Space Weather最新文献_第4页

Significant Midlatitude Bubble-Like Ionospheric Super-Depletion Structure (BLISS) and Dynamic Variation of Storm-Enhanced Density Plume During the 23 April 2023 Geomagnetic Storm 2023 年 4 月 23 日地磁风暴期间显著的中纬度气泡状电离层超级耗竭结构（BLISS）和风暴增强密度羽流的动态变化

IF 3.7 2区地球科学

Space Weather Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1029/2023sw003704

Ercha Aa, Shun-Rong Zhang, Shasha Zou, Wenbin Wang, Zihan Wang, Xuguang Cai, Philip J. Erickson, Anthea J. Coster

{"title":"Significant Midlatitude Bubble-Like Ionospheric Super-Depletion Structure (BLISS) and Dynamic Variation of Storm-Enhanced Density Plume During the 23 April 2023 Geomagnetic Storm","authors":"Ercha Aa, Shun-Rong Zhang, Shasha Zou, Wenbin Wang, Zihan Wang, Xuguang Cai, Philip J. Erickson, Anthea J. Coster","doi":"10.1029/2023sw003704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023sw003704","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the midlatitude ionospheric disturbances over the American/Atlantic longitude sector during an intense geomagnetic storm on 23 April 2023. The study utilized a combination of ground-based observations (Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content and ionosonde) along with measurements from multiple satellite missions (GOLD, Swarm, Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, and TIMED/GUVI) to analyze storm-time electrodynamics and neutral dynamics. We found that the storm main phase was characterized by distinct midlatitude ionospheric density gradient structures as follows: (a) In the European-Atlantic longitude sector, a significant midlatitude bubble-like ionospheric super-depletion structure (BLISS) was observed after sunset. This BLISS appeared as a low-density channel extending poleward/westward and reached ∼40° geomagnetic latitude, corresponding to an APEX height of ∼5,000 km. (b) Coincident with the BLISS, a dynamic storm-enhanced density plume rapidly formed and decayed at local afternoon in the North American sector, with the plume intensity being doubled and halved in just a few hours. (c) The simultaneous occurrence of these strong yet opposite midlatitude gradient structures could be mainly attributed to common key drivers of prompt penetration electric fields and subauroral polarization stream electric fields. This shed light on the important role of storm-time electrodynamic processes in shaping global ionospheric disturbances.","PeriodicalId":22181,"journal":{"name":"Space Weather","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140072599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Different Response of the Ionospheric TEC and EEJ to Ultra-Fast Kelvin Waves in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere 电离层 TEC 和 EEJ 对中间层和低热层超快开尔文波的不同响应

IF 3.7 2区地球科学

Space Weather Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1029/2023sw003699

Ruidi Sun, Sheng-Yang Gu, Xiankang Dou, Yusong Qin, Yafei Wei

{"title":"Different Response of the Ionospheric TEC and EEJ to Ultra-Fast Kelvin Waves in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere","authors":"Ruidi Sun, Sheng-Yang Gu, Xiankang Dou, Yusong Qin, Yafei Wei","doi":"10.1029/2023sw003699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023sw003699","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the response of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and equatorial electrojet (EEJ) to the ultra-fast Kelvin wave (UFKW) at the equator in the mesosphere using zonal wind data obtained from TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI), EEJ data over the monitoring station Jicamarca (12°S, 77°W) and global TEC maps. The least squares fitting method is utilized to perform a spectral analysis of zonal wind, EEJ and TEC. Our analysis results demonstrate that UFKW events can be divided into four categories: (a) UFKW events with both TEC and EEJ response; (b) UFKW events with TEC response but without EEJ response; (c) UFKW events with EEJ response but without TEC response; (d) UFKW events without neither TEC response nor EEJ response. The first type of UFKW events occur the most often and is generally thought to generate a response in EEJ at approximately 105–110 km through the dynamo effect. The polarization electric field associated with EEJ then produces a response in the ionospheric TEC through the fountain effect. The lack of EEJ response in the second type of UFKWs may be due to the influence of eastward background winds. We found that all UFKW events with EEJ response have a response in TEC. The fourth type of UFKWs have smaller amplitudes, shorter vertical wavelengths and longer periods, which make them more likely to dissipate and cannot propagate to higher altitudes. These UFKWs cannot propagate to the altitude of EEJ and produce a response in EEJ, much less in TEC.","PeriodicalId":22181,"journal":{"name":"Space Weather","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140072501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

