Taiwan Journal of Forest Science最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Soil Properties on Restoring Indigenous Plants in Coral Reef Landscapes","authors":"Hs Wang, Feng Chen, Z. Hseu, Yao-Lun Kuo, S. Jien","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0283","url":null,"abstract":"Restoring indigenous plants is an urgent concern in coral reef landscapes severely invaded by white leadtrees (Leucaena leucocephala). The efficiency of restoration is largely influenced by the spatial heterogeneity of soils and selecting suitable species. In this study, we evaluated the relationships of soil properties with the mortality and growth performance of restored seedlings, and clarify suitable species on the basis of some specific soil properties. Seventeen species of indigenous plant seedlings were randomly planted in the study area after clearcutting white leadtrees in southern Taiwan. At the beginning of seedling planting, 142 surface soil samples were collected in a grid for analysis, including the soil depth, bulk density, water content, organic matter contents, and soil texture. Mortality and physiological characteristics of the planted seedlings, including the plant height and root collar diameter, were also investigated at 22 mo after seedling planting. Based on analytical results of a principal components analysis (PCA) and correlations, the survival rate of seedlings was determined by the soil depth, soil texture, and soil water contents in the dry season (October to April of the following year). There were significant correlation of the survival rate of seedlings with soil depth (r = 0.58, p ＜ 0.05), sand fraction (r = 0.63, p ＜ 0.05), and clay fraction (r = -0.63, p ＜ 0.05). During the dry seasons, soil water contents were always below the permanent wilting coefficient, especially in clayey soils (≥ 30% clay fraction contents) in the study area. Additionally, the investigation results indicated that the growth of plants responding to soils was species specific. Pandanus odoratissimus, Aglaia formosana, Cerbera manghas, Ficus superba var. japonica, Thespesia populnea, and Calophyllum inophyllum were independent of soil properties and were most suitable for restoration in coastal coral reef landscapes. Pongamia pinnata, Pittosporum pentandrum, Premna serratifolia, Hibiscus tiliaceus, and Planchonella obovata were sensitive to soil texture and moisture stress, and should be planted in the areas with sandy soils. Ficus septica and Hernanadia nymphaeifolia were susceptible to soil depth, and these 2 species should be planted in areas with thick soil depths (≥ 30 cm). Macaranga tanarius and Scaevola taccada were species favored to grow in high-pH (≥ 7.2) areas. Furthermore, F. benjamina. and Terminalia catappa are unsuitable species for restoration of coral reef landscapes.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84753707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site Index Model for a Sugi Plantation (Cryptomeria japonica) in Zenlen Area, Taiwan","authors":"Dar-Hsiung Wang, Chih-Hsin Chung, Han-Ching Hsieh, Shyh-Chian Tang, Tsai-Huei Chen","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0299","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing potential site productivity is important for forest planning and predicting forest growth and yield. The most common measure of site productivity is the site index (SI), defined as the average height of dominant and co-dominant trees (top height) at a specified (index) age. Two types of SI curves were investigated in this study to build up a SI curve for a Sugi plantation in Zenlen area, Taiwan. Several models were used to compare the performance among models. Pairs of height-age observations were obtained through a stem analysis. Based on the mean square error criterion, the base-age-specific SI model proposed by Payandeh and Wang (1994) was ranked the best one with an average bias in percentage of -0.36. Despite the advantage of being invariant with the base age used, this study showed a large loss of accuracy and precision caused by base-age-invariant models, especially for those trees younger than 10 yr. Moreover, the accuracy of the SI models varied considerably depending on the choice of predictor age for estimating the SI value at the base age. This study showed a tendency that the closer the predictor age was the base age, the higher the accuracy was that was obtained.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85503155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building allometric models to estimate above-ground and below-ground biomass of mahogany sapling.","authors":"Jeng-I Tsai, Kai-Ling Chang, F. Feng","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0229","url":null,"abstract":"There are large areas of big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) afforestation and reforestation plantations for reducing carbon dioxide due to climate change in Taiwan. In Taiwan, out of the total area of mahogany plantations of approximately 2982.00 ha, 125.40 ha is in national forests and 232.00 is at the Hsin-Hua Experimental Forest Station. Biomass is a plant attribute that accumulates over time. It is an important indicator of growth and is used in analysis and management processes. Above-ground biomass is the key parameter in many allometric relationships. However, there are few studies on below-ground biomass estimations of mahogany, for it is difficult to excavate and quantify these portions. The aim of this study was to establish an allometric relationship to estimate the above-ground (stem wood, stem bark, branches, and foliage) and belowground (roots) biomass using an easily measured value, such as the diameter at breast height (DBH), diameter at the stem base (DSB) and tree height (H). Forty-six mahogany saplings (0 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 10 cm), with different ages in the second compartment of this forest station, were used to establish the allometric functions of DBH and biomass, and functions of DSB and biomass. A significance test of the correlation was used to test the relationship between DBH and biomass in different sections, including foliage, branches, stems, above-ground, below-ground, and the entire tree. The DSB was also tested. The results showed that the power regression function was superior to other functions. The correlation between DBH and biomass was higher than the correlation between DSB and biomass. The allometric functions for the entire tree biomass, above-ground biomass, and below-ground biomass were W = 175.67×DBH^2.29 (R^2 = 0.9692), Wabove = 112.21×DBH^2.34 (R^2 = 0.9621), and Wbelow = 61.65×DBH^2.19 (R^2 = 0.9610), respectively. The carbon content of each part of mahogany trees was as follows: stem wood (45.83±0.92%), roots (45.09±0.89%), foliage (44.95±1.21%), branches (43.74±1.09%), and stem bark (42.64±1.01%). Managers can estimate the biomass, carbon content ratio, and carbon storage of mahogany without destroying trees.