South African Journal of Chemical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Advanced machine-learning frameworks for predicting malachite green adsorption onto superparamagnetic-activated carbon derived from Spathodea campanulata flowers","authors":"Sujesh Sudarsan,&nbsp;Ramesh Vinayagam,&nbsp;Raja Selvaraj","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.11.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.11.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This investigation introduces a comprehensive machine-learning (ML) scheme for accurately predicting the uptake of the cationic dye Malachite Green (MG) onto superparamagnetic activated carbon derived from <em>Spathodea campanulata</em> flowers. Batch adsorption experiments data covering a wide range of solution pH, sorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, contact time, and temperature were used to compare four predictive models: multiple linear regression (MLR), artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and support vector machine (SVM). Pearson correlation analysis revealed contact time as the dominant positive factor influencing adsorption capacity (Q_e). Among MLR variants, the interaction-linear model achieved the best fit (R² = 0.8901). SVM with a medium Gaussian kernel improved accuracy substantially (R²= 0.9577). ANN delivered similarly strong predictive power (overall R² =0.9672) by learning complex multidimensional patterns. ANFIS emerged as the most robust and generalizable model, achieving R² = 0.9683 with the lowest mean squared error (0.0098), root mean squared error (0.0992), and mean absolute error (0.0311). Sensitivity analysis of the optimized ANFIS confirmed the primacy of contact time (56.8 %), followed by initial concentration (33.2 %), dosage (3.6 %), temperature (3.3 %), and pH (3.1 %). This integrated experimental–computational approach offers a scalable, data-driven strategy for designing magnetically recoverable adsorbents and optimizing dye remediation in complex wastewater matrices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 244-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles with (001) preferential plane for photovoltaic performance in DSSC","authors":"Paulina Vargas-Rodriguez ,&nbsp;Carolina Silva-Carrillo ,&nbsp;Brenda Alcantar-Vazquez ,&nbsp;Rosa-María Félix-Navarro ,&nbsp;Rosalío Velarde-Barraza ,&nbsp;Edgar-Alonso Reynoso-Soto","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.10.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we report the effect of temperature in the preparation of TiO₂ nanoparticles with spherical and quasi-octahedral shapes and a modulated surface area ranging from 103 to 245 m² g^-¹ using the peptization-hydrothermal method without porosity, size and shape controlling agents; varying the temperature to achieve particle sizes of 9 to 20 nm and porosities from 32 to 120 Å. It was observed that photovoltaic parameters were also modified. The TiO₂ samples were characterized by XRD, BET, TEM, DRS, TGA, and I-V curves. The increase in synthesis temperature correlates with particle and pore size, as well as a reduction in surface area. However, when the synthesis temperature was 210 °C, the surface area decreased by 42 %. The TiO₂ samples were used to prepare ethyl cellulose pastes for fabricating thin-film photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The photovoltaic results showed that the sample prepared at 180 °C exhibited the most suitable textural properties and crystalline orientation for DSSC applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 72-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process design and performance analysis of a narrow-tubes circulating fluidized bed with a double-heat exchanger riser","authors":"Emad A.M. Abdelghani,&nbsp;Abdulwahab Aljuhani","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Operating at high temperatures, highly exothermic catalytic reactors require high transfer rates and safer operating conditions to achieve high performance. Fixed beds, moving bed contractors, normal and even usual design assembly of circulating beds, cannot provide large areas suitable for extremely high heat transfer rates. This study presents a novel design of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB). The designed Narrow Tubes Circulating Fluidized Bed (NTCFB) was constructed and tested in cold-model experiments. The riser column of NTCFB consists of mainly two heat exchanges. A double concentric pipe heat exchanger in the bottom attached directly to the plenum and a shell-and -tube heat exchanger at the top that has a bundle of 69 narrow tubes with 6 mm inside diameter. The hydrodynamics behavior in the NTCFB was investigated, where experiments were carried out to examine the flow characteristics and hydrodynamic behavior of the NTCFB in terms of several operating parameters such as the pressure drop across the grid and the top shell-and-tube riser in the absence and the presence of bed particles. Very small pressure