ED-AttConvLSTM: An Ionospheric TEC Map Prediction Model Using Adaptive Weighted Spatiotemporal Features ED-AttConvLSTM：使用自适应加权时空特征的电离层 TEC 地图预测模型

IF 3.7 2区地球科学

Space Weather Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.1029/2023sw003740

Liangchao Li, Haijun Liu, Huijun Le, Jing Yuan, Haoran Wang, Yi Chen, Weifeng Shan, Li Ma, Chunjie Cui

{"title":"ED-AttConvLSTM: An Ionospheric TEC Map Prediction Model Using Adaptive Weighted Spatiotemporal Features","authors":"Liangchao Li, Haijun Liu, Huijun Le, Jing Yuan, Haoran Wang, Yi Chen, Weifeng Shan, Li Ma, Chunjie Cui","doi":"10.1029/2023sw003740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023sw003740","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a novel Total Electron Content (TEC) map prediction model, named ED-AttConvLSTM, using a Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) network and attention mechanism based on encoder-decoder structure. The inclusion of the attention mechanism enhances the efficient utilization of spatiotemporal features extracted by the ConvLSTM, emphasizing the significance of crucial spatiotemporal features in the prediction process and, as a result, leading to an enhancement in predictive performance. We conducted experiments in East Asia (10°N–45°N, 90°E−130°E). The ED-AttConvLSTM was trained and evaluated using the International GNSS Service TEC maps over a period of six years from 2013 to 2015 (high solar activity years) and 2017 to 2019 (low solar activity years). We compared our ED-AttConvLSTM with IRI-2016, COPG, LSTM, GRU, ED-ConvLSTM and ED-ConvGRU. The results indicate that our model surpasses the comparison models in forecasting both high and low solar activity years, across most months and UT moments in a day. Moreover, our model exhibits notably superior prediction performance during the most severe phases of a magnetic storm when compared to the comparison models. Subsequently, we then also discuss how the prediction performance of our model is affected by latitude. Finally, we discuss the diminishing performance of our model in multi-day predictions, demonstrating that its reliability for forecasts ranging from one to 4 days in advance. Beyond the fifth day, there is a pronounced decline in the model's performance.","PeriodicalId":22181,"journal":{"name":"Space Weather","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140055059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characterization of the Ionospheric Vertical Error Correlation Lengths Based on Global Ionosonde Observations 根据全球电离层观测数据确定电离层垂直误差相关长度

IF 3.7 2区地球科学

Space Weather Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1029/2023sw003743

L. Yuan, Timothy Kodikara, M. M. Hoque

{"title":"Characterization of the Ionospheric Vertical Error Correlation Lengths Based on Global Ionosonde Observations","authors":"L. Yuan, Timothy Kodikara, M. M. Hoque","doi":"10.1029/2023sw003743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023sw003743","url":null,"abstract":"Data assimilation is one of the most important approaches to monitoring the variations of ionospheric electron densities. The construction of the background error covariance matrix is an important component of ionospheric data assimilations. To construct the background error covariance matrix, the information about the spatial ionospheric correlations is required. We present a statistical analysis on the ionospheric vertical error correlation length (VCL) based on a global network of ionosondes and the Neustrelitz Electron Density Model. We show that the locally derived VCL is well-defined and the VCL does not show a considerable dependency on the geographical seasons while local time dependencies of the VCL are shown to be present. A novel VCL model is also established based on the ionospheric scale heights. We show that the ionospheric VCL can be characterized by the variance ratio between the ionosphere model and ionospheric measurements. The altitudinal variations of VCLs are controlled by the interactions between the inherent VCLs of the ionosphere model and the measurements. Two experiments are conducted at two different latitudes based on the proposed model. The results show that the proposed model is stable and well-correlated with the observed VCLs, which implies a potential to be generalized for a global correlation model. The proposed model can be used in the temporal evolution of error covariance matrices in the ionospheric 4D-Variational (4D-Var) assimilations, which may overcome the main drawbacks of the static error covariance specifications in the ionospheric 4D-Var assimilations.","PeriodicalId":22181,"journal":{"name":"Space Weather","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140045237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Probabilistic Short-Term Solar Driver Forecasting With Neural Network Ensembles 利用神经网络集合进行短期太阳驱动因素概率预测

