Steroids最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the short-term stability of 6α-chloro-testosterone, 6β-bromo-androstenedione and 6-oxo-androstenedione in dimethylsulfoxide and methanol using liquid and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry.","authors":"Dayamin Martínez Brito, Patrizia Leogrande, Xavier de la Torre, Francesco Botrè","doi":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This work studied the short-term stability of 6α-chloro-testosterone (6-CT), 6β-bromo-androstenedione (6-BrAED) and 6-oxo-androstenedione (6-oxo-AED) in methanol (MeOH) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solutions by gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Solutions of 6-CT, 6-BrAED and 6-oxo-AED were prepared in MeOH and DMSO. They were stored at room temperature, +4°C and -20 °C. Measurements were made at 0, 7, 30, 60 and 90 days after solutions preparation, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Although the degradation of 6-CT and 6-BrAED was extensive, the most notable result was that the higher degradation occurred in DMSO instead of MeOH. The interaction of DMSO with halogenated species and secondary hydroxyl groups favored the degradation of these compounds by forming chemically related species. No degradation of 6-oxo-AED in either MeOH or DMSO was observed. Pronounced degradation of the 6-CT and 6-BrAED, during the derivatization reaction for the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was observed. Because of the acidic condition of the reaction and depending on the reactant, it was favored the loss of the halogen molecule or the dehydration reaction to form the unsaturated (Δ6) steroid derivative. Our finding suggests to take duly into account the possibility of degradation processes when performing quantitative determination of 6-CT, 6-BrAED and 6-oxo-AED by chromatographic-spectrometric techniques based on the use of reference solutions stored for sufficiently long times.</p>","PeriodicalId":21997,"journal":{"name":"Steroids","volume":" ","pages":"109597"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143606530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial diterpenoids from Rosmarinus officinalis","authors":"Qing-Jiang Xu ,&nbsp;Jia-Chen Liu ,&nbsp;Jia Xu ,&nbsp;Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Ya Shang ,&nbsp;Jiachen Zi","doi":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three new diterpenoids, 12,16-epoxy-11-hydroxy-17(15 → 16)-<em>abeo</em>-abieta-8,11,13-trien-7-one (<strong>1</strong>), 7,12-dihydroxy abieta-6,8,10(5),11,13-quien-20-oic acid 1,20-lactone (<strong>2</strong>), labda-5(10),13(<em>E)</em>-dien-15-ol (<strong>11</strong>), one new natural product (2<em>E</em>,6<em>E</em>)-3,7-dimethyl-9-[(1<em>S</em>,6<em>R</em>)-1,2,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enyl]nona-2,6-dien-1-ol (<strong>16</strong>) and thirteen known compounds were isolated and elucidated from the excellent antimicrobial active fractions of <em>Rosmarinus officinalis</em> ethanol extract. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by spectral data analysis and combined with literature reports. Among them, monocyclic diterpenoids (<strong>16</strong> and <strong>17</strong>) were discovered from rosemary for the first time. All isolated compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against four strains (<em>B. subtilis, S. aureus</em>, <em>P. aeruginosa</em>, and <em>Fusarium spp</em>.), with six compounds showing very strong inhibitory activity against <em>B. subtilis</em> and four compounds showing strong inhibitory activity against <em>P. aeruginosa</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21997,"journal":{"name":"Steroids","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 109589"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"17β-estradiol delays cardiac aging through suppressing the methylation of Beclin1 in a murine model","authors":"Lili Ye ,&nbsp;Ruiyan Wang ,&nbsp;Jun Zhao ,&nbsp;Jingrong Chen ,&nbsp;Feng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Cardiac endogenous senescence will gradually change and aggravate with age. Recent research showed that 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), an estrogen with numerous biological activities including the prevention of vascular senescence. However, how 17β-E2 against cardiac aging is still unknown. This work addressed the underlying mechanism with regard to Beclin1 and autophagy activity to better understand the anti-senescent effect of 17β-E2 on a well-established animal model of cardiac aging.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>In this study, an aging model in female mice was established using <span>d</span>-galactose and ovariectomy. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography, RNA-seq was performed to analyze the gene expression profiles of myocardial tissues from 17β-E2 treated mice. Additionally,The levels of Beclin1, LC3, <em>P</em>62, and ATG5 in myocardial tissues were assessed using qPCR and Western blotting. Methylation levels of the Beclin1 promoter region in myocardial tissues were determined by MSP and BSP.