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The Inheritance of Race Revisited: Childhood Wealth and Income and Black–White Disadvantages in Adult Life Chances 重新审视种族继承:童年财富和收入与成年生活机会中的黑人-白人劣势
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a25
David J. Brady, Ryan Finnigan, U. Kohler, Joscha Legewie
{"title":"The Inheritance of Race Revisited: Childhood Wealth and Income and Black–White Disadvantages in Adult Life Chances","authors":"David J. Brady, Ryan Finnigan, U. Kohler, Joscha Legewie","doi":"10.15195/v7.a25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v7.a25","url":null,"abstract":"Vast racial inequalities continue to prevail across the United States and are closely linked to economic resources. One particularly prominent argument contends that childhood wealth accounts for black–white (BW) disadvantages in life chances. This article analyzes how much childhood wealth and childhood income mediate BW disadvantages in adult life chances with Panel Study of Income Dynamics and Cross-National Equivalent File data on children from the 1980s and 1990s who were 30+ years old in 2015. Compared with previous research, we exploit longer panel data, more comprehensively assess adult life chances with 18 outcomes, and measure income and wealth more rigorously. We find large BW disadvantages in most outcomes. Childhood wealth and income mediate a substantial share of most BW disadvantages, although there are several significant BW disadvantages even after adjusting for childhood wealth and income. The evidence mostly contradicts the prominent claim that childhood wealth is more important than childhood income. Indeed, the analyses mostly show that childhood income explains more of BW disadvantages and has larger standardized coefficients than childhood wealth. We also show how limitations in prior wealth research explain why our conclusions differ. Replication with the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and a variety of robustness checks support these conclusions.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"599-627"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44563684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Concept Class Analysis: A Method for Identifying Cultural Schemas in Texts 概念类分析:一种识别语篇文化图式的方法
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2020-11-09 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a23
Marshall A. Taylor, Dustin S. Stoltz
{"title":"Concept Class Analysis: A Method for Identifying Cultural Schemas in Texts","authors":"Marshall A. Taylor, Dustin S. Stoltz","doi":"10.15195/v7.a23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v7.a23","url":null,"abstract":"Recent methodological work at the intersection of culture, cognition, and computational methods has drawn attention to how cultural schemas can be 'recovered' from social survey data. Defining cultural schemas as slowly learned, implicit, and unevenly distributed relational memory structures, researchers show how schemas—or rather, the downstream consequences of people drawing upon them—can be operationalized and measured from domain-specific survey modules. Respondents can then be sorted into 'classes' on the basis of the schema to which their survey response patterns best align. In this article, we extend this 'schematic class analysis' method to text data. We introduce concept class analysis (CoCA): a hybrid model that combines word embeddings and correlational class analysis to group documents across a corpus by the similarity of schemas recovered from them. We introduce the CoCA model, illustrate its validity and utility using simulations, and conclude with considerations for future research and applications.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"97 3","pages":"544-569"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41269359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
Microaggressions in the United States 美国的微侵犯
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2020-11-02 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a22
K. Douds, M. Hout
{"title":"Microaggressions in the United States","authors":"K. Douds, M. Hout","doi":"10.15195/v7.a22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v7.a22","url":null,"abstract":"'Microaggressions' is the term scholars and cultural commentators use to describe the ways that racism and other systems of oppression are upheld in everyday interactions. Although prior research has documented the types of microaggressions that individuals experience, we have lacked representative data on the prevalence of microaggressions in the general population. We introduce and evaluate five new survey items from the 2018 General Social Survey intended to capture five types of microaggressions. We assess the prevalence of each microaggression as well as a constructed microaggression scale across a key set of sociodemographic characteristics. We find that black Americans experience more microaggressions than other racialized groups, twice the rate of the general public for some types. Younger people report more microaggressions than older people. Women are more likely to report some types of microaggressions, and men others. Experiencing microaggressions is associated with an array of negative physical and mental health outcomes.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"528-543"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44451478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Generalized Markovian Quantity Distribution Systems: Social Science Applications 广义马尔可夫数量分配系统:社会科学应用
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2020-10-08 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a20
N. Friedkin, A. Proskurnikov
