Taiwan Journal of Forest Science最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Adding Polyelectrolyte Complexes to the Papermaking Wet End on Paper Strength and Functionality","authors":"E. I. Wang, Y. Perng, J. Shyu, C. Hsieh","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201206.0163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201206.0163","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of the study was to find ways of strengthening paper made from old corrugated containerboard (OCC) using the addition of cationic polyacrylamide (cPAM) and starch (CS) in conjunction with anionic PAM (aPAM) and starch (AS). Through modifying the wet-end conditions and modes of addition, we searched for optimal conditions to enhance paper strength, while in the meantime considering estimates of the drainage performance, production cost, and machine runnability. The results indicated that Percol 182, a cPAM, had the best enhancing efficacies on the tensile, burst, and folding strengths of the resulting paper. The amphoteric PAMs, Hercobond 6350 and PS 1280, had slightly inferior performances. While the aPAM, Percol 155, contributed to the tensile strength that was only better than an anionic starch, which had the worst burst strength. The tearing strength was highest when PS 1280 was used. Drainage effects of the additives differed according to the type and dose of the polyelectrolyte. Percol 182 significantly increased the freeness of the pulp, allowing water to drain faster. Hercobond 6350 was next, while Percol 155 significantly decreased the freeness of the pulp. When applying a fixed cPAM and CS to moderate the doses of an amphoteric PAM or aPAM, paper strengths varied with the polyelectrolyte complex used. For paper tensile strength, a pulp concentration of 1.00% and a tensile index Percol 182 dose of 1.00% were optimal, and the tensile indices of the resulting handsheets were optimized. However, when the cost factor was considered, then sequential CS/Percol 155 addition at a 0.75/0.25% dose was effective in elevating the tensile performance. For tearing strength, the sequential addition of CS with PS 1280 at doses of 0.25/0.75% and 0.50/0.50% was better. When cost was considered, adding CS and AS sequentially at a 0.75/0.25% or 0.50/0.50% dose was optimal for strength enhancement.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"18 1","pages":"163-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83540085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation and Analysis of Hygroscopic Warping of Sawn Timber by a Finite Element Method","authors":"Shih-Hao Lee","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201206.0125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201206.0125","url":null,"abstract":"Wood warps due to differential shrinkage or swelling when the moisture content (MC) of the wood changes. Anisotropy and non-homogeneity of solid wood are the main causes for this behavior of wood when it experiences variations in MCs. This warping phenomenon causes considerable reductions in product value, frustration for manufacturers, and loss of confidence by consumers. Therefore, the warping of wood is a leading technical problem and deserves further investigation. The objectives of this study were to propose an analytical method and develop a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) to examine the warping behavior of solid wood.A 3D FEM was developed to simulate and analyze the hygroscopic warping of sawn timber with the commercial software, ANSYS (vers. 5.3; ANSYS, Canonsburg, PA). Through this potent tool, the FEM and the deformed geometry were graphically demonstrated. This specially developed FEM was applied here to understand warping due to MC gradients in solid wood. Formulation of the governing equations, detailed model development, computer simulation results are presented in the text.It appears that the simulation and analysis were successfully carried out in this study. These results suggest that this FEM adequately reflects hygroscopic deformations of flat-sawn and quarter-sawn plates and can help practitioners understand the complex warping behavior and generate ideas on how to reduce the magnitude of warping.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"42 1","pages":"125-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87973398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Primary Fiber Fines as Organic Fillers in Papermaking","authors":"V. Chauhan, N. Kumar, Manoj Kumar, S. Thapar, S. K. Chakrabarti","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201206.0201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201206.0201","url":null,"abstract":"Primary fiber fines were screened out of virgin mixed hardwood chemical pulp through a Bauer McNett Fiber Classifier with 2 output materials of fibers and fines. The screened primary fiber fines were blended into the pulp to obtain pulps with no fines, and with 10 and 20% fines. The refining of all pulp samples was carried out in a PFI mill. The pulp with 10 and 20% fines respectively required 10.8 and 28.9% fewer PFI revolutions to obtain a 400 ml CSF level compared to the pulp without fines. At the same freeness level, the opacity of the paper increased with the addition of 10 and 20% fines by 1.7 and 2.6 points, respectively. Similarly, the formation of paper also improved by 2.0, and 10.2% with the respective addition of 10 and 20% fines to the pulp. The bulk and stiffness of the paper improved with the addition of fines up to a 450 ml CSF level. The strength properties, such as the breaking length, burst index, tear index, double fold, and Scott bond, decreased with the addition of fines.