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The Economics of Health in South Africa 《南非卫生经济学》
The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.37
R. Burger, M. Ngwenya
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引用次数: 0
Changing Dynamics in the South African Labour Market 南非劳动力市场不断变化的动态
The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.29
H. Bhorat, Benjamin Stanwix, A. Thornton
{"title":"Changing Dynamics in the South African Labour Market","authors":"H. Bhorat, Benjamin Stanwix, A. Thornton","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.29","url":null,"abstract":"Fundamental features of the post-apartheid South African economy include persistent and increasing unemployment alongside extreme levels of household income inequality. These well-established welfare challenges are strongly shaped by the nature of employment and earnings outcomes in the domestic labour market. This chapter reviews some of the major new developments that have occurred in the labour market since 2000. At a macro level the authors document the changing structure of the economy’s sectoral growth trajectory, which has resulted in a relative contraction of the primary and industrial sectors amidst a rapid expansion in the services economy. The latter in turn has delivered an employment path in South Africa, which has been almost exclusively services based. This sectoral shift has occurred alongside a pattern of skills-biased occupational change, and substantial wage growth for those at the top of the earnings distribution. At the same time, the public sector and a corresponding unionized class have expanded and continue to command significant wage premia, while returns to education are declining for specific qualifications. From a policy perspective there have been a series of important labour market interventions aiming to support low-wage workers, with the expansion of minimum wages a notable development in this regard. However, levels of non-compliance with both wage and non-wage labour market regulations are high. We conclude by drawing attention to several active employment policies that have been pursued by the state in an attempt to tackle the unemployment crisis, with mixed results.","PeriodicalId":220950,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121665143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
State-Owned Enterprises in South Africa 南非国有企业
The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.26
M. Swilling, Nina Callaghan
{"title":"State-Owned Enterprises in South Africa","authors":"M. Swilling, Nina Callaghan","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"State-owned enterprises (SOEs) have the ability to shape industrial policy, the potential to transform economies by investing in the provision of basic services and stimulate new industries. It is fair to deduce that how these entities are deployed is a critical indicator of a state’s directionality. This chapter traces how SOEs reflect South Africa’s evolving political economy, from a racist national capitalism, an indecisive developmental state, through a decade of state capture, to a weak strategic vision of how they can drive national economic development. The chapter highlights the obduracy of the mineral-energy complex and its enclave nature that lends itself to corrupted governance and assigning SOEs conflicted mandates for social and economic development. The current crisis of South Africa’s SOEs is a signifier of political leadership that has made a series of ideological missteps amidst a legacy of rent-seeking behaviours that began during the apartheid era, and continued into the post-1994 era.","PeriodicalId":220950,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124015347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unemployment in South Africa 南非的失业率
The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.7
J. Heintz, K. Naidoo
{"title":"Unemployment in South Africa","authors":"J. Heintz, K. Naidoo","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.7","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa has exhibited sustained high rates of open unemployment since the end of apartheid, when reliable statistical measurements became available. The lack of decent employment opportunities contributes to ongoing social and economic inequalities. This chapter examines the reasons behind the country’s high unemployment rates. After a brief analysis of unemployment trends and patterns, it discusses alternative explanations of South Africa’s employment problems, with a focus on structural causes arising from historical and institutional factors. The chapter also examines how policy choices post-apartheid have affected employment outcomes, including macroeconomic policies, trade policies, and labour market policies.","PeriodicalId":220950,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133317303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Macroeconomics of South African Economic Growth 南非经济增长的宏观经济学
The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.40
P. Burger
{"title":"The Macroeconomics of South African Economic Growth","authors":"P. Burger","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.40","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Covering the period 1994 to 2019, this chapter shows that between 1994 and 2008 South Africa’s growth performance improved and that this improvement was to a large extent driven by an improvement in total factor productivity (TFP). However, since 2008 South Africa’s growth performance has deteriorated significantly. The chapter shows that the deteriorating growth performance was accompanied by the deterioration of TFP, and argues that lower private-sector investment levels, combined with low levels of human capital development and a lack of international competitiveness, constitute the causes of lower productivity and economic growth. This chapter also explores the various growth policies put forward since the mid-1990s to improve economic growth. These include labour-intensive growth, export-driven growth, and investment-driven growth. The chapter argues that the implementation of a well-designed combination of these policies will be needed to attain higher levels of economic growth.","PeriodicalId":220950,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122860652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Regulation of Network Industries in South Africa 南非网络行业的监管
