Sleep最新文献

{"title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism prevents coronary microvascular dysfunction in intermittent hypoxia independent of blood pressure.","authors":"Mohammad Badran, Abdelnaby Khalyfa, Chastidy A Bailey, David Gozal, Shawn B Bender","doi":"10.1093/sleep/zsae296","DOIUrl":"10.1093/sleep/zsae296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study objectives: </strong>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH), and is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality that may not be reduced by standard therapies. Inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system occurs in IH, and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockade has been shown to improve vascular outcomes in cardiovascular disease. Thus, we hypothesized that MR inhibition prevents coronary and renal vascular dysfunction in mice exposed to chronic IH.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Human and mouse coronary vascular cells and male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to IH or room air (RA) for 12 hours/day for 3 days (in vitro) and 6 weeks with or without treatments with spironolactone (SPL) or hydrochlorothiazide (HTZ).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In vitro studies demonstrated that IH increased MR gene expression in human and mouse coronary artery endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Exposure to IH in mice increased blood pressure, reduced coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR), attenuated endothelium-dependent dilation, and enhanced vasoconstrictor responsiveness in coronary, but not renal arteries. Importantly, SPL treatment prevented altered coronary vascular function independent of blood pressure as normalization of BP with HTZ did not improve CFVR or coronary vasomotor function.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These data demonstrate that chronic IH, which mimics the hypoxia-reoxygenation cycles of moderate-to-severe OSA, increases coronary vascular MR expression in vitro. It also selectively promotes coronary vascular dysfunction in mice. Importantly, this dysfunction is sensitive to MR antagonism by SPL, independent of blood pressure. These findings suggest that MR blockade could serve as an adjuvant therapy to improve long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with OSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":22018,"journal":{"name":"Sleep","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142855285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Museum-based sleep education: development and evaluation of pop-up exhibits for children and families.","authors":"Michael K Scullin, Claire LeBlanc, Andri J Cruz, April Love, Kaleigh Reid, Kyle Gray, Elise King, Dayna A Johnson, Lauren Hale, Lesa Bush, Charles Walter","doi":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf101","DOIUrl":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study objectives: </strong>Museums are informal learning environments that attract people of all ages, but their potential for providing sleep education is underexplored. We developed interactive pop-up exhibits on sleep and investigated whether they effectively engaged museum visitors, improved sleep-related attitudes, and broadened perceptions of scientists.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Activities were prototyped from 2016 to 2022, and then systematically evaluated across 11 events at a medium-sized museum. Pop-up exhibits included face-to-face interactions with sleep-research trainees, professional signage, video displays, visual icebreakers (inflatable dinosaur fitted to a CPAP mask), handouts (e.g. multilingual sleep tips, stickers, brain-shaped stress balls), and interactive activities to learn about polysomnography (magnetic \"electrodes,\" 3D-printed brain). Museum staff conducted qualitative evaluations and recorded the frequency and duration of visitor interactions for sleep exhibits and comparison exhibits. A subset of adult visitors completed surveys to inform acceptability, efficacy, and perceptions of scientists.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1336 people visited the sleep exhibits (32% of total museum visitors), which significantly exceeded size- and location-matched comparison exhibits (12%). Visitors interacted for twice as long with the sleep exhibits relative to comparison exhibits. Survey respondents indicated that they would recommend the exhibit to a friend, that their prioritization of sleep increased, and that they intended to change their sleep habits. More than half of visitors reported scientists as being friendlier and/or more demographically diverse than they previously believed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pop-up museum exhibits show promise as a method to improve sleep prioritization and may have the potential to challenge stereotypes of scientists in local communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":22018,"journal":{"name":"Sleep","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of time-restricted eating on actigraphy-derived sleep parameters: post hoc analysis of a randomized, isocaloric feeding