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82618861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distance-Dependent Competition Measures for Individual Tree Growth on a Taiwania Plantation in the Liuguei Area","authors":"Dar-Hsiung Wang, Shyh-Chian Tang, Han-Ching Hsieh, Chih-Hsin Chung, Chien-Yu Lin","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0215","url":null,"abstract":"Competition among trees within a stand occurs when resource availability is insufficient to meet the total requirements of a tree population for optimal growth. Six distance-dependent competition measures that incorporate tree sizes and distances from neighbors, evaluated over varying competition zones, were used to assess the competition stress among trees. A reduction in the mean square error relative to the no-competition index involved was used to judge the performance of each competition index for 3 growth components (i.e., diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area, and volume). The results showed that except for Martin-Ek, the other competition indices investigated were significantly correlated with periodic growth in the 3 growth components (p ＜ 0.0001). The performance of the competition indices in predicting 5-yr growth indicated that the inclusion of competition indices in the growth-prediction model reduced the mean square error from 14% for volume growth to 17% for DBH growth. Moreover, expanding the search zones in the Hegyi competition index was found to have slightly improved the ability to estimate competition effects.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91016071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Induction of Hairy Roots in Cyclobalanopsis glauca and Production of Catechin in Hairy Roots","authors":"Minshu Lin, Dacheng Wang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0239","url":null,"abstract":"Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst is a tree species with rich polyphenol compounds, including catechins, which increase the oxidation resistance of blood plasma and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in humans. Catechin may also have an inhibitory effect on carcinogens, specifically those related to skin and lung cancer. This study investigated hairy root induction in leaves of C. glauca infected with 2 strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (BCRC15010 and BCRC15785) under the influence of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). After 45 d, explants co-cultivated with the BCRC15785 strain in MS medium with 0.1 mg L^(-1) NAA and 300 mg L^(-1) cefotaxime exhibited 32.5% greater efficiency of hairy root induction. Induction of calli and hairy roots was observed under the influence of NAA, while only calli were induced under the influence of 2,4-D. We observed the direct influence of the infection period on the transformation frequency, and it increased as the infection period increased up to 24 h. Extracts from hairy roots, calli, and natural seedling roots revealed the presence of catechin content, and concentrations were 4.203, 3.413, and 4.668 mg g^(-1), respectively, in these 3 analytes.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88680333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response variations of Alnus subcordata (L.), Populus deltoides (Bartr. ex Marsh.), and Taxodium distichum (L.) seedlings to flooding stress.","authors":"Ehsan Ghanbary, M. Tabari, F. García-Sánchez, M. Zarafshar, M. C. Sanches","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0251","url":null,"abstract":"Alnus subcordata is a native species distributed along bottomlands of Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran. In the last decade, this species along with the exotic species Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum, has been widely used also for afforestation of bottomland areas. However, the relative flooding tolerance of these 3 species and their potential mechanisms for coping with flooding conditions are unknown to the present. Thus, in this study, variations in growth and morphophysiological responses to flooding of these species' seedlings were investigated during a 120-d outdoor experiment. Seedlings were subjected to 3 fixed treatments of 1) unflooded, 2) flooded to 3 cm in depth, and 3) flooded to 15 cm in depth, and their survival, growth, and some metabolic parameters were measured at the end of the experiment. Survival in seedlings of these 3 species was very high, but the root length, biomass accumulation, and chlorophyll content were reduced by flooding. Diameter growth in T. distichum increased with flooding, while it was negatively affected in the other 2 species. The leaf area, specific leaf area, and height growth were reduced in A. subcordata and P. deltoides by flooding, while no significant effect on these parameters was observed in T. distichum. Flooding also induced the formation of hypertrophied lenticels, and adventitious roots in all 3 species. But, proline concentrations of roots and leaves of all species did not vary with flooding. Generally, our results clearly indicated that the 3 species assayed in this experiment could be used for afforestation of riparian and floodplain regions of Hyrcanian forests, since survival percentages with 120 d of flooding were very high (＞ 90%).","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84850644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Storage and Density of Forest Ecosystems in Heilongjiang Province, China","authors":"Xin-chuang Wang, Shi-dong Wang, Da-pao Yu, Li Zhou, L. Dai","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0309","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately estimating carbon storage for forest ecosystems is important for understanding the role of