Sergius Dell, Ivan Abakumov, Pavel Znak, Dirk Gajewski, Boris Kashtan, Andrey Ponomarenko
{"title":"On the role of diffractions in velocity model building: a full-waveform inversion example","authors":"Sergius Dell, Ivan Abakumov, Pavel Znak, Dirk Gajewski, Boris Kashtan, Andrey Ponomarenko","doi":"10.1007/s11200-019-0733-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-019-0733-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Imaging of small-scale heterogeneities is important for the geological exploration in complex environments. It requires a processing sequence tuned to high-resolution model building. Conventional methods which use refractions or reflections might face problems in resolving small-scale features since they are visually close to the resolution of the reflection images. Additional information or an unconventional technology, which supports the reflection imaging, is thus of great interest. An unconventional method based on seismic diffractions naturally complements specular reflection imaging. Diffracted waves represent a direct seismic response from small-scale subsurface heterogeneities, such as inclusions with a characteristic size of the prevailing wavelength, or discontinuities in geological interfaces, such as faults and fractures. We investigate the rule of diffracted part of the wavefield on velocity model building using a full-waveform inversion (FWI) example. In order to best acknowledge refracted and reflected parts of the wavefield in FWI, we chose a synthetic data example which mimics the ocean-bottom nodes acquisition survey as it provides almost perfect conditions for FWI of diving waves, a standard tool for high-resolution model building. We show, that FWI using diving waves produces a well-resolved anomaly. Including other part of the wavefield, reflected waves, further improves the resolution of the velocity anomaly but also leads to a gentle overfitting due to missing illumination from the very steep anomaly flanks. Considering diffracted events in FWI improves the model resolution even further resulting in a detailed velocity model and correctly imaged anomaly in both vertical and lateral directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":22001,"journal":{"name":"Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica","volume":"63 4","pages":"538 - 553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11200-019-0733-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4563894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Determination of the local tidal parameters for the Borowiec station using Satellite Laser Ranging data","authors":"Marcin Jagoda, Miłosława Rutkowska","doi":"10.1007/s11200-019-0726-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-019-0726-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The values of regional tidal parameters h<sub>2</sub>, l<sub>2</sub> associated with the tidal variations of ground stations were estimated for the Polish Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) station Borowiec using SLR data. The study is based on satellite observations taken by the global network of ground stations during the period from January 1, 1999 until January 1, 2019 for monthly orbital arcs of the satellites LAGEOS-1 and LAGEOS-2. The adjusted regional values for h<sub>2</sub> equalling 0.7308 ± 0.0008 and l<sub>2</sub> equalling 0.1226 ± 0.0003 are discussed and compared with the nominal values of h<sub>2</sub> and l<sub>2</sub> given in the the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) standards and with other estimations of these parameters. Furthermore, the influence of the tidal parameters changes on estimation of the Borowiec station coordinates in the ITRF2014 reference frame was investigated. The analysis was carried out in two variants. The first one consisted in the determination of the Borowiec station coordinates with the use of the nominal values of the tidal parameters: h<sub>2</sub> = 0.6078 and l<sub>2</sub> = 0.0847 (IERS recommended values). In the second one, the Borowiec station coordinates were determined using the local tidal parameters estimated in this paper (h<sub>2</sub> = 0.7308 ± 0.0008 and l<sub>2</sub> = 0.1226 ± 0.0003). The differences between X, Y ,Z for Variant 1 and Variant 2 are ?3.5, 3.3 and 4.2 mm, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":22001,"journal":{"name":"Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica","volume":"63 4","pages":"509 - 519"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11200-019-0726-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4234788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Topographic effects up to gravitational curvatures of tesseroids: A case study in China","authors":"Xiao-Le Deng, Wen-Bin Shen","doi":"10.1007/s11200-018-0772-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-018-0772-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Topographic effects on gravity field modeling are important for geodesy, geophysics and related geosciences. In this study we evaluate the gravitational effects of tesseroids in spherical coordinates, including the gravitational potential (GP), gravity vector (GV), gravity gradient tensor (GGT) and especially the gravitational curvatures (GC). With the adaptive discretization stack-based algorithm by Gauss-Legendre quadrature approach, the optimized distance-size ratio values (D) of the GC components are analyzed. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the difference percentage values of the GC components (e.g., V<sub>xxz</sub>, V<sub>yyz</sub> and V<sub>zzz</sub>) are larger at the range of D ∈ [0; 10] compared to those of the GP, GV and GGT components (i.e., V, V<sub>z</sub>, V<sub>zz</sub>). Different distance-size ratio values D = 6, 7, 14, 30, 35, 41 and 50 for the GC component V<sub>zzz</sub> are recommended to reach the 0.1% threshold error at corresponding computational heights 260, 150, 50, 10, 8, 6 and 4 km. Moreover, the forward modeling for the gravitational effects up to GC of tesseroids based on the ETOPO1 model in China is investigated. The GC functionals could help to extend the knowledges of interior structures of the Earth and other planetary objects.</p>","PeriodicalId":22001,"journal":{"name":"Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica","volume":"63 3","pages":"345 - 366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11200-018-0772-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4923025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Suitable gravity interpolation technique for large data gaps in Africa","authors":"Hussein A. Abd-Elmotaal, Norbert Kühtreiber","doi":"10.1007/s11200-017-0545-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-017-0545-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The gravity database for the IAG African Geoid Project contains significantly large data gaps. These large data gaps affect the interpolation precision of the reduced gravity anomalies needed for the determination of the gravimetric geoid for Africa. Our aim is to develop a suitable interpolation technique that can be used for a proper gravity interpolation within large data gaps. A gap of 10° × 5° in the latitude and longitude directions, respectively, located at the high lands of Ethiopia has been artificially created within the gravity data set for Africa. The rest of the data set has been used to interpolate the gravity values at the gap points; then a comparison between the interpolated and the actual data values at the artificial data gap has been carried-out to determine the accuracy of the used interpolation technique. The unequal weight least-squares prediction (with the optimum curvature parameter at the origin) with an underlying grid at the gap areas computed by the satellite-only GO CONS GCF 2 DIR R5 model till degree and order 300, has been proposed as the developed interpolation approach. For comparison purpose, the Kriging interpolation technique has also been tested. Both the classical residual terrain modeling reduction and the window technique, suggested earlier by the authors to get rid of the double consideration of the topographic-isostatic masses within the data window in the framework of the remove-restore technique, have been used for the reduction process. A comparison between the data and interpolated values of the gravity at the gap points has been carried out. The results show that the developed interpolation technique gives better interpolation accuracy at the artificial data gap.</p>","PeriodicalId":22001,"journal":{"name":"Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica","volume":"63 3","pages":"418 - 435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11200-017-0545-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4070115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Using magnetic susceptibility measurements to differentiate soil drainage classes in central Iran","authors":"Majid Gholamzadeh, Shamsollah Ayoubi, Fatemeh Sheikhi Shahrivar","doi":"10.1007/s11200-018-0679-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-018-0679-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We examine the potential of magnetic susceptibility measurements to discriminate different soil drainage classes in the Gandoman region, central Iran. Four soil drainage classes, comprising poorly drained (PD), somewhat poorly drained (SPD), moderately well drained (MWD) and well drained (WD), were identified, and a total number of 48 soil profiles were excavated and studied. The soil samples were collected from all studied profiles from the genetic horizons individually. Magnetic susceptibility was measured at both low (0.46 kHz) and high (4.6 kHz) frequencies. The crystallized and amorphous iron forms were also measured using citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite solution and oxalate-ammonium extracts, respectively. The highest magnetic susceptibility was observed in WD soils, whereas the lowest susceptibility was observed in PD soils. The results of the predictor models developed by discriminate analysis showed that the use of magnetic susceptibility and iron forms could correctly predict about 90.9, 78.6, 85.7 and 88.9% of all profiles in WD, MWD, SPD and PD classes, respectively. Overall, the results indicate that magnetic susceptibility could be applied as a marker for the discrimination of drainage classes in the study area. Magnetic susceptibility is thus a quickly accessible and low-cost indicator for soil drainage classes for landownerships and subsequent analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":22001,"journal":{"name":"Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica","volume":"63 3","pages":"465 - 484"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11200-018-0679-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4067736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Response