study.","authors":"Daisy Duan, Luu V Pham, Jonathan C Jun, Ruth-Alma Turkson-Ocran, Scott J Pilla, Jeanne M Clark, Nisa M Maruthur","doi":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf089","DOIUrl":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study objectives: </strong>Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a novel dietary intervention targeting weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors. The impact of TRE on sleep patterns remains under-explored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a post hoc analysis of a parallel-arm, controlled feeding trial in 41 adults with obesity and prediabetes/diabetes, randomized to TRE (08:00 am-06:00 pm) or usual eating pattern (UEP; 08:00 am-12:00 am) for 12 weeks. We objectively determined sleep-wake patterns from 7-day wrist actigraphy data obtained at baseline and week 12. From this data, we derived total sleep time (TST) and sleep midpoint over a 24-hour period, sleep onset/offset, and sleep continuity measures. We used paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed rank tests to compare data between baseline and week 12 within intervention arms and Mann-Whitney U tests or Wilcoxon signed rank tests to compare changes between intervention arms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>38 participants (20 UEP; 18 TRE; 93% of those randomized in the parent trial) with adequate actigraphy data (mean age 59.6 ± 7.3 years, 92% female, 92% Black, mean BMI 36.3 ± 4.7 kg/m2) were analyzed. Compared to UEP, TRE increased TST by 55 minutes (p = .03). TRE shifted sleep midpoint to 44 minutes earlier, from 03:24 am to 02:40 am (p = .01), while UEP maintained the same sleep midpoint at 03:15 am. Sleep onset shifted from a median of 12:22 am to 11:52 pm in TRE (p = .03) while it remained stable in UEP (p = .97). There were no differences in sleep offset and sleep continuity within and between intervention arms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TRE increased sleep time and caused earlier sleep onset compared to UEP, revealing how the timing of eating may affect sleep timing and duration.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial: </strong>The Time Restricted Intake of Meals Study (TRIM). URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03527368?tab=history&a=4.</p><p><strong>Registration: </strong>NCT03527368.</p>","PeriodicalId":22018,"journal":{"name":"Sleep","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intermittent hypoxia and spironolactone: a match made in vessels?","authors":"Jonathan C Jun","doi":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf019","DOIUrl":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22018,"journal":{"name":"Sleep","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143011936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of REM and NREM sleep by preoptic glutamatergic neurons.","authors":"Alejandra Mondino, Amir Jadidian, Brandon A Toth, Viviane S Hambrecht-Wiedbusch, Leonor Floran-Garduno, Duan Li, A Kane York, Pablo Torterolo, Dinesh Pal, Christian R Burgess, George A Mashour, Giancarlo Vanini","doi":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf141","DOIUrl":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The preoptic area of the hypothalamus is key for the control of sleep onset and sleep homeostasis. Although traditionally considered exclusively somnogenic, recent studies identified a group of preoptic glutamatergic neurons that promote wakefulness. Specifically, our previous investigations demonstrated that chemogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic neurons within the medial-lateral preoptic area (MLPO_VGLUT2) promotes wakefulness, fragments non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMs), and suppresses REM sleep (REMs). This evidence is further supported by recent work showing that preoptic glutamatergic neurons are activated during microarousals that fragment sleep in response to stress, and optogenetic stimulation of these neurons promotes microarousals and wakefulness. Thus, while the wake-promoting function of MLPO_VGLUT2 is clear, their role in sleep homeostasis has not been assessed. We tested the hypothesis that MLPO_VGLUT2 are wake-active, and their activation will increase wakefulness and disrupt sleep homeostasis via projections to arousal-promoting systems. Using fiber photometry, we found that MLPO_VGLUT2 were highly active during REMs, wakefulness, and brief arousals, and remained minimally active during NREMs. Chemogenetic stimulation of MLPO_VGLUT2 inhibited REMs onset-independent of NREMs fragmentation produced by simultaneous hypothermia-and suppressed the REMs homeostatic response after total sleep deprivation. Chemogenetic inhibition of MLPO_VGLUT2 increased REMs time (during the light phase only) but did not influence REMs and NREMs homeostasis. Anterograde projection mapping revealed that MLPO_VGLUT2 innervates central regions that promote wakefulness and inhibit REMs. We conclude that MLPO_VGLUT2 powerfully suppresses REMs and that exogenous-and possibly pathologic-activation of these neurons disrupts REMs recovery, presumably by directly or indirectly activating REMs-inhibitory mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":22018,"journal":{"name":"Sleep","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12417019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations in sleep duration and timing: weekday and seasonal variations in sleep are common in an analysis of 73 million nights from an objective sleep tracker.","authors":"Hannah Scott, Bastien Lechat, Kelly Sansom, Lucia Pinilla, Jack Manners, Andrew J K Phillips, Duc Phuc Nguyen, Sebastien Bailly, Jean-Louis Pepin, Pierre Escourrou, Ganesh Naik, Peter Catcheside, Danny J Eckert","doi":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf099","DOIUrl":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study objectives: </strong>Irregular sleep is a major risk factor for adverse health. In a global sample with technology-enabled long-term objective sleep data spanning 3.5 years, we investigated variability in sleep duration and timing over weekdays, months, seasons, and years.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Registered users of an FDA-cleared under-mattress sleep sensor who had ≥28 nights of sleep recordings and averaged ≥4 nights per/week between January 2020 and September 2023 were included for analyses. Generalized nonlinear fixed effects models were used to assess associations between sleep duration and sleep timing with weekday, month, season, and year. Sub-group analyses were conducted by age, sex, and location.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 116 879 adults (90 333 males, 26 546 females) aged 49 ± 14 years were analyzed. Weekday variation was observed, with 20-35 minutes longer sleep duration on weekends versus weekdays. Time to bed and time out of bed were 30-40 minutes and 60-80 minutes later on weekends, respectively. Seasonal variation in sleep duration was also evident; sleep duration was 15-20 minutes longer during winter in the northern hemisphere, 15-20 minutes shorter during summer in the southern hemisphere, and variations reduced closer to the equator. Sleep duration decreased from 2020 to 2023 but the effect was small (2.5 minutes).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These novel findings underscore the seasonal nature of human sleep, influenced by demographics and geography.</p>","PeriodicalId":22018,"journal":{"name":"Sleep","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12417015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144017900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: 0710 The Differential Impact of Respiratory Event Scoring Rules on Healthcare Disparities in Sleep Medicine.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf211","DOIUrl":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf211","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22018,"journal":{"name":"Sleep","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144837765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of chronic sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and its interaction with abstinence from opioid use.","authors":"Carol A Everson, Aniko Szabo, Christopher M Olsen, Breanna L Glaeser, Hershel Raff","doi":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf107","DOIUrl":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study objectives: </strong>The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is critical in regulating responses to physiological and psychological disturbances. Chronic sleep restriction (SR) interacts with the HPA axis in ways that are poorly delineated. The present study evaluated how chronic SR alters pituitary and adrenal function. Chronic SR was studied both alone and in a model of opioid use disorder as a potential cause of HPA axis abnormalities during abstinence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After established self-administration of oxycodone or a saline control, male and female rats were either chronically sleep-restricted or allowed to sleep ad libitum for five weeks to permit changes in phenotype to manifest. Tests of pituitary and adrenal function were then carried out using acute CRH and dexamethasone-ACTH stimulation testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sexual dimorphisms were prominent in the effects of chronic SR on the HPA axis which did not vary by prior opioid exposure. There were essentially no abnormalities in the HPA axis that were due to prior opioid exposure alone. In male SR rats, basal corticosterone concentrations decreased, ACTH responses to stimulation were enhanced, and ACTH suppression by dexamethasone was reduced. In female SR rats, the corticosterone response to CRH-stimulated ACTH release peaked early. Both male and female SR rats consumed more food relative to body weight than comparison rats, indicating homeostatic disruption that is known to require HPA axis mediation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Chronic SR interferes with HPA axis dynamics in sexually dimorphic ways that are expected to differentially affect SR-induced pathophysiology and disease risks. Chronic SR caused the HPA axis abnormalities observed during abstinence, providing a biological linkage between two hypothesized risk factors in vulnerability to drug taking and relapse