The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.25
J. Hodge, Tamara Paremoer
{"title":"Regulation of Network Industries in South Africa","authors":"J. Hodge, Tamara Paremoer","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.25","url":null,"abstract":"The 1980s saw a global shift to the liberalization and regulation of network industries which were previously public utilities. Underperforming SOEs and unsustainable debt forced South Africa down this road in the late 1980s with the additional challenge of addressing racially skewed access post-apartheid. In telecommunications, this resulted in a managed liberalization process which has seen private entry but continual structural problems due to a failure to undertake wholesale regulation of the incumbents. Despite a policy advocating structural separation of transmission and generation within electricity, reform stalled due to a shift in government thinking and successful lobbying by Eskom. The regulator, NERSA, has also failed to impose operational efficiency and rein in large price increases. Within transport, aviation was liberalized in the early 1990s with effective regulatory oversight of the airports and navigation systems. However, a dependency on cross-subsidies between ports and rail within Transnet has stalled reform elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":220950,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115132077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Industrial Policy in South Africa 南非的产业政策
The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.23
A. Black
{"title":"Industrial Policy in South Africa","authors":"A. Black","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.23","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Manufacturing in South Africa has been the subject of strong industrial policy support. Since 1994, the sector has undergone major structural shifts but the sector has performed poorly. Trade liberalization, which started to take effect before 1994, led to rapid import penetration across a wide range of sectors. For the most part the export response was disappointing. From 2007, there has been a shift to more intensive sectoral industrial policy. But this coincided with a number of very negative developments including the global financial crisis as well as serious infrastructure constraints. The specifics of industrial policy are examined in heavy industry, the automotive sector, and light manufacturing as well as in the outcomes of regional industrial development policies. The chapter concludes that South Africa needs to be on a more labour-absorbing growth path which requires appropriate industrial as well as other policies.","PeriodicalId":220950,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123992355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Competition Policy in South Africa 南非的竞争政策
The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.24
L. Mncube, N. Theron
{"title":"Competition Policy in South Africa","authors":"L. Mncube, N. Theron","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.24","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The 1998 Competition Act heralded a new era of active competition enforcement in South Africa. Since then, South Africa has developed a robust and admirable competition system. To some extent, the enforcement of competition law has contributed to an increase in more affordable goods and services. Furthermore, it has contributed to creating a market environment that encourages economic participation by all South Africans, increases the competitiveness of South African firms, and facilitates inclusive economic development. However, the South African economy remains highly concentrated, strategic barriers to entry protect incumbents, and the spread of ownership and economic participation remain skewed. The competition system has not delivered on all of its promises to address South Africa’s problems. This chapter provides a critical review of many of the developments that helped shape and mature the competition system into one of the most outstanding and path-breaking in the developing world. It also offers reflections on current challenges and opportunities.","PeriodicalId":220950,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132274395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Urbanization, Agglomeration, and Economic Development in South Africa 南非的城市化、集聚与经济发展
The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.28
I. Turok
{"title":"Urbanization, Agglomeration, and Economic Development in South Africa","authors":"I. Turok","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192894199.013.28","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the arguments and evidence for the existence of a positive relationship between urbanization and economic development in South Africa. It identifies the main tenets of agglomeration theory, which stresses the importance of city size, density, and connectivity. These ideas are applied to fundamental features of urban development, namely the triangular relationship between the location of firms, households, and transport systems. The urban premium is strengthened by government investment in urban infrastructure and supportive institutions. Contemporary South African cities are scarred by the disjointed urban structure they inherited, which undermines productivity and inclusion. Government policies towards housing, land, and transport have done little to improve the morphology of cities and harness urbanization for widely shared prosperity.","PeriodicalId":220950,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121613996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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