of the electron density profiles to geomagnetic disturbances in January 2005","authors":"Rumiana Bojilova, Plamen Mukhtarov","doi":"10.1007/s11200-019-0510-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-019-0510-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ionospheric response to geomagnetic storms is usually investigated by considering the variability of the critical frequency of the F2-layer (foF2) or the total electron content (TEC) because these two parameters are directly measured by the ionosonde stations and the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). In the present paper, however, the reaction is explored by using the vertical profiles of the electron density, N(h), reconstructed by manually scaled ionosonde measurements at the station Sofia (42.4°N, 23.2°E). The mid-latitude ionosheric response to three geomagnetic storms that occurred in January 2005 is presented as this period has been selected because no major sudden stratospheric warming occurred during this month, and the winter 2005 is given in the literature as an example of a “normal” year. Hence the observed ionospheric response to the considered geomagnetic storms can be attributed mainly to the external forcing. Besides the traditional parameters foF2 and TEC, a particular attention is paid to the variability of the peak electron density height (hmF2). This study reveals for the first time that the main contribution to the response of the midlatitude ionosphere to moderate/intense winter geomagnetic storms is associated with significant enhancements of short-period quasi-diurnal oscillations with period of 6–7 hours observed in both foF2 and hmF2. An explanation of the main mechanisms responsible for the distortion of the diurnal ionospheric variability during these storms is offered. This result is especially important for the ground-based HF radio communications.</p>","PeriodicalId":22001,"journal":{"name":"Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica","volume":"63 3","pages":"436 - 454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11200-019-0510-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4086980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An optimized method to transform the Cartesian to geodetic coordinates on a triaxial ellipsoid","authors":"Cheng Chen, Shaofeng Bian, Songlin Li","doi":"10.1007/s11200-018-0589-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-018-0589-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A general triaxial ellipsoid is suitable to represent the reference surface of the celestial bodies. The transformation from the Cartesian to geodetic coordinates on the triaxial ellipsoid becomes an important issue in geodesy. In the literature, the vector iterative method and the Newton’s iterative method for solving the nonlinear system of equations or an algebraic fraction equation is applied to compute the geodetic coordinates, but may lead to the non-convergence regions. In this work, the universal algorithm including the Newton’s iterative solutions of an algebraic sextic equation for the points outside the equatorial plane and the analytic solutions for the points inside the equatorial plane are used to compute the geodetic coordinates. The numerical experiments show the algorithm is fast, highly accurate and well convergent. The algorithm is valid at any point inside and outside the celestial bodies including the points near the celestial bodies’ center and in the singular elliptical disc.</p>","PeriodicalId":22001,"journal":{"name":"Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica","volume":"63 3","pages":"367 - 389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11200-018-0589-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4087090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Robustness of Msplit(q) estimation: A theoretical approach","authors":"Robert Duchnowski, Zbigniew Wiśniewski","doi":"10.1007/s11200-018-0548-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-018-0548-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>M<sub>split(q)</sub> estimation is a development of M-estimation which is based on the assumption that a functional model of observations can be split into q competitive ones. The main idea behind such an assumption is that the observation set might be a mixture of realizations of different random variables which differ from each other in location parameters that are estimated. The paper is focused on the robustness of M<sub>split(q)</sub> estimates against outlying observations. The paper presents derivatives of the general expressions of the respective influence functions and weight functions which are the main basis for theoretical analysis. To recognize the properties of M<sub>split(q)</sub> estimates in a better way, we propose considering robustness from two points of view, namely local and global ones. Such an approach is a new one, but it reflects the nature of the estimation method in question very well. Thus, we consider the local breakdown point (LBdP) and the global one (GBdP) that are both based on the maximum sensitivities of the estimates. LBdP describes the mutual relationship between the “neighboring” M<sub>split(q)</sub> estimates, whereas GBdP concerns the whole set of the estimates and describes the robustness of the method itself (in more traditional sense). The paper also presents GBdP with an extension, which shows how an outlier might influence M<sub>split(q)</sub> estimates. The general theory proposed in the paper is applied to investigate the squared M<sub>split(q)</sub> estimation, the variant which is used in some practical problems in geodesy, surveying, remote sensing or geostatistics, and which can also be applied in other geosciences.