IF 3.7 2区地球科学

Space Weather Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1029/2023sw003785

Joshua D. Daniell, Piyush M. Mehta

{"title":"Probabilistic Short-Term Solar Driver Forecasting With Neural Network Ensembles","authors":"Joshua D. Daniell, Piyush M. Mehta","doi":"10.1029/2023sw003785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023sw003785","url":null,"abstract":"Space weather indices are used to drive forecasts of thermosphere density, which directly affects objects in low-Earth orbit (LEO) through atmospheric drag force. A set of proxies and indices (drivers), F10.7, S10.7, M10.7, and Y10.7 are used as inputs by the JB2008, (https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-6438) thermosphere density model. The United States Air Force (USAF) operational High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model (HASDM), relies on JB2008, (https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-6438), and forecasts of solar drivers from a linear algorithm. We introduce methods using long short-term memory (LSTM) model ensembles to improve over the current prediction method as well as a previous univariate approach. We investigate the usage of principal component analysis (PCA) to enhance multivariate forecasting. A novel method, referred to as striped sampling, is created to produce statistically consistent machine learning data sets. We also investigate forecasting performance and uncertainty estimation by varying the training loss function and by investigating novel weighting methods. Results show that stacked neural network model ensembles make multivariate driver forecasts which outperform the operational linear method. When using MV-MLE (multivariate multi-lookback ensemble), we see an improvement of RMSE for F10.7, S10.7, M10.7, and Y10.7 of 17.7%, 12.3%, 13.8%, 13.7% respectively, over the operational method. We provide the first probabilistic forecasting method for S10.7, M10.7, and Y10.7. Ensemble approaches are leveraged to provide a distribution of predicted values, allowing an investigation into robustness and reliability (R&R) of uncertainty estimates. Uncertainty was also investigated through the use of calibration error score (CES), with the MV-MLE providing an average CES of 5.63%, across all drivers.","PeriodicalId":22181,"journal":{"name":"Space Weather","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140055058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Long-Term Variations of Energetic Electrons Scattered by Signals From the North West Cape Transmitter 西北角发射机信号散射的高能电子的长期变化

IF 3.7 2区地球科学

Space Weather Pub Date : 2024-03-03 DOI: 10.1029/2023sw003827

Jingle Hu, Zheng Xiang, Xin Ma, Yangxizi Liu, Junhu Dong, Deyu Guo, Binbin Ni

{"title":"Long-Term Variations of Energetic Electrons Scattered by Signals From the North West Cape Transmitter","authors":"Jingle Hu, Zheng Xiang, Xin Ma, Yangxizi Liu, Junhu Dong, Deyu Guo, Binbin Ni","doi":"10.1029/2023sw003827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023sw003827","url":null,"abstract":"Very-low-frequency (VLF) signals emitted from ground-based transmitters for submarine communication can penetrate the ionosphere and leak into the magnetosphere, leading to electron precipitation via wave-particle interaction and thereby providing a potential means for radiation belt remediation. In this study, we systematically analyze the dependence of quasi-trapped electron fluxes scattered by signals from the North West Cape (NWC) transmitter on electron energy, L-shell, and geomagnetic activity (i.e., the Dst index) using long-term measurements from the DEMETER satellite. Considering potentially changed theoretical cyclotron resonant condition, we find that the variations of wave normal angle (WNA) of NWC transmitter signals or of the background electron density can explain the variated “wisp” positions in energy versus L plane. The long-term data analyzation suggests that the energy-dependences increases can help to distinguish the different source mechanisms of quasi-trapped electrons. The enhancement of quasi-trapped electron fluxes induced by NWC transmitter signals is more obvious at L = 1.8 than L = 1.6 due to higher trapped flux levels and strong pitch angle diffusion induced by transmitter signals.","PeriodicalId":22181,"journal":{"name":"Space Weather","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140026193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Substorm-Time Ground dB/dt Variations Controlled by Interplanetary Shock Impact Angles: A Statistical Study 受行星际冲击角度控制的次风暴时间地面 dB/dt 变化：统计研究

