Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms From London, UK

IF 3.7 2区地球科学

Space Weather Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI:10.1029/2023sw003807

C. Beggan, E. Clarke, E. Lawrence, E. Eaton, J. Williamson, K. Matsumoto, H. Hayakawa

{"title":"Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms From London, UK","authors":"C. Beggan, E. Clarke, E. Lawrence, E. Eaton, J. Williamson, K. Matsumoto, H. Hayakawa","doi":"10.1029/2023sw003807","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Dedicated scientific measurements of the strength and direction of the Earth's magnetic field began at Greenwich and Kew observatories in London, United Kingdom, in the middle of the nineteenth century. Using advanced techniques for the time, collimated light was focussed onto mirrors mounted on free‐swinging magnetized needles which reflected onto photographic paper, allowing continuous analog magnetograms to be recorded. By good fortune, both observatories were in full operation during the so‐called Carrington storm in early September 1859 and its precursor storm in late August 1859. Based on digital images of the magnetograms and information from the observatory yearbooks and scientific papers, it is possible to scale the measurements to International System of Units (SI units) and extract quasi‐minute cadence spot values. However, due to the magnitude of the storms, the periods of the greatest magnetic field variation were lost as the traces moved off‐page. We present the most complete digitized magnetic records to date of the 10‐day period from 25 August to 5 September 1859 encompassing the Carrington storm and its lesser recognized precursor on 28 August. We demonstrate the good correlation between observatories and estimate the instantaneous rate of change of the magnetic field.","PeriodicalId":22181,"journal":{"name":"Space Weather","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7000,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Space Weather","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023sw003807","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Dedicated scientific measurements of the strength and direction of the Earth's magnetic field began at Greenwich and Kew observatories in London, United Kingdom, in the middle of the nineteenth century. Using advanced techniques for the time, collimated light was focussed onto mirrors mounted on free‐swinging magnetized needles which reflected onto photographic paper, allowing continuous analog magnetograms to be recorded. By good fortune, both observatories were in full operation during the so‐called Carrington storm in early September 1859 and its precursor storm in late August 1859. Based on digital images of the magnetograms and information from the observatory yearbooks and scientific papers, it is possible to scale the measurements to International System of Units (SI units) and extract quasi‐minute cadence spot values. However, due to the magnitude of the storms, the periods of the greatest magnetic field variation were lost as the traces moved off‐page. We present the most complete digitized magnetic records to date of the 10‐day period from 25 August to 5 September 1859 encompassing the Carrington storm and its lesser recognized precursor on 28 August. We demonstrate the good correlation between observatories and estimate the instantaneous rate of change of the magnetic field.

查看原文本刊更多论文

英国伦敦 1859 年 8 月/9 月风暴的数字化连续磁记录

十九世纪中叶，英国伦敦的格林威治天文台和邱园天文台开始对地球磁场的强度和方向进行专门的科学测量。利用当时的先进技术，准直光被聚焦到安装在自由摆动磁针上的镜子上，磁针反射到相纸上，从而记录下连续的模拟磁图。幸运的是，在 1859 年 9 月初所谓的卡灵顿风暴和 1859 年 8 月底的前兆风暴期间，这两个天文台都在全力运行。根据磁图的数字图像以及天文台年鉴和科学论文中的信息，我们可以将测量结果缩放为国际单位制（SI）单位，并提取准分钟级的点值。然而，由于风暴规模巨大，磁场变化最大的时期会随着痕迹移出页面而消失。我们展示了 1859 年 8 月 25 日至 9 月 5 日这 10 天内最完整的数字化磁场记录，其中包括卡灵顿风暴及其 8 月 28 日较少被提及的前兆。我们展示了各观测站之间的良好相关性，并估算了磁场的瞬时变化率。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Space Weather

自引率

29.70%

发文量

166