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"201-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78591351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevention of pine wilt disease by soil injection with fosthiazate.","authors":"Fu ChuenHsu, Hu BauYuan, Chang TunTschu, H. Kaileen, Hsu Wei-Tse","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201206.0143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201206.0143","url":null,"abstract":"Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer 1986), has caused serious pine disease in Taiwan since 1985. Soil injection with 75% fosthiazate to control pine wilt disease was conducted at 3 locations in northern Taiwan. Twenty healthy pine trees with diameter breast height (DBH) ranging 20~40 cm were selected by oleoresin exudation for the inoculation test. Ten trees were treated with 75% fosthiazate by soil-injection application in May 2004 according to the manufacturer's protocol and a DBH table; another 10 pine trees were used as controls. One month after the soil injection, all trees at 3 locations were artificially inoculated with 30,000 pinewood nematodes (B. xylophilus). Symptoms of pine wilt disease were first observed 3 mo after inoculation; the disease progressed rapidly from September 2004. Chemical protection efficacy was evaluated 9 mo after inoculation. For chemical-treated trees, disease incidences at Zhongli, Daxi, and Zhudong were 40, 30, and 20%, and values of the disease severity index were 2, 1.1, and 1, respectively. However, for the non-treated group, disease incidences were 80, 80, and 70%, and values of the disease severity index were 4.0, 4.0, and 3.5, respectively. Our results demonstrated that fosthiazate not only decreased the incidence of pine wilt, but also retarded the disease progression.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"64 1","pages":"143-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82161468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study of the Application of an Average Energy Entropy Method for the Endpoint Extraction of Frog Croak Syllables","authors":"Shan-Chih Hsieh, Wen-Ping Chen, Wen-Chih Lin, Fu-Shan Chou, J. Lai","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201206.0177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201206.0177","url":null,"abstract":"【Summary】 Energy-based endpoint detection is commonly used in time domain analyses of speech segments of extracted signals to reduce the amount of computation required. However, this approach may extract incorrect speech segments due to interference by noise, which can significantly impair its recognition ability when analyzing sound files recorded in the wild. In contrast, entropy-based endpoint detection performs better in terms of noise suppression. Unfortunately, background noise that has a non-stationary frequency distribution causes drastic fluctuations in entropy values of silent segments, and weakens endpoint detection. This paper proposes using average energy entropy (AEE) endpoint detection to address these issues, and compares the AEE method with 3 other endpoint detection methods-energy-based, zero-crossing rate, and entropy-based detection methods. In experiments on frog voice-print recognition, 18 types of frog croaks recorded from the wild were analyzed, and the results revealed that the AEE method had the optimal endpoint extraction capability; and when used in concert with the linear predicative cepstral coefficients, Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients with dynamic time warping algorithm, the AEE capability for recognition was optimized.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"177-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88203687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linked Open Data of Ecology (LODE): A New Approach for Ecological Data Sharing","authors":"Guan-Shuo Mai, Yu-Hwang Wang, Y. Hsia, S. Lu, Chau-Chin Lin","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201112.0106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201112.0106","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to report and discuss the use of a linked data approach on existing related databases on forest fires, plant specimens, insect collections, forest dynamics plot censuses, and Taiwanese species checklists. We adopted the linked data approach to connect together data intrinsically related from distributed databases. The approach developed a workflow through 4 steps to integrate and publish human- and machine-readable ecological data as linked open data on the web. Results from our work can be found at the web site http://ecowlim.tfri.gov.tw. We conclude that the linked data approach is a new way to improve and advance ecological data sharing.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"203 1","pages":"417-424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74552428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diurnal Timing of Bird Surveys Using an Acoustic Monitoring System in the Shan-Ping Forest Ecological Garden","authors":"Chao-Chieh Chen, Po-Jen Chiang, B. Shieh, Chau-Chin Lin","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201112.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201112.0002","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we report how to select the best timing of diurnal bird surveys when using an acoustic monitoring system. Although the system has been operating since March 2009 in the Shan-Ping Forest Ecological Garden, we transcribed only 2 morning recordings in the breeding season of 2009 due to the difficulty in transcribing recorded data. We found that the species accumulation curve reached a plateau (80%) in 30 min of the first hour and was higher than those in the latter 4 h on both days, which implied that the dawn chorus is the best period for recording bird sounds. A further analysis was used to locate the timing of the dawn chorus. The highest accumulation curve in a 10-min period appeared when the starting point was set at 5 min and 20 or 15 min before sunrise on March 31 and May 4, respectively. The difference revealed that the peak of singing activities occurred at different times over the breeding season. We suggest recording bird sounds for 1 h from dawn and selecting a sampling period of 10~20 min, which would cover most of the dawn chorus, to reach the highest species richness at the study site.