forests in global warming and also in supporting decision-making processes in forest management. Using forest inventory data in combination with field data, we explored characteristics of carbon storage, density, and distribution for different forest ecosystems and their components in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. Results showed that total carbon storage was 4125.002 Tg C. The soil layer accounted for the most storage with 3205.764 Tg C or 77.7% of the total. This was followed by the canopy, litter, and shrub-grass layers with 800.965 (19.4%), 106.568 (2.6%), and 11.705 Tg C (0.3%), respectively. The average carbon density of forest ecosystems was 215.816 Mg C ha^(-1), with the soil layer (167.722 Mg C ha^(-1)) the densest, followed by the canopy layer (41.906 Mg C ha^(-1)), litter (5.576 Mg C ha^(-1)), and shrub layers (0.612 Mg C ha^(-1)). Carbon storage in different forest ecosystems varied 37.87~1306.63 Tg C, while C density ranged 167.68~256.87 Mg C ha^(-1), with the highest and lowest values observed in the soil and shrub-grass layers, respectively. That implies that the soil is the main body for forest carbon storage. The methods and data used for forest carbon storage estimation obviously affected results of the estimates. Rational methods should be adopted based on obtaining sufficient data for estimates. Middle-aged forests accounted for a greater proportion of forests in the province than forests in other age classes, and proper management of forests could increase the carbon sequestration of forest ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82543422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pinus sylvestris Can Form Ectomycorrhiza with Phialocephala fortinii","authors":"Burenjargal Otgonsuren, Ming‐Jen Lee","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0265","url":null,"abstract":"The ectomycorrhizal fungal community associated with Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) in a Mongolian forest was investigated in this study. The fungal strain was isolated from roots of Scots pine and identified as Phialocephala fortinii. Inoculation experiments showed that Phi. fortinii could form ectomycorrhizae with Scots pine seedlings. Hartig nets, external hyphae, and mantle structures of ectomycorrhizae were observed in pine seedlings roots. The morphology and ultra-structure of the fungal-host plant association and characteristics of Phi. fortinii colonies developed on MEA, MMN, and PDA media are described. Phialocephala fortinii inoculation significantly increased the growth, biomass accumulation, and P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and N concentrations in roots, stems, and needles of pine seedlings. These results demonstrated that Phi. fortinii could effectively form ectomycorrhizae with Scots pine and improve its growth, presumably through enhanced nutrition acquisition.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81060171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Internal Holes in Swietenia mahagoni Disks Using a Stress Wave Device","authors":"Fu-Lan Hsu, Chin-Mei Lee, G. Hwang, Yan-San Huang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201206.0191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201206.0191","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of detecting different sizes and positions of hidden defects in trees using a 2-sensor stress wave device. In addition, we attempted to evaluate the detection resolution of the stress wave method which was rarely discussed previously. Artificial holes were created in Swietenia mahagoni disks to imitate natural decay in a trunk and were then detected using stress waves. The results revealed that as the diameter of the artificial hole increased, the radial transit time of the disk increased. This increasing tendency was repeated in the relationship between the radial relative transit time (RT) and the relative hole diameter (RD) and was discordant in the tangential direction. The tangential RT was greatly influenced by the position of the hole: it was highly related to the RD when the hole was near the 2 sensors; while it is not related to the RD when the hole was far from the 2 sensors. We also found that detection resolutions of stress waves, defined as the diameter or area ratio when the radial velocity had decreased by 10%, were 0.29 and 8.4%, respectively. A tree was considered to be decayed when the relative velocity (RV) was ＜ 0.9 and was considered hazardous when the RV was ＜ 0.66 with a central hole. On the basis of the results obtained, it appears that a 2-sensor stress wave device allows the nondestructive inspection of the presence, size, and location of defects in trees and could be a cost-effective way to perform tree risk assessments.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87844829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient Accumulation and Distribution of the Aboveground Biomassin a Secondary Subtropical Forest in Central Taiwan","authors":"Ming-Tong Hsiue, B. Sheu, Chiung-Pin Liu","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201206.0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201206.0131","url":null,"abstract":"The nutrient accumulation and distribution of the aboveground biomass were measured using a stratified harvest method in a secondary hardwood forest in the Guandaushi Long Term Ecological Research site, central Taiwan. Nutrient contents of C, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the aboveground biomass were 169,030.71, 2799.77, 52.24, 715.70, 918.72, and 216.41 kg ha^(-1), respectively. Most nutrients in the understory were concentrated below 3.3 m, but in the overstory, they were evenly distributed in each layer below 13.3 m. Although most nutrients accumulated in the stems, the accumulation of N, P, and Ca in the litter layer was higher than in the shrub and herb layer. This result suggested that the litter layer plays an important role in nutrient cycling in Guandaushi secondary hardwood forests. The N content at our research site was quite high compared to that at the Fushan Experimental Forest in northern Taiwan. Factors affecting the nutrient accumulation and allocation in this Guandaushi secondary hardwood forest need to be studied in the future.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89745439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}