{"title":"Generalized Markovian Quantity Distribution Systems: Social Science Applications","authors":"N. Friedkin, A. Proskurnikov","doi":"10.15195/v7.a20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v7.a20","url":null,"abstract":"Interest in the study of gene–environment interaction has recently grown due to the sudden availability of molecular genetic data—in particular, polygenic scores—in many long-running longitudinal studies. Identifying and estimating statistical interactions comes with several analytic and inferential challenges; these challenges are heightened when used to integrate observational genomic and social science data. We articulate some of these key challenges, provide new perspectives on the study of gene–environment interactions, and end by offering some practical guidance for conducting research in this area. Given the sudden availability of well-powered polygenic scores, we anticipate a substantial increase in research testing for interaction between such scores and environments. The issues we discuss, if not properly addressed, may impact the enduring scientific value of gene–environment interaction studies.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44748773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
The Meeting of Minds: Forging Social and Intellectual Networks within Universities 《思想的交汇:在大学里建立社会和知识网络》
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2020-09-14 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a18
T. Stark, J. Rambaran, Daniel A. McFarland
{"title":"The Meeting of Minds: Forging Social and Intellectual Networks within Universities","authors":"T. Stark, J. Rambaran, Daniel A. McFarland","doi":"10.15195/v7.a18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v7.a18","url":null,"abstract":"How are social and intellectual relations structured and given shape within research universities? To answer these questions, we test to what extent various theoretically predicted processes explain the dynamics of academics’ networks of collaboration and shared language use in a unique longitudinal data set (1994 to 2005) of 2,631 faculty at a large private American university. Using the latest advances in stochastic actor-oriented models (in RSiena) and text analysis, we found that social and intellectual relations are clustered and centralized on bridging faculty who form a broader interdisciplinary hub of research in the university, and that, over time, this hub disseminated its style of (interdisciplinary) research to other faculty. These networks are shaped by selection based on age, gender, race, and academic rank as well as the coevolution of social and intellectual relations over time. Clear differences emerge in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and are strongly driven by structural mechanisms of clustering and centralization, whereas non-STEM fields (social sciences and humanities) are strongly driven by personal preferences of faculty members.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"433-464"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43074461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Bounded Solidarity in Cross-National Encounters: Individuals Share More with Others from Poor Countries but Trust Them Less 跨国接触中的有限团结:来自贫穷国家的个人与他人分享更多，但对他们的信任更少
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2020-09-08 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a17
F. Bader, Marc Keuschnigg
{"title":"Bounded Solidarity in Cross-National Encounters: Individuals Share More with Others from Poor Countries but Trust Them Less","authors":"F. Bader, Marc Keuschnigg","doi":"10.15195/v7.a17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v7.a17","url":null,"abstract":"Globalization makes cross-national encounters increasingly common. Hesitant cooperation across national, ethnic, and cultural boundaries, however, undercuts the microlevel stabilizers of global integration and, most importantly, the willingness to share with and place trust in members of other social groups. In a 109-country online experiment, we convey information on interaction partners' nationalities to indicate membership in a broader in- or out-group, cultural distance, and perceived material neediness—or status differences more generally—to 1,674 participants in incentivized games of generosity (dictator game) and trust (trust game). We find consistent evidence for in-group favoritism and—against this benchmark—demonstrate that individuals across the globe share more with but place less trust in interaction partners from poor countries and that cultural distance moderates this status effect.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"415-432"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42756730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Interactions between Polygenic Scores and Environments: Methodological and Conceptual Challenges. 多基因分数与环境之间的相互作用：方法和概念上的挑战。
IF 2.7 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Epub Date: 2020-09-21 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a19
Benjamin W Domingue, Sam Trejo, Emma Armstrong-Carter, Elliot M Tucker-Drob