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"40 1","pages":"313-321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90570536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Ecoinformatics Application for Forest Dynamics Plot Data Management and Sharing","authors":"Chau-Chin Lin, A. Kassim, K. Vanderbilt, D. Henshaw, E. Melendez-Colom, J. Porter, K. Niiyama, T. Yagihashi, SekAun Tan, S. Lu, Chi-Wen Hsiao, Li‐Wan Chang, Meei-Ru Jeng","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201112.0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201112.0046","url":null,"abstract":"Several forest dynamics plot research projects in the East-Asia Pacific region of the International Long-Term Ecological Research network actively collect long-term data, and some of these large plots are members of the Center for Tropical Forest Science network. The wealth of forest plot data presents challenges in information management to researchers. In order to facilitate the management of these data, a Forest Dynamics Plot Database and Application Workshop was held in Taiwan 2009. This paper describes the results of the workshop that produced and tested an integrated information management framework. The goal for the framework was to demonstrate how fully documented data archives can be effectively used for data discovery, access, retrieval, analysis, and integration. Results from our work included setting up a database based on the Center for Tropical Forest Science structure on a local relational database (MySQL) server, an authentication interface, a metadata query web page, and 3 workflows to test the framework.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"25 1","pages":"357-369"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77796324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Relationships between Landslides and Topographical Factors at the Liukuei Experimental Forest, Southwestern Taiwan after Typhoon Morakot","authors":"Shiang-Yue Lu, Chao-Yuan Lin, Liang-Shin Hwang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201112.0088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201112.0088","url":null,"abstract":"Typhoon Morakot produced copious amounts of rainfall and triggered enormous landslides in southern Taiwan when it hit Taiwan on 8~9 August 2009. The Liukuei Experimental Forest (LEF) managed by the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute was located in the peak rainfall region and inescapably incurred severe landslides and road destruction. This paper presents a statistical approach to study spatial relationships between landslides and their geographic factors in the LEF after typhoon Morakot. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of satellite images SPOT2 and SPOT4 photographed before and after typhoon Morakot were compared to extract landslide patches. Those extracted patches, consisting of 10 x 10-m digital elevation model (DEM) data and the related coverage of vegetation of LEF, were examined using the WinGrid computer software for the topographic analysis. Results indicated that the extremely heavy rainfall was the main factor that triggered landslides during the typhoon. There were 204 locations which experienced identifiable landslides, and their total area was about 804.49 ha. The elevation and types of vegetation cover were not factors related to the failure of the slopes. Steepness, aspect, and distances to roads and streams were factors that contributed to instability of the slopes. About 70.2% of the total area of landslides occurred on slopes with steepness in the range of 60~80%, and this showed that steep slopes are prone to collapse. Landslides with distance of the lower edge to a stream of ＜ 10 m occurred in 49 locations, and their areas accounted for 33.6% of the total landslide areas. In addition, 34 landslides (24.7% of all landslides areas) occurred within 50 m of a forest road, and the average area of those landslides was 5.79 ha. The deeply concentrated surface flows resulting from the extreme rainfall in streams and on road surfaces striking against the foot of hillslopes that contained saturated soil water were the main factors causing slides of large area. This also indicated that landslides in the LEF were closely related to stream systems, and forest road construction. The aspect of slope was not the main factor related to landslides in most cases. However, slopes with southerly and southeasterly aspects directly faced the strong winds and heavy rainfall brought by typhoon Morakot, and more landslides occurred on those slopes than on slopes with other aspects.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"114 1","pages":"399-408"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79445070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study of Plant Diversity between Betula alnoides Plantations and Adjacent Natural Forests","authors":"Wei-Bin Wang, Jin-Feng Zhang, De-Jun Yang, Y. Geng","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201112.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201112.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Betula alnoides is one of the most important native, broadleaf timber species for plantation establishment in southwestern China. With the rapid expansion of plantations in the region, it is essential to understand the characteristics and dynamics of artificial B. alnoides communities for the sustainable development and management of these forests. We compared the species composition, richness, diversity, and structure between B. alnoides plantations of different age classes (3, 5, 8, and 13 yr old) and previous vegetation types (naturally regenerated B. alnoides secondary forest and tropical montane rainforest) in a northern tropical region in southwestern China. We established 3 basic sampling plots in each forest community (21 total plots, 20×20 m each) with a similar slope direction, grade, and position. The following results were attained. 1) The 8- and 13-yr-old B. alnoides plantations had higher species diversity than the native forest, a trait that can facilitate the development of plant species under the plantation canopy. 2) The species composition and richness of the B. alnoides plantations were significantly related to the previous vegetation type and land conditions before planting and showed a homologous and similar successional trend. 3) In B. alnoides plantations, the species richness significantly increased along with an increasing age of the plantation, and the species composition of the understory vegetation changed from pioneer species to shade-tolerant plants and sciophytes. 4) Betula alnoides can be used as an important reforestation tree species in tropical southwestern China.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"22 1","pages":"323-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72874192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}