IF 3.7 2区地球科学

Space Weather Pub Date : 2024-03-03 DOI: 10.1029/2023sw003767

Denny M. Oliveira, James M. Weygand, John C. Coxon, Eftyhia Zesta

{"title":"Substorm-Time Ground dB/dt Variations Controlled by Interplanetary Shock Impact Angles: A Statistical Study","authors":"Denny M. Oliveira, James M. Weygand, John C. Coxon, Eftyhia Zesta","doi":"10.1029/2023sw003767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023sw003767","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigate the effects caused by interplanetary (IP) shock impact angles on the subsequent ground dB/dt variations during substorms. IP shock impact angles have been revealed as a major factor controlling the subsequent geomagnetic activity, meaning that shocks with small inclinations with the Sun-Earth line are more likely to trigger higher geomagnetic activity resulting from nearly symmetric magnetospheric compressions. Such field variations are linked to the generation of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs), which couple to artificial conductors on the ground leading to deleterious consequences. We use a sub-set of a shock data base with 237 events observed in the solar wind at L1 upstream of the Earth, and large arrays of ground magnetometers at stations located in North America and Greenland. The spherical elementary current system methodology is applied to the geomagnetic field data, and field-aligned-like currents in the ionosphere are derived. Then, such currents are inverted back to the ground and dB/dt variations are computed. Geographic maps are built with these field variations as a function of shock impact angles. The main findings of this investigation are: (a) typical dB/dt variations (5–10 nT/s) are caused by shocks with moderate inclinations; (b) the more frontal the shock impact, the more intense and the more spatially defined the ionospheric current amplitudes; and (c) nearly frontal shocks trigger more intense dB/dt variations with larger equatorward latitudinal expansions. Therefore, the findings of this work provide new insights for GIC forecasting focusing on nearly frontal shock impacts on the magnetosphere.","PeriodicalId":22181,"journal":{"name":"Space Weather","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140026192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

PROBABILISTIC SHORT TERM SOLAR DRIVER FORECASTING WITH NEURAL NETWORK ENSEMBLES 利用神经网络集合进行短期太阳驱动力概率预测

IF 3.7 2区地球科学

Space Weather Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.33915/etd.12262

Joshua D. Daniell, P. Mehta

{"title":"PROBABILISTIC SHORT TERM SOLAR DRIVER FORECASTING WITH NEURAL NETWORK ENSEMBLES","authors":"Joshua D. Daniell, P. Mehta","doi":"10.33915/etd.12262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33915/etd.12262","url":null,"abstract":"Space weather indices are used to drive forecasts of thermosphere density, which directly affects objects in low‐Earth orbit (LEO) through atmospheric drag force. A set of proxies and indices (drivers), F10.7, S10.7, M10.7, and Y10.7 are used as inputs by the JB2008, (https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2008‐6438) thermosphere density model. The United States Air Force (USAF) operational High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model (HASDM), relies on JB2008, (https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2008‐6438), and forecasts of solar drivers from a linear algorithm. We introduce methods using long short‐term memory (LSTM) model ensembles to improve over the current prediction method as well as a previous univariate approach. We investigate the usage of principal component analysis (PCA) to enhance multivariate forecasting. A novel method, referred to as striped sampling, is created to produce statistically consistent machine learning data sets. We also investigate forecasting performance and uncertainty estimation by varying the training loss function and by investigating novel weighting methods. Results show that stacked neural network model ensembles make multivariate driver forecasts which outperform the operational linear method. When using MV‐MLE (multivariate multi‐lookback ensemble), we see an improvement of RMSE for F10.7, S10.7, M10.7, and Y10.7 of 17.7%, 12.3%, 13.8%, 13.7% respectively, over the operational method. We provide the first probabilistic forecasting method for S10.7, M10.7, and Y10.7. Ensemble approaches are leveraged to provide a distribution of predicted values, allowing an investigation into robustness and reliability (R&R) of uncertainty estimates. Uncertainty was also investigated through the use of calibration error score (CES), with the MV‐MLE providing an average CES of 5.63%, across all drivers.","PeriodicalId":22181,"journal":{"name":"Space Weather","volume":"52 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140269671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modeling Equatorial to Mid-Latitudinal Global Night Time Ionospheric Plasma Irregularities Using Machine Learning 利用机器学习为赤道至中纬度全球夜间电离层等离子体不规则现象建模

