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Which Data Fairly Differentiate? American Views on the Use of Personal Data in Two Market Settings 哪些数据可以公平区分？美国人对在两种市场环境下使用个人数据的看法
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.15195/v8.a2
Barbara Kiviat
{"title":"Which Data Fairly Differentiate? American Views on the Use of Personal Data in Two Market Settings","authors":"Barbara Kiviat","doi":"10.15195/v8.a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v8.a2","url":null,"abstract":"Corporations increasingly use personal data to offer individuals different products and prices. I present first-of-its-kind evidence about how U.S. consumers assess the fairness of companies using personal information in this way. Drawing on a nationally representative survey that asks respondents to rate how fair or unfair it is for car insurers and lenders to use various sorts of information—from credit scores to web browser history to residential moves—I find that everyday Americans make strong moral distinctions among types of data, even when they are told data predict consumer behavior (insurance claims and loan defaults, respectively). Open-ended responses show that people adjudicate fairness by drawing on shared understandings of whether data are logically related to the predicted outcome and whether the categories companies use conflate morally distinct individuals. These findings demonstrate how dynamics long studied by economic sociologists manifest in legitimating a new and important mode of market allocation.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"8 1","pages":"26-47"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44307916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
How to Sell a Friend: Disinterest as Relational Work in Direct Sales 如何推销朋友:不感兴趣作为直销的关系工作
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2021-01-06 DOI: 10.15195/v8.a1
C. Child
{"title":"How to Sell a Friend: Disinterest as Relational Work in Direct Sales","authors":"C. Child","doi":"10.15195/v8.a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v8.a1","url":null,"abstract":"Economic sociologists agree that monetary transactions are not necessarily antithetical to meaningful social relationships. However, they also accept that creating 'good matches' between the two requires hard work. In this article, I contribute to the relational program in economic sociology by examining a common but understudied type of work in which one party to a relationship stands to benefit from it financially. I identify in these highly commercialized contexts a particular style of relational work anticipated, but not fully developed, in Pierre Bourdieu's writings: disinterest. I argue that the disinterested style is manifest by economically implicated individuals who downplay their objectively apparent economic interests in order to preserve or encourage good feelings about a relationship that is meaningful to them. Drawing upon data from the direct selling industry, I show how distributors use disinterest to navigate their work.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41636184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Still a Small World? University Course Enrollment Networks before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic 世界还是那么小?COVID-19大流行之前和期间的大学课程注册网络
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2021-01-03 DOI: 10.31235/osf.io/r3fht
Kim A. Weeden, B. Cornwell, Barum Park
{"title":"Still a Small World? University Course Enrollment Networks before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Kim A. Weeden, B. Cornwell, Barum Park","doi":"10.31235/osf.io/r3fht","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/r3fht","url":null,"abstract":"In normal times, the network ties that connect students on a college campus are an asset; during a pandemic, they can become a liability. Using pre-pandemic data from Cornell University, Weeden and Cornwell showed how co-enrollment in classes creates a “small world” network with high clustering, short path lengths, and multiple independent pathways connecting students. In this paper, we show how the structure of the enrollment network changed as Cornell, like many American colleges and universities, shifted to a hybrid instructional model with some courses online and others in person. Under this model, about half of students are disconnected from the in-person co-enrollment network. In this network, paths lengthened, the share of student pairs connected by three or fewer degrees of separation declined, and clustering increased, with a greater share of ties occurring between students in the same field. The small world became both less connected and more fragmented. (Corrected page proofs. Paper is forthcoming in Sociological Science.)","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45719274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Filial Intelligence and Family Social Class, 1947 to 2012 子女智力与家庭社会阶层，1947 - 2012
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.15195/v8.a16
Lindsay Paterson