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings demonstrated that cardiac aging mice treated with 17β-E2 had improved heart function. 17β-E2 restored EF(increase 1.25-fold) and FS(increase 1.2-fold) to near-normal levels. By RNA-sequencing and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analysis, the autophagy signaling pathway was further enriched in the myocardial tissue of cardiac aging mice treated with 17β-E2, and we also discovered that 17β-E2 suppress the methylation of Beclin1 promoter region, which mediate the activation of autophagy signal.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Overall, our data showed that 17β-E2′s anti-senescent effect on cardiac aging mice was mediated by the crucial suppression of methylation in the Beclin1 promoter area and subsequent activation of the autophagy signal, which may present a possible therapeutic approach to prevent cardiac aging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21997,"journal":{"name":"Steroids","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 109587"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical study of the pyridyl-cholestane formation pathway using DFT: A stepwise mechanistic approach","authors":"Kamlesh Sharma,&nbsp;Priyanka","doi":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The reaction mechanism of the formation of pyridyl-cholestane derivative <strong>4</strong> from a multi-component reaction involving cholestane-6-one, aromatic aldehyde, malononitrile, and ammonium acetate in presence of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) as catalyst, was studied successfully by using DFT calculations. The mechanism involved condensation, cyclization, and aromatization steps which were investigated successfully theoretically. The theoretical calculations of physicochemical parameters, including Gibbs free energy, frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), dipole moments, and hardness, of all the intermediates and transition states molecules. The study revealed the formation of key intermediates and transition states, with detailed analysis of their stability and electronic structures.</div><div>The reaction pathway begins with the formation of enamine <strong>I</strong> and α,β-unsaturated nitrile <strong>II</strong>, followed by Michael addition to produce intermediate <strong>B</strong>. The cyclization of <strong>A</strong> to intermediate <strong>B</strong>, which has the highest activation energy barrier was identified as slowest and the rate-determining step. The following steps, including cyclization (<strong>B</strong> to <strong>C</strong>) and proton transfer (<strong>C</strong> to <strong>D</strong>), exhibit progressively lower activation barriers and enhanced stability. Theoretical analysis indicates that the reaction is thermodynamically favorable, as the product is more stable than the initial reactants.</div><div>This study highlights the mechanistic insights contributing to the understanding of multi-component reactions in organic synthesis involved effectiveness of MgO NPs as a heterogeneous catalyst in enabling the efficient synthesis of pyridyl-cholestane derivative 4.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21997,"journal":{"name":"Steroids","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 109575"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New hydroxylated metabolite derived from the microbial biotransformation of 11α-acetoxyprogesterone by the endophytic fungus Phyllosticta sp. 16L1 and its cytotoxic activity","authors":"Mufeda Ahmed Hazea Gazaem ,&nbsp;Wan Nurul Nazneem Wan Othman ,&nbsp;Syed Adnan Ali Shah ,&nbsp;Mustapha Salihu ,&nbsp;Azeana Zahari ,&nbsp;Siti Hajar Sadiran ,&nbsp;Fatimah Salim","doi":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biotransformations catalysed by microbes are promising approach for producing a vast library of structurally diverse chemical molecules with applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The biotransformation of 11α-acetoxyprogesterone (<strong>1</strong>) by <em>Phyllosticta</em> sp. 16L1 has not been previously reported. In this study, the biotransformation of 11α-acetoxyprogesterone (<strong>1</strong>) was performed for the first time using the <em>Phyllosticta</em> sp. 16L1 strain. After an 8-day fermentation period, a new biotransformation metabolite, named as 11α-acetoxy-16α-hydroxyprogesterone (16α-hydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-11α-yl acetate) (<strong>2</strong>) was isolated from the culture broth, along with its known isomer, 11α-acetoxy-15α-hydroxyprogesterone (<strong>3</strong>). The structure determination of the biotransformed products relied on comprehensive spectroscopic data, encompassing 1D and 2D-NMR, as well as LCMS analyses. The cytotoxic activity of the two biotransformed metabolites was assessed against selective human cancer cell lines, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), and lung adenocarcinoma (A549). The results demonstrated that both metabolites <strong>2</strong> and <strong>3</strong> exhibited