature and as a result both fullerene layers are close to a Mott insulating state. Only one type of fullerene layers demonstrate metallic conductivity in <strong>2</strong> and <strong>3</strong>, while another type of fullerene layers have localized electronic state and shows strong antiferromagnetic spin coupling down to low temperatures. Magnetic coupling in <strong>2</strong> and <strong>3</strong> follows the Heisenberg model for 2D hexagonal layers, with <em>J</em> =−28 and −34 cm⁻¹, respectively. The 2D metallic conductivity enables the observation of a Dysonian-type electron paramagnetic resonance signal from oriented single crystals of <strong>2</strong> and <strong>3</strong>, similar to <strong>1</strong>. Heating <strong>2</strong> and <strong>3</strong> above 300 K decreases their A/B ratio, reaches unity above 350 K, signaling a crossover to a nonmetallic state. The interfullerene center-to-center (ctc) distances increase upon heating, essentially reducing overlap and transfer integrals in (MDABCO⁺)(C₆₀^•−)(TPC-X). Because these salts are narrow-band metals, such an increase in ctc distances may drive a transition of these metals to a Mott-insulating state.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117904"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of a pencil graphite electrode modified with PABSA/MXene@BPB and its application for trace analysis of labetalol","authors":"Mansoureh Lalei,&nbsp;Kobra Zarei","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A sensor was developed to quantify labetalol through a two-step electrode modification process. Initially, a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was immersed in a solution containing Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene and bromophenol blue (BPB), enabling the co-deposition of MXene and BPB onto the electrode surface to form MXene@BPB/PGE. Subsequently, the modified electrode was transferred into a phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.0) containing aminobenzenesulfonic acid, and electropolymerization was carried out via cyclic voltammetry (CV), resulting in the formation of poly(aminobenzenesulfonic acid) on the electrode (PABSA/MXene@BPB/PGE). Under optimized conditions, labetalol was detected in two linear dynamic ranges of 0.1–1.0 nM and 1.0–10.0 nM, with a detection limit of 0.02 nM. The method demonstrated high sensitivity and accuracy for labetalol determination in urine and blood samples. Electrode surface characterization was performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and CV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117903"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient decoration of graphene oxide with a narrow size distribution of noble metal nanoparticles: Green reduction and integration into a thermoelastic composite","authors":"D. Vella ,&nbsp;D. Vengust ,&nbsp;P. Umek ,&nbsp;A. Rezaei ,&nbsp;M. Jezeršek ,&nbsp;A. Mrzel","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117894","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117894","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We have developed a significantly enhanced method for the effective and homogeneous decoration of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) flakes with gold (Au) and platinum (Pt) nanoparticles. This method involves the direct nucleation of nanoparticles on the surface of dispersed GO through a single-step reaction. By carefully controlling the stepwise introduction of gold and platinum complexes at elevated temperatures, without additional reducing agents, we successfully achieved a homogeneous distribution of Au and Pt nanoparticles, ∼ 20 nm and ∼ 3 nm in size, densely covering the GO sheets. The decoration yield in a mass ratio between Au and GO was up to 20 %. Reduced GO with attached gold and platinum nanoparticles was obtained using ascorbic acid as a reducing agent. Finally, we embedded Au-decorated r-GO in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to form a composite. We show how this stable hybrid material composite can be spin-coated to form a thin thermoelastic film on a flexible substrate, enabling promising photoacoustic properties that could be exploited further in biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117894"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of supramolecular self-assembly in μ-phenoxide bridged heterocyclic β-diketone dinuclear Cu (II) complex","authors":"Mahesha ,&nbsp;A.H. Udaya Kumar ,&nbsp;M.J. Nagesh Khadri ,&nbsp;K.J. Pampa ,&nbsp;N.K. Lokanath","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>By introducing mixed-ligands (β-diketone and 8-hydroxyquinoline) to the Cu^2 + ion, a new µ-phenoxide bridged binuclear complex was designed. The compound was synthesized using condensation method, and the single crystals were grown through the slow evaporation technique. The compound was characterized by energy dispersive X-ray analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. Structural analysis revealed that the compound is in the centrosymmetric dinuclear form, in which a central copper atom is linked by the obtuse phenolate oxygen atom. The center of inversion is located at the intersection of the two diagonals of the Cu₂O₂ rhombus core within the dinuclear unit. The molecular arrangements influenced by the bridged phenolate oxygen, in which the chelating five-membered ring puckers with an envelope conformation. The crystal packing of individual motifs is facilitated by various supramolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds, C-H…π and π…π interactions is explored by structural and computational studies. The similar type of crystal structures was extracted from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) allows for the exploration of structural similarities and the establishment of structure-property relationships by combined crystallographic and computational studies. Further, the copper complex-modified electrode exhibited a strong signal for dopamine oxidation, demonstrating a linear response and a low detection limit. This indicates effective structural modification, enhanced sensing capability, and promising potential for biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117881"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144190001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfur-decorated polyaniline-nanotube composites as cathode materials for lithium metal batteries","authors":"Lyaysan R. Latypova ,&nbsp;Ildar A. Mustafin ,&nbsp;Yuriy I. Baluda ,&nbsp;Gulsum S. Usmanova ,&nbsp;Ivan S. Zhidkov ,&nbsp;Nadezhda N. Dremova ,&nbsp;Pavel A. Troshin ,&nbsp;Olga A. Kraevaya ,&nbsp;Sergey M. Aldoshin ,&nbsp;Akhat G. Mustafin","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Various composites of polyaniline (PANI) and polyanisidine (PAnis) with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and sulfur have been prepared using a simple one-pot and single-step strategy based on <em>in situ</em> chemical polymerization of aniline monomers in the presence of sulfur, MWCNTs and ammonium persulfate. The resulting composites contained 0 % to ∼25 % sulfur by weight and were characterized with nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy with elemental mapping. Since most of the results for PANI/sulfur composites were reported for sulfur-rich systems (&gt;40 %), the aim of this work was to investigate, for the first time, the obtained composites with low sulfur content as cathodes for metal-ion batteries. The utilization of both nanotubes and sulfur is beneficial for PANI-based electrode materials and enables better cycling stability, redox process reversibility and higher specific capacity. As a result, PANI/MWCNTs/S composite demonstrated a specific discharge capacity of 165 mAh g⁻¹ at the current density of 100 mA g⁻¹ and an average discharge potential of 2.4 V. Furthermore, we have shown the feasibility of the fabrication of potassium batteries using PANI- or PAnis-based composite cathodes, which paves a way to the development of inexpensive and scalable post-lithium battery technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117895"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144177520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magneto-dielectrically modified composites of vanadium doped Cd0.35Zn0.65VxFe2−xO4 spinel ferrites and graphene nanoplatelets","authors":"Nazim Ali,&nbsp;Nasir Amin,&nbsp;Muhammad Ajaz-un-Nabi,&nbsp;Muhammad Imran Arshad","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of composites having the chemical formula <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Cd</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0.35</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>Zn</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0.65</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>Fe</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>O</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub><mspace></mspace><mrow><mfenced><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.0</mn><mo>,</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>0.03</mn></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mrow></math></span>/Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP =1.25 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 3.75 wt%, and 5 wt%) synthesized <em>via</em> a sol-gel auto-combustion method by following the bath sonication. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the spinel matrix, showing lattice expansion at lower GNP concentrations and contraction at 5 wt%GNP. The crystallite size was 35.9 nm for 5 wt%GNP. Magnetic analysis revealed improved saturation magnetization (M_S = 9.14 emu/g) and coercivity (Hc = 128.01 Oe) for 5 wt%GNP. Dielectric studies show reduced dielectric loss and improved quality factors, making the composites suitable for high-frequency applications. The optimized 5 wt%GNP composite exhibits a balance between structural stability, magnetic response, and dielectric performance, demonstrating its potential for electromagnetic and energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117893"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of different aromatic side units on benzodithiophene on the optical, electronic, and photovoltaic properties for organic solar cell applications","authors":"Sultan Taskaya Aslan ,&nbsp;Elif Demir Arabacı ,&nbsp;Oguzhan Karakurt ,&nbsp;Duygu Cevher ,&nbsp;Eda Alemdar Yılmaz ,&nbsp;Duygu Yalvac ,&nbsp;Dilber Esra Yıldız ,&nbsp;Ali Cirpan","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the influence of different aromatic side groups on the 2D-benzodithiophene (BDT) unit in donor–acceptor conjugated polymers for organic solar cell (OSC) applications. Three new polymers, <strong>P1</strong>, <strong>P2</strong>, and <strong>P3</strong>, featuring phenyl, thienyl, and thienothienyl side chains on the 2D-BDT backbone, respectively, were synthesized using the Stille cross-coupling reaction. The benzotriazole (BTz) unit served as the electron acceptor with a selenophene π-bridge to enhance electronic interactions. The optical band gaps were determined to be 1.79 eV, 1.74 eV, and 1.73 eV for <strong>P1</strong>, <strong>P2</strong>, and <strong>P3</strong>, respectively. OSCs fabricated using these polymers and PC₇₁BM as the acceptor showed the best performance for the thienyl-substituted polymer (<strong>P2</strong>), achieving a PCE of 4.34 % with a J_SC of 10.08 mA/cm², an V_OC of 0.67 V, and a FF of 64 %. Compared to <strong>P1</strong> and <strong>P3</strong>, the <strong>P2</strong>-based blend exhibited a more defined interpenetrating network with PC₇₁BM, enhancing charge transport and promoting exciton dissociation due to its thinner active layer and optimized morphology. These findings highlight the importance of side-chain engineering in improving the optoelectronic properties, morphology, and photovoltaic performance of OSCs. This study highlights the critical role of side-chain engineering in tuning the optoelectronic properties, morphology, and performance of OSCs. The findings emphasize that thienyl side chains in <strong>P2</strong> facilitate better π–π stacking and molecular organization, resulting in superior device performance compared to phenyl and thienothienyl-substituted counterparts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 117890"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}