</p>","PeriodicalId":22001,"journal":{"name":"Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica","volume":"63 3","pages":"390 - 417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11200-018-0548-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4084459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sabah Ramouz, Yosra Afrasteh, Mirko Reguzzoni, Abdolreza Safari, Abdoreza Saadat
{"title":"IRG2018: A regional geoid model in Iran using Least Squares Collocation","authors":"Sabah Ramouz, Yosra Afrasteh, Mirko Reguzzoni, Abdolreza Safari, Abdoreza Saadat","doi":"10.1007/s11200-018-0116-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-018-0116-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aim of this study is to determine an accurate geoid model for Iran based on the Least Squares Collocation method in the framework of the Remove — Compute — Restore technique. In areas suffering from a lack of homogeneous and accurate gravity anomaly data, as is the case of Iran, the choice of the most compatible global gravity model has a significant impact on the estimated form of the geoid. Different combined and satellite-only global gravity models were therefore analyzed for Iran, and EIGEN6C4 was selected as the best one. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission height model was used for the residual terrain correction. The covariance modeling, a crucial step in the Least Squares Collocation method, was based on two strategies. In the first, the study area was divided into four sub-areas, and then an individual empirical covariance was computed and a covariance model fitted to each of them. In the second, an empirical covariance was computed using all terrestrial gravity data, and a unique covariance model was fitted to it. Despite some border effects, the former strategy showed slightly better performance according to the resulting statistics, and therefore it was preferred for the estimation of the geoid model called IRG2018. To remove the offset of IRG2018 with respect to GNSS/Leveling-derived geoid heights, two alternative approaches were tested: subtracting a fitting polynomial surface or directly using the GNSS/Leveling data as an input to the IRG2018 computation process. Evaluation of the results, based on an independent control set of approximately half of available GNSS/Leveling points, showed an advantage of the latter approach, with an estimated accuracy of about 20 cm in terms of RMS.</p>","PeriodicalId":22001,"journal":{"name":"Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica","volume":"63 2","pages":"191 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11200-018-0116-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5051107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jan Klimeš, Edmundo Norabuena, Josef Stemberk, Miloš René
{"title":"Transient compression fault slip detected within andesitic rocks of the Casma Group, Lima, Peru","authors":"Jan Klimeš, Edmundo Norabuena, Josef Stemberk, Miloš René","doi":"10.1007/s11200-018-2912-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-018-2912-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A fault slip within the ?a?a tunnel Lima, Peru has been monitored since 2012. The data are recorded using an optical-mechanical 3D extensometer, capable of providing very precise long-term three-dimensional measurements of relative displacement across discontinuities. The ?a?a tunnel has an extremely stable environment and cannot possibly be affected by gravitationally-induced mass movements. The host rock of the tunnel is an aphanitic hornblende-bearing basaltic trachyandesite. Several fault and fracture zones detected in the tunnel represent the major discontinuities of the broader surrounding of the monitored site. The recorded fault slip on the NNW-SSE and E-W striking fracture and fault, with inclinations of 76° to WSW and 78° to N respectively, appoint to compressional event (discontinuity contraction) with a maximum horizontal compression stress axis oriented approximately WSW to ENE corresponding to the direction of the Nazca and South America plates convergence. This event resulted in an aseismic slow fault slip between July 2012 and May 2013. The anticipated compression orientation matches the previously published in-situ stress measurements and fault plane solutions, as well as GPS measurements of the movements of the corresponding part of the Peruvian coast. Nevertheless, the presented monitoring results reflect only short-term fault slip dynamics and need to be considered with caution, even though they correspond to the overall tectonic activity driven by continental subduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":22001,"journal":{"name":"Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica","volume":"63 2","pages":"257 - 272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11200-018-2912-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5493317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}