drops across the grid and top riser were noticed at high gas velocities as high as 8.0 m/s. Pressure drops were found to be &lt;2.0 % of the atmospheric pressure for the two parts of the NTCFB. Besides, Gas-solid flow behavior was investigated in terms of solid circulation rates in the NTCFB. Fluidization runs smoothly without pressure fluctuations for large bed particles up to 2.5 kg loading, irrespective of gas velocity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 428-438"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the effects of Maz Nitro additive on engine performance and emissions","authors":"Pham Van Trong ,&nbsp;Vinh Nguyen Duy ,&nbsp;Hoang Dinh Long ,&nbsp;Nguyen Minh Thang","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive experimental investigation into the effects of Maz-Nitro additives (Maz 100 for gasoline and Maz 200 for diesel) on engine performance, fuel consumption, emissions, and material compatibility under both laboratory and road test conditions in Viet Nam. The research utilized A92 gasoline with Maz-Nitro 100, composed of 65%-90% base Maz ingredients and 10%-35% OGA-72012 (a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons and microelements), and 0.05% S diesel with Maz-Nitro 200, composed of 65%-90% original Maz ingredients and 10%-35% Di-tert Butyl Peroxide (improved ether oil). The test fuels were blended with Maz-Nitro according to standard procedures and evaluated using chassis dynamometers, constant volume sampling (CVS) systems, and real-world driving cycles. Parameters examined included brake power, fuel consumption, exhaust emissions (CO, HC, NOₓ, CO₂), lubricant degradation, and wear of key engine components. Results showed that Maz 100 significantly reduced CO (65.53%) and HC (27.22%) emissions and improved fuel economy by 9.8%, albeit with increased NOₓ and CO₂. Conversely, Maz 200 achieved simultaneous reductions in CO, HC, NOₓ, and CO₂ by 34.82%, 20.93%, 22.22%, and 6.93%, respectively, alongside an 8.2% reduction in fuel consumption. Additionally, the additives did not increase engine component wear, highlighting their potential for sustainable automotive applications by enhancing performance and reducing environmental impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 405-416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Brunfelsia americana Leaf Extract: Isotherm, Kinetics, Thermodynamic Insights and Reusability into Malachite Green Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions","authors":"Md.Rajibul Akanda,&nbsp;Md. Foysal Hasan,&nbsp;Md. Al-Amin","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the eco-friendly approach for synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using <em>Brunfelsia americana</em> leaf extract as a novel bioreductant, serving dual roles as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The influence of solvent type, calcination conditions, and extract concentration on nanoparticle formation was systematically explored to optimize synthesis efficiency. A distinct color change and a UV–visible absorption peak near 360 nm confirmed the formation of ZnO NPs. Structural and morphological analyses using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX revealed the presence of surface functional groups, a predominantly spherical shape, particle sizes ranging from 35 to 50 nm (average ∼45 nm), elemental composition, and a crystalline hexagonal wurtzite phase with a crystallite size of 36.09 nm and the specific surface area was calculated to be 29.63 m²/g (XRD / crystallite-based estimate). The prepared ZnO NPs were evaluated for their ability to adsorb malachite green (MG) dye from aqueous solutions. Optimal adsorption occurred under the conditions: pH_ZPC of 7.48, solution pH of 8.0, initial dye concentration of 30 mg/L, nanoparticle dosage of 0.3 g/L, contact time of 210 min and agitation speed of 300 rpm. Under these parameters, a maximum dye removal efficiency of 93.89% and an adsorption capacity of 9.39 mg/g were achieved. Reusability assessments showed efficiencies of 85.59% and 78.33% in the first and second cycles, respectively. Adsorption data aligned well with the Freundlich isotherm (R² = 0.9998) and Ho’s pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R² = 0.9958). Thermodynamic findings indicated physisorption as the dominant mechanism. Overall, the green-synthesized ZnO NPs demonstrate significant potential as a low-cost, sustainable adsorbent for dye removal, particularly in resource-limited regions such as Bangladesh.