that demonstrate sexual dimorphisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":22018,"journal":{"name":"Sleep","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12417021/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144014441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep deprivation and dendritic architecture: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Alvin T S Brodin, Franziska Liesecke, Julia Spielbauer, Tobias E Karlsson","doi":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf146","DOIUrl":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sleep is a well-conserved behavior, yet the functions of sleep remain uncertain and controversial. The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis proposes a central role for sleep, predicting that global synaptic strength increases after sleep deprivation (SD). Many studies have found changes in neuronal architecture following SD, but findings vary widely. This study provides the first systematic review of the effects of SD on dendritic architecture. We searched MEDLINE and Web of Science for rodent studies which reported dendritic spine density and/or dendritic length after SD compared to control. A total of 5090 records were screened, yielding 30 full texts for this meta-analysis. Studies were individually small and suffered from poor reporting regarding handling of data. Variability in structural measures was high between studies, indicating substantial methodological differences. We therefore developed a protocol for quality assessment of SD and spine/dendrite analysis, which can serve as framework for future studies. We also simulated experiments based on the included studies and showed that small sample sizes result in an overestimation of effect sizes. We conclude that current evidence does not support an effect from 24 hours or less of SD on dendritic structure. Chronic SD protocols of 72 hours or longer causes a decrease in Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1), both in spine density and dendritic length, but it remains unclear whether this is a result of sleep loss or protocol-induced stress. This study provides a valuable overview of a field marked by conflicting findings, and clarifies which issues prevent robust conclusions from being drawn. Further progress in this field requires more robust handling of multi-level data, clearer guidelines on dendritic structure measurements and substantially higher-powered studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":22018,"journal":{"name":"Sleep","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12417018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144216994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic Value of Obstructive Sleep Apnea And Role of CPAP Treatment in the Incidence of Hypertensive Crisis.","authors":"Grace Oscullo, Thais Beaperthui, Jose Daniel Gómez-Olivas, Marina Anglés, Sergio Mompeán, Rosalía Martínez, Manuel Sánchez-de-la-Torre, David Gozal, Miguel Angel Martinez-Garcia","doi":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf140","DOIUrl":"10.1093/sleep/zsaf140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study objectives: </strong>Hypertensive crises (HC) are not usually included in studies on the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, our objective is to analyze the relationship between untreated OSA, treatment with CPAP and the incidence of HC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective study of 1,021 individuals recruited for clinical suspicion of OSA. Sleep parameters, medical history and HC were recorded during follow-up. HC was considered by the presence of SBP/DBP > 180/110 mmHg respectively in patients with compatible symptoms or damage of a target organ. Subjects were divided into three groups: (a) AHI ≤ 15;n = 401 (control group), (b) OSA treated with CPAP with good adherence; n = 362, and (c) AHI > 15 events/h with initial refusal of or non-compliance with CPAP treatment, n = 249.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the median follow up (16 [IQR: 13.7-17.8]) months, there were 58 incident HC events (7 the non-OSA group, 15 in the OSA group with good tolerance to CPAP, and 36 in the moderate-severe OSA group without/poor adherence to CPAP. Forty-six had arterial hypertension. In the survival analysis, those patients with moderate-to-severe OSA without CPAP had a fully adjusted risk of 2.91 (95%CI: 1.97-5.78; p < 0.001), with the CPAP-treated group showing no evidence of increased HC risk (HR 1.12; p:NS) compared to the control group. Among hypertensive subjects, the relationship between moderate-to-severe untreated OSA and the risk of HC was greatly enhanced: HR 7.22 (CI: 2.81-12.5; p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Untreated/non adherent to CPAP patients with moderate-to-severe OSA are at significantly higher risk of incident HC, particularly if they suffer from hypertension. Treatment with CPAP has a favorable effect by reduces the HC risk to control levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":22018,"journal":{"name":"Sleep","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144133117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}