{"title":"Interactions between Polygenic Scores and Environments: Methodological and Conceptual Challenges.","authors":"Benjamin W Domingue, Sam Trejo, Emma Armstrong-Carter, Elliot M Tucker-Drob","doi":"10.15195/v7.a19","DOIUrl":"10.15195/v7.a19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interest in the study of gene-environment interaction has recently grown due to the sudden availability of molecular genetic data-in particular, polygenic scores-in many long-running longitudinal studies. Identifying and estimating statistical interactions comes with several analytic and inferential challenges; these challenges are heightened when used to integrate observational genomic and social science data. We articulate some of these key challenges, provide new perspectives on the study of gene-environment interactions, and end by offering some practical guidance for conducting research in this area. Given the sudden availability of well-powered polygenic scores, we anticipate a substantial increase in research testing for interaction between such scores and environments. The issues we discuss, if not properly addressed, may impact the enduring scientific value of gene-environment interaction studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"7 ","pages":"465-486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9455807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33461502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Signs of the End of the Paradox? Cohort Shifts in Smoking and Obesity and the Hispanic Life Expectancy Advantage 悖论结束的迹象?吸烟和肥胖的队列变化与西班牙裔预期寿命优势
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2020-08-31 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a16
J. Hook, Michelle L Frisco, Carlyn Graham
{"title":"Signs of the End of the Paradox? Cohort Shifts in Smoking and Obesity and the Hispanic Life Expectancy Advantage","authors":"J. Hook, Michelle L Frisco, Carlyn Graham","doi":"10.15195/v7.a16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v7.a16","url":null,"abstract":"Hispanics' paradoxical life expectancy advantage over whites has largely been attributed to Hispanics' lower smoking prevalence. Yet across birth cohorts, smoking prevalence has declined for whites and Hispanics, and Hispanics' obesity prevalence has increased substantially. Our analysis uses data from the 1989 to 2014 National Health Interview Survey and Linked Mortality files to investigate whether these trends could lead Hispanics to lose their comparative mortality advantage. Simulations suggest that foreign-born Hispanics' life expectancy advantage over whites is likely to persist because cohort trends in smoking and obesity largely offset each other. However, U.S.-born Hispanics' life expectancy advantage over whites is likely to diminish or disappear entirely as the 1970s and 1980s birth cohorts age due to increases in obesity prevalence and the relatively high mortality risks of those who are obese. Results have important implications for understanding the future of immigrants' health advantages and ethnic disparities in health.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"391-414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46709950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
What Age Is in a Name? 名字代表什么年龄?
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2020-08-24 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a15
S. Johfre
{"title":"What Age Is in a Name?","authors":"S. Johfre","doi":"10.15195/v7.a15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v7.a15","url":null,"abstract":"Social scientists often describe fictional people in survey stimuli using first names. However, which name a researcher chooses may elicit nonrandom impressions, which could confound results. Although past research has examined how names signal race and class, very little has examined whether names signal age, which is a highly salient status characteristic involved in person construal. I test the perceived demographics of 228 American names. I find that most strongly signal age, with older-sounding names much more likely to be perceived as white than as black. Furthermore, participants' perceptions of the age of a name poorly match with the true average birth year of people with that name, suggesting that researchers cannot simply use birth records as a proxy for perceived age. To assist researchers in name selection, I provide a set of candidate names that strongly signal a matrix of combined age, race, and gender categories.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"367-390"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42330234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Sexual Identity Disclosure among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals 女同性恋、男同性恋和双性恋者的性身份披露
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2020-08-19 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a21
Long Doan, Trenton D. Mize
{"title":"Sexual Identity Disclosure among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals","authors":"Long Doan, Trenton D. Mize","doi":"10.15195/v7.a21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v7.a21","url":null,"abstract":"Most research on sexual prejudice explicitly or implicitly assumes that an individual's sexual orientation identity is known to observers. However, there has been little large-scale survey evidence examining differential rates of disclosure among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals, and there remains much to be studied as to why and when LGB individuals choose to disclose their sexual identity to others. Using data from a nationally representative sample of LGB Americans (N=1,085), we assess the contexts and conditions under which LGB individuals disclose their sexual identities. Results show that bisexual women and men are significantly less likely to disclose their sexual identity across several important social domains, such as family and the workplace. This disclosure gap is partially explained by measures of identity commitment but surprisingly not by measures of perceived social acceptance. We discuss implications of these findings for sexuality and identity research.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48780634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
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