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 11-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145340931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental validation and multi-criteria decision optimization of parameters in gas hydrate-based desalination","authors":"Sirisha Nallakukkala ,&nbsp;Abdulrab Abdulwahab Almashwali ,&nbsp;Bhajan lal ,&nbsp;Yaman Hamed ,&nbsp;Jagadish Ram Deepak Nallakukkala","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gas hydrate-based desalination (GHBD) is a promising technology for sustainable water treatment, yet its practical implementation is often hindered by the slow kinetics and complexity of optimizing multiple process parameters. This study develops a robust decision-making framework using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to identify optimal conditions specifically volume, pressure, and stirring speed that enhance water recovery (WR) and moles of gas consumed. Experimental data were evaluated through MCDA based ranking methods to assess parameter performance. The results indicate that for CO₂ hydrate formation, the optimal conditions, 500 mL, at 3.0 MPa, provided a highest rank of 93 and stirring speed of 450 rpm with a rank of 32, produced a WR of 50%. In contrast, for CO₂+<em>C</em>₃H₈ hydrate systems in treating produced water (PW), at 2.0 MPa yielded the best performance with a highest rank of 39 and a WR of ∼60%. Unlike previous GHBD studies that primarily focus on feasibility and experimental characterization, this work introduces the first systematic MCDA based optimization framework for GHBD and provides experimentally validated optimal operating conditions. These findings highlight the importance of precise parameter selection and confirm the effectiveness of MCDA in guiding decision making for GHBD. This work introduces the first MCDA based framework for systematically optimizing operating parameters in GHBD. It uniquely shows that MCDA can reliably identify optimal CO₂ and CO₂ + <em>C</em>₃H₈ hydrate conditions, WR, efficient scalable desalination strategies, supporting long term environmental sustainability. and scalability of GHBD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 389-397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication and characterization of biocomposites from acetylated and bleached Agave atroverance L. fibers by grafting of styrene to enhance their thermomechanical, physicochemical, and morphological properties: A new approach","authors":"Md. Mahmudur Rahman ,&nbsp;Md. Shamim Reza ,&nbsp;Mohd. Maniruzzaman","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2026.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modification of natural fiber is very crucial to reduce their hydrophilic nature, in addition to enhancing their overall thermomechanical, physicochemical, and morphological properties. Thus, the modified natural fibers could be beneficially used to fabricate a new class of multifunctional biocomposites that should have a suitable agreement with the sustainable environmental development. Here, in this current work, acetylation and bleaching techniques were used to modify the extracted <em>Agave atroverance</em> L. fibers (AALF), and finally, a conspicuous method of modification, namely grafting of styrene monomer to fabricate multifunctional biopolymeric composites. While the grafting process was carried out onto the preliminary modified (both bleached and acetylated) fiber by using potassium persulphate (K₂S₂O₈) and ammonium persulphate (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ as initiator beneath the catalytic sway of ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄.7H₂O) in aqueous media to develop their overall strength, properties, and performances. Notably, the observed values of grafting yield were about 89.57 % and 94.86 % for bleached grafted and acetylated grafted AALF fiber, respectively. However, the raw, modified, and grafted biopolymeric specimens were characterized by conducting some state-of-the-art instruments like FTIR spectroscopy, SEM analysis, TGA, DTA, and DTG techniques. Additionally, the mechanical properties were investigated by conducting universal testing machine (UTM), which deals with tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation/ductility. The obtained results suggested that the newly fabricated composites possess outstanding physicochemical, thermomechanical, and morphological properties due to the successful graft copolymerization. The maximum tensile strengths were observed around 179.39 and 173.10 MPa for the acetylated grafted and bleached grafted fibers. Thus, they could be beneficially used in various engineering/industrial sectors for sustainable environmental performance as a replacement for hazardous petroleum-based synthetic/conventional ones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 586-604"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing cooling tower efficiency using ammonium persulfate (APS) as a thermal performance additive","authors":"Ekhlas A. Salman ,&nbsp;Nawar S. Rasheed ,&nbsp;Shaymaa A. Ahmed ,&nbsp;Hasan F. Makki","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the influence of Ammonium Persulfate (APS) solutions at varying concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mol/L) on the thermal performance of counterflow cooling towers. It focuses on their effects on outlet water temperature, air heat gain, humidity variation along the tower height, and overall thermal range. Experimental findings