{"title":"Filial Intelligence and Family Social Class, 1947 to 2012","authors":"Lindsay Paterson","doi":"10.15195/v8.a16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v8.a16","url":null,"abstract":": Intelligence, or cognitive ability, is a key variable in reproducing social inequality. On the one hand, it is associated with the social class in which a child grows up. On the other, it is a predictor of educational attainment, labor-market experiences, social mobility, health and well-being, and length of life. Therefore measured intelligence is important to our understanding of how inequality operates and is reproduced. The present analysis uses social surveys of children aged 10 to 11 years in Britain between 1947 and 2012 to assess whether the social-class distribution of intelligence has changed. The main conclusions are that, although children’s intelligence relative to their peers remains associated with social class, the association may have weakened recently, mainly because the average intelligence in the highest-status classes may have moved closer to the mean.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66865508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The Link between Social and Structural Integration: Co- and Interethnic Friendship Selection and Social Influence within Adolescent Social Networks 社会整合与结构整合之间的联系:青少年社会网络中的同族、异族友谊选择与社会影响
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.15195/v8.a19
Georg Lorenz, Zerrin Salikutluk, Zsófia Boda, Malte Jansen, M. Hewstone
{"title":"The Link between Social and Structural Integration: Co- and Interethnic Friendship Selection and Social Influence within Adolescent Social Networks","authors":"Georg Lorenz, Zerrin Salikutluk, Zsófia Boda, Malte Jansen, M. Hewstone","doi":"10.15195/v8.a19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v8.a19","url":null,"abstract":"Assimilation theories argue that social ties with majority-group members enhance the structural integration of ethnic minority members, whereas under certain conditions, coethnic social ties can also benefit minority members’ socioeconomic outcomes. We examine these propositions through a social network perspective, focusing on friendship networks and educational expectations in adolescence, during which peer socialization is crucial. Longitudinal data from 1,992 adolescents in 91 classrooms allow us to investigate coand interethnic social selection and social influence processes as well as their aggregated outcomes. In terms of friendship selection, we find that Turkishorigin minority adolescents in Germany have distinct preferences for friends with high educational expectations, among both coand interethnic peers. In contrast, social influence on Turkish-minority adolescents’ educational expectations is not uniform: only majority-group friends exert a significant (positive) influence. Our results emphasize that bridging social capital gained from social ties with majority-group members enhances ethnic minority adolescents’ educational integration.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66865103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Collaborative Practices in Crisis Science: Interdisciplinary Research Challenges and the Syrian War 危机科学中的协作实践:跨学科研究挑战和叙利亚战争
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.15195/v8.a22
F. Greenland, Michelle D. Fabiani
{"title":"Collaborative Practices in Crisis Science: Interdisciplinary Research Challenges and the Syrian War","authors":"F. Greenland, Michelle D. Fabiani","doi":"10.15195/v8.a22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v8.a22","url":null,"abstract":"Crises present the scientific community with unusual demands, including the need for rapid solutions. This can translate into a greatly compressed time frame that curtails data collection and analysis procedures used in “normal” science. Researchers cope with these demands, while maintaining professional standards and a personal commitment to producing reliable work, by engaging in what we call performed separations. These are practices that allow people to adopt an ethical epistemic position while operating within constrained and urgent research situations. We distill the core features and effects of performed separations in the case of experts working to study archaeological looting in wartime Syria. We look specifically at how different practices of control allow for varying degrees of separation and the production of knowledge claims. By extension, performed separations facilitate making ethical claims about one’s role in the production of research and use of findings.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66865178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Is Denmark a Much More Educationally Mobile Society than the United States? Comment on Andrade and Thomsen, "Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Denmark and the United States" (2018) 丹麦的教育流动性比美国高得多吗?评安德拉德和汤姆森:《丹麦和美国的代际教育流动》(2018)
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.15195/v8.a17
K. Karlson