IF 3.7 2区地球科学

Space Weather Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1029/2023sw003754

Ephrem Beshir Seba, Giovanni Lapenta

{"title":"Modeling Equatorial to Mid-Latitudinal Global Night Time Ionospheric Plasma Irregularities Using Machine Learning","authors":"Ephrem Beshir Seba, Giovanni Lapenta","doi":"10.1029/2023sw003754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023sw003754","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on modeling the characteristics of nighttime topside Ionospheric Plasma Irregularities (PI) on a global scale. We utilize Random Forest (RF) and a one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1D-CNN) model, incorporating data from the Swarm A, B, and C satellites, space weather data from the OMNIWeb data center, as well as zonal and meridional wind model data. Our objective is to simulate monthly global PI characteristics using a multilayer 1D-CNN model trained on 12 space weather and ionospheric parameters. In addition, we investigate the most influential input parameters for predicting global nighttime PI characteristics. Our findings indicate that non-equinox months exhibit the highest equatorial PI magnitude over the American-African longitudinal sector, contrary to the expected higher Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth rate during equinox months. Winter months display the most intense and widespread vertically and horizontally distributed equatorial PI patterns. We also observe double peaks across geomagnetic latitudes and longitudinally varying wavelike irregularity structures, particularly in May, August, and predominantly in September. Furthermore, north-south hemispherical asymmetry in PI observed across different seasons. Through the RF parameter importance analysis method, we determine that temporal, geographical, and magnetic disturbance-related factors play a crucial role in predicting global PI variabilities. These findings emphasize the significance of these variables in controlling the strongest PI characteristics observed in the Atlantic sector, which has garnered considerable attention in PI research. The employed 1D-CNN model demonstrates exceptional predictive capabilities, exhibiting a strong correlation of 0.98 for global PI characteristics across all months and satellites.","PeriodicalId":22181,"journal":{"name":"Space Weather","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140003769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms From London, UK 英国伦敦 1859 年 8 月/9 月风暴的数字化连续磁记录

IF 3.7 2区地球科学

Space Weather Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1029/2023sw003807

C. Beggan, E. Clarke, E. Lawrence, E. Eaton, J. Williamson, K. Matsumoto, H. Hayakawa

{"title":"Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms From London, UK","authors":"C. Beggan, E. Clarke, E. Lawrence, E. Eaton, J. Williamson, K. Matsumoto, H. Hayakawa","doi":"10.1029/2023sw003807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023sw003807","url":null,"abstract":"Dedicated scientific measurements of the strength and direction of the Earth's magnetic field began at Greenwich and Kew observatories in London, United Kingdom, in the middle of the nineteenth century. Using advanced techniques for the time, collimated light was focussed onto mirrors mounted on free‐swinging magnetized needles which reflected onto photographic paper, allowing continuous analog magnetograms to be recorded. By good fortune, both observatories were in full operation during the so‐called Carrington storm in early September 1859 and its precursor storm in late August 1859. Based on digital images of the magnetograms and information from the observatory yearbooks and scientific papers, it is possible to scale the measurements to International System of Units (SI units) and extract quasi‐minute cadence spot values. However, due to the magnitude of the storms, the periods of the greatest magnetic field variation were lost as the traces moved off‐page. We present the most complete digitized magnetic records to date of the 10‐day period from 25 August to 5 September 1859 encompassing the Carrington storm and its lesser recognized precursor on 28 August. We demonstrate the good correlation between observatories and estimate the instantaneous rate of change of the magnetic field.","PeriodicalId":22181,"journal":{"name":"Space Weather","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140414988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0