demonstrate that the APS solution markedly enhances cooling performance by expanding the cooling range by up to 25 %, lowering the approach temperature by as much as 3C, and boosting thermal efficiency. APS shows superior performance under higher inlet water temperatures and variable environmental conditions. At a concentration of 1 mol/L, particularly within the temperature range of 50–45C, the efficiency increases by 17.6 %, rising from 72.81 % to 85.69 %. The enhancement in heat transfer is attributed to three synergistic mechanisms: increased evaporation due to reduced surface tension, enhanced latent heat absorption through mild endothermic decomposition, and the strong agreement between a physics-based heat and mass transfer model and the experimental data. These results confirm the viability of APS as an efficient, practical, and scalable additive for optimizing cooling tower performance across a wide range of operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 398-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of MnO2/γ-Al2O3 catalysts for catalytic ozonation of phenolic wastewater","authors":"Made Ayu Saraswati ,&nbsp;Wibawa Hendra Saputera ,&nbsp;Edlyn Lafina ,&nbsp;Dwiwahju Sasongko","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phenolic compounds in industrial wastewater pose significant environmental and health risks due to their toxicity and persistence. This study develops MnO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts for catalytic ozonation and examines how HNO₃ surface modification and calcination temperature influence γ-Al₂O₃ properties and catalytic performance. The optimized catalyst (MA-25-700-4 %) achieved the highest phenol degradation efficiency (92.23 %) with the fastest reaction rate (k = 0.0450 min⁻¹), outperforming catalysts prepared from unmodified commercial γ-Al₂O₃. Enhanced surface area, mesoporosity, and well-dispersed MnOx species promoted efficient ozone activation through the Mn(IV)/Mn(III) redox cycle, facilitating •OH radical generation. The catalyst also demonstrated good reusability over three catalytic ozonation cycles, with only a moderate decrease in reaction rate (k, reduced by ∼31 % from cycle 1 to cycle 3), confirming structural stability and sustained catalytic activity. These findings highlight the importance of controlled support modification and optimized Mn loading in engineering high-performance MnO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts for advanced treatment of phenolic wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 417-427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrate removal from simulated wastewater by electrocoagulation: Impact of operating parameters on removal efficiency and energy consumption","authors":"Sata Kathum Ajjam ,&nbsp;Marwa Abd Aljaleel ,&nbsp;Basheer Hashem Hlihl ,&nbsp;Hameed Hussein Awlan","doi":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajce.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study concerns the electrocoagulation (EG) process that is used to remove nitrate from simulated wastewater within an electrochemical cell containing a monopolar aluminium four-electrode. There are four effected parameters were chosen as a controllable variable; initial pH, applied potential, electrolysis time, and distance between electrodes, while there to responses were investigated under effect of these variables; nitrate removal efficiency and energy consumption (EC), so the new in this work is the using of four aluminium exchangeable electrodes and the investigation four operation parameters on nitrate removal and energy consumption efficiency as well as the optimization for the system. The range for the chosen studied variables is as follows: 7-11,2-10 volts,30-90 minutes, and 1-3 cm for initial pH, applied potential, electrolysis time, and distance between electrodes, respectively. The results show that nitrate removal efficiency ranged between 79.9 and 93.0 %, where the analysis variation (ANOVA) analysis shows that the electrolysis time is the most significance parameter was effect on the nitrate removal efficiency due to its highest F-value, and followed in effect by distance between electrode, applied potential, and initial pH according to their F-values 29.57, 14.38, and 3.86 for distance between electrodes, applied potential, and initial pH respectively. The energy consumption (EC) results ranged between 1.89- and 6.45 kW hr. m^-3. On the other hand, the maximum nitrate removal efficiency is 94.84 % at the optimum conditions at 11, 4.66 volts, 90 minutes, and 1 cm for initial pH, applied potential, electrolysis time, and distance between electrodes correspondingly, while the minimum value for the EC is 0.0508 kW hr. m^-3 at 7 initial pH solution, 4.26 volt applied potential, 30 minutes electrolysis time, and 1 cm distance between electrodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21926,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145340930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}