cytotoxic effects on the evaluated cell lines. Metabolite <strong>2</strong> showed stronger cytotoxic potential, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 6.65 to 27.75 μM, while metabolite <strong>3</strong> displayed lower potency, with IC₅₀ values between 38.20 and 162.53 μM. Notably, both metabolites exhibited minimal toxicity towards the normal liver Chang cells. Molecular docking studies were conducted to predict the binding modes and affinities of the metabolites against two targets (PDB: 5EM8 and 6V6O), both in 2D and 3D representations, with binding energies ranging from −8.5 to −7.2 kcal/mol. The results revealed that metabolites <strong>2</strong> and <strong>3</strong> interacted with key clinically significant amino acid residues, Lys745 and Met793, through conventional hydrogen bonding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21997,"journal":{"name":"Steroids","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 109584"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143537733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and discovery of novel heteroaryl substituted pregnenolone derivatives as potent anti-neuroinflammatory agents targeting LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells","authors":"Siqi Xu ,&nbsp;Ling Fang ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Cai ,&nbsp;Shuopo Fang ,&nbsp;Huide Zhu ,&nbsp;Fei Lin ,&nbsp;Xiaorui Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new family of steroidal compounds based on a heteroaryl-4,5-dihydropyrazole thiazolinone core structure was designed and synthesized through structural modifications. The anti-neuroinflammatory activity of these compounds was evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine microglial BV-2 cells <em>in vitro</em>. Among the synthesized compounds, <strong>10b</strong> and <strong>10d</strong> effectively inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production, with compound <strong>10b</strong> emerging as the most potent anti-neuroinflammatory agent (IC₅₀ = 2.05 μM). Compound <strong>10b</strong> demonstrated significantly greater inhibitory effects than progesterone (<strong>prog</strong>) (IC₅₀ = 3.23 μM) and reduced NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, compound <strong>10b</strong> attenuated the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). It also inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Mechanistic studies revealed that compound <strong>10b</strong> significantly suppressed the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in activated microglial cells and prevented NF-κB p65 activation and IκBα degradation. These effects were likely mediated by the inhibition of c-Jun <em>N</em>-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. Additionally, molecular docking studies suggested that the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of compound <strong>10b</strong> may result from its hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions with iNOS and COX-2, supporting its proposed mechanism of action. In summary, these findings suggest that compound <strong>10b</strong> exerts anti-neuroinflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells by modulating key inflammatory pathways, including NF-κB and MAPK signaling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21997,"journal":{"name":"Steroids","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 109588"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of genes implicated in non-obstructive azoospermia","authors":"Junwei Wang ,&nbsp;Shuhui Wang ,&nbsp;Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Jinfei Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is the most common cause of male infertility, accounting for approximately 60 % of azoospermia cases. In recent years, gene mutations have emerged as the primary factor under investigation for the etiology of NOA. Therefore, finding the cause and pathogenesis of NOA at the genetic level has become one of the current research hotspots. Genetic analysis of NOA patients revealed that gene mutations primarily concentrate in protein-coding regions and non-coding RNAs, predominantly occurring in cases of non-obstructive azoospermia. Hence, understanding the relationship between these gene mutations and NOA can not only provide new ideas for treatment, but also provide a theoretical basis for revealing the pathogenesis of NOA. This article comprehensively reviews recent advancements in identifying genes that are intricately associated with azoospermia. These results will provide meaningful guidance for the future development of NOA-targeted therapeutic drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21997,"journal":{"name":"Steroids","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 109583"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Steroids from the mushroom Ganoderma shandongense and their AChE inhibitory activities","authors":"Yaqin Huo ,&nbsp;Shiyuan Ma ,&nbsp;Xihan He ,&nbsp;Yuxi Wang ,&nbsp;Haisheng Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigation of the solid culture of <em>Ganoderma shandongense</em> led to the isolation of 15 compounds, including one new steroid (compound <strong>1</strong>) and fourteen known ones (compounds <strong>2</strong>–<strong>15</strong>). Their structures were determined via extensive the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses and quantum chemical calculations. Compounds <strong>3</strong>, <strong>9</strong>, and <strong>14</strong> exhibited inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 29.4, 29.4 and 33.2 µM, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were undertaken to elucidate the interaction mechanisms between the compounds and the amino acid residues of AChE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21997,"journal":{"name":"Steroids","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 109574"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling binding interactions between methasterone and bovine serum albumin (BSA): A spectroscopic and computational study","authors":"Sahar Khurshid ,&nbsp;Saima Rasheed ,&nbsp;Sven Falke ,&nbsp;Malik Shoaib Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, binding interactions between methasterone and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were analyzed using spectroscopic techniques and molecular docking. UV absorption spectroscopy showed the formation of a ground-state complex between methasterone and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Thermodynamic parameters from fluorometric analysis indicated that the hydrogen bonding and van der Waal forces were the main interacting forces between the complex and the reaction was found to be spontaneous. Molecular docking further validated it. Nano differential scanning fluorimetry showed the protein was found to be more thermally stable in the presence of methasterone. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed slight reduction in the helicity after binding with methasterone suggesting conformational changes to promote binding. As no prior information exists on the binding interactions between methasterone and BSA, this study provides insights into methasterone-BSA interactions, which can serve as a foundation for future investigations into its pharmacological properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21997,"journal":{"name":"Steroids","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109573"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143473027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of betulinic acid on MepA efflux pump inhibition in Staphylococcus aureus: Antibacterial and molecular study","authors":"Camila Aparecida Pereira da Silva ,&nbsp;Nara juliana Santos Araújo ,&nbsp;Cícera Datiane Morais Oliveira-Tintino ,&nbsp;José Maria Barbosa Filho ,&nbsp;Gabriel Gonçalves Alencar ,&nbsp;José Bezerra de Araújo-Neto ,&nbsp;Josefa Sayonara dos Santos ,&nbsp;Juliete Bezerra Soares ,&nbsp;Carolina Bandeira Domiciano ,&nbsp;Davi Antas e Silva ,&nbsp;Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho ,&nbsp;Jacqueline Cosmo Andrade-Pinheiro","doi":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infections caused by pathogenic bacteria have been responsible for a significant number of deaths in recent decades. Invasive infections caused by <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> are highly prevalent and have high morbidity and mortality rates. Faced with the increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria, a promising strategy is the development of adjuvant molecules that enhance the effects of antibiotics, such as efflux pump inhibitors. Betulinic acid (BA) is a pentacyclic triterpene of the lupane type, found in various plant species, which has shown various pharmacological activities, including antibacterial potential. This study investigated the inhibitory action of BA on the MepA efflux pump in strains of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> K2068, as well as carrying out fluorescence and membrane permeability tests. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using the broth microdilution method. Subsequently, their effects on efflux pump-mediated antibiotic resistance were evaluated by reducing the MIC of the antibiotic and ethidium bromide (EtBr), while fluorimetry and permeability potential tests were carried out using the SYTOX Green fluorescence method. BA did not show intrinsic antibacterial activity, however it showed synergistic effects when associated with the antibiotics ciprofloxacin and ethidium bromide, inducing a reduction in MIC and indicating inhibitory effects on the MepA efflux pump. BA also induced a significant increase in fluorescence and demonstrated the ability to permeabilize the bacterial membrane. The results obtained show that BA has a high potential to act as an efflux pump inhibitor and could help in the treatment of resistant bacterial infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21997,"journal":{"name":"Steroids","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109572"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143415358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}