{"title":"Is Denmark a Much More Educationally Mobile Society than the United States? Comment on Andrade and Thomsen, \"Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Denmark and the United States\" (2018)","authors":"K. Karlson","doi":"10.15195/v8.a17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v8.a17","url":null,"abstract":"I evaluate Andrade and Thomsen (A&T)’s (2018) study, which concludes that Denmark is significantly more educationally mobile than the United States. I make three observations. First, A&T overstate the difference in educational mobility between Denmark and the United States. Both in international comparison and compared with differences in intergenerational income mobility, A&T’s reported country differences in educational mobility are negligible. For example, whereas income mobility estimates reported in the literature differ by 300 to 600 percent between the two countries, the corresponding educational mobility estimates that A&T report differ by 10 to 20 percent. Second, I provide evidence suggesting that A&T’s use of crude categorical education measures leads them to overstate these negligible differences. Third, A&T’s empirical analyses of the U.S. data contain several statistical and data-related flaws, some so severe that they potentially undermine the credibility of their analyses. In sum, A&T’s results are perfectly consistent with the existence of a mobility paradox very similar to what Sweden–United States comparisons show: although Denmark and the United States are dissimilar with respect to income mobility, they are similar with respect to educational mobility. Understanding the nature of this paradox should be a key concern for future mobility research.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66865552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Segregated in Social Space: The Spatial Structure of Acquaintanceship Networks 社会空间中的隔离:熟人网络的空间结构
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.15195/v8.a20
Barum Park
{"title":"Segregated in Social Space: The Spatial Structure of Acquaintanceship Networks","authors":"Barum Park","doi":"10.15195/v8.a20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v8.a20","url":null,"abstract":"With deepening cleavages on several social dimensions, social fragmentation has become a major concern across the social sciences. This article proposes a spatial approach to study the segregation pattern of acquaintanceship ties across multiple social dimensions simultaneously. A Bayesian unfolding model is developed and fitted to the 2006 General Social Survey. Results suggests that the segregation pattern of reported acquaintanceship ties reflect consolidated socioeconomic inequalities. Furthermore, among the 13 analyzed social groups, gay and lesbian people were the least segregated group in 2006, implying that individuals with very different network compositions had similar probabilities to know someone who is gay or lesbian. Lastly, contradicting previous findings that ideology and religiosity segregate acquaintanceship networks to an extent that rivals race, it is found that race stands out as the dominant dimension that shapes the distribution of these relationships.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66865124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Yes, Denmark Is a More Educationally Mobile Society than the United States: Rejoinder to Kristian Karlson 是的，丹麦是一个比美国更具教育流动性的社会:对克里斯蒂安·卡尔森的反驳
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.15195/v8.a18
S. Andrade, J. Thomsen
{"title":"Yes, Denmark Is a More Educationally Mobile Society than the United States: Rejoinder to Kristian Karlson","authors":"S. Andrade, J. Thomsen","doi":"10.15195/v8.a18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v8.a18","url":null,"abstract":"In this rejoinder to Kristian Bernt Karlson (KBK), we maintain that there are substantial differences in intergenerational educational mobility between Denmark and the United States. In fact, when we include additional parental information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) for the United States, as suggested by KBK, the gap between Denmark and the United States increases. To confirm our findings, we show that the same conclusion about markedly higher educational mobility in Denmark holds when data from the General Social Survey are substituted for the NLSY97.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66865560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Rise of the Nones across the United States, 1973 to 2018: State-Level Trends of Religious Affiliation and Participation in the General Social Survey 1973年至2018年美国非信徒的崛起:宗教归属和参与综合社会调查的州级趋势
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.15195/v8.a21
D. Wiertz, Chaeyoon Lim
{"title":"The Rise of the Nones across the United States, 1973 to 2018: State-Level Trends of Religious Affiliation and Participation in the General Social Survey","authors":"D. Wiertz, Chaeyoon Lim","doi":"10.15195/v8.a21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v8.a21","url":null,"abstract":": Although there has been a fast rise in the share of Americans reporting no religion, it is unclear whether this trend has affected different parts of the country equally. Against this backdrop, we apply dynamic multilevel regression and poststratification (Dynamic MRP) to General Social Survey data over the period 1973 to 2018 to estimate state-level religious trends. We validate our estimates against external benchmarks, finding that they perform well in terms of predictive accuracy. Substantively, we find steeper increases in the share of religious nones in states that had more nones to begin with. Moreover, whereas state-level increases in the share of religious nones are strongly linked to declines in occasional church attendance and moderate religious identification, the associations with trends in regular attendance and strong identification are much weaker. States have thus not only diverged in their share of religious nones but also experienced different degrees of religious polarization.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66865154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
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