International Journal on Biological Sciences最新文献

{"title":"EMPLOYMENT OF INDIRECT DOT-ELISA FOR THE DETECTION OF ANTI-PARAMPHISTOMUMEPICLITUM ANTIBODIES IN RUMINANTS","authors":"S. S. Hassan","doi":"10.53390/ijbs.v11i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53390/ijbs.v11i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Paramphistomosis is one of the major parasitic diseases causing heavy economic losses to livestock production. Diagnosis of disease in early stage is very important for minimizing the losses through effective treatment. The conventional methods of diagnosis such as detection of eggs in faeces by sedimentation and floatation techniques have limitations while modern serology based tests like enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay requires well equipped laboratory. The immature and adult Paramphistomumepiclitum were collected from rumen of slaughtered goat and\u0000buffaloes in slaughterhouses fromBareilly, Delhi, Dehradun and Ludhiana. Collected parasites were thoroughly washed in normal saline and processed separately for antigen preparation. Parasites were homogenized in 0.1M PBS pH=7.4, sonicated in Soniprep-150 for 8 min (4 cycles of 2 min each) and centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 15 min at 4C. The supernatant obtained was filtered through 0.22m Millex–GV filter (Millipore, France) and stored in small aliquots of 0.5 ml each at -20C to be used as somatic antigen for ELISA test. Sera were collected at monthly interval from rabbits immunized by somatic P. epiclitum antigen for determining the titre variation with time and for Dot-ELISAtests. Indirect Dot-ELISA was standardized using antigen concentration ranging from 5μg/μl – 10ng/μl and goat anti-rabbit HRPO conjugate dilutions. P. epiclitum antigen was used for coating nitro cellulose membrane (NCM) pad on combs for DotELISA and kept overnight at 4˚C. The combs were then incubated in 3% lactogen in PBS, pH=7.4, at 37˚C for 1 hr for blocking the non-specific antigen binding sites. Subsequently, the combs were incubated in rabbit anti-P. epiclitum sera in dilution range 1:50 – 1: 90000 at 37˚C for 1 hr followed by three washings in PBS of 2 min each. The combs were then\u0000incubated in goat anti-rabbit HRPO conjugate at 37˚C for 1 hr again followed by 4 washings in PBS of 2 min each. The combs were then incubated in substrate 3, 3'- Diamino-benzidine hydrochloride (5 mg/10 ml PBS + 10μl 0.06% H O ) for 2 2\u00005- 15 min. Development of dark brown spot indicated positive reaction after using various control. The optimum antigen concentration was found to be 100ng/μl and optimum conjugate dilution was found to be 1:500. Anti-sera collected from\u0000rabbits at the interval of 30 and 60 days showed a maximum titre of 1:40,000.\u0000The experimentally infected sheep sera were taken at weekly interval from four sheep, which were examined against adult somatic P. epiclitum antigen following concentrations 50-75 ng/µl and conjugate dilution 1:500 to 1:1000 and sera dilution at 1:600 and 1:800. Sheep sera showed reaction after 2 weeks post infection. A total of 200 sera samples were examined by indirect Dot-ELISA. Overall percent positive incidence rate was recorded to be 33 percent. The highest percent positivity (38.66%) was found in buffaloes followed by 31.7% in sheep, 26.66% in cattle and 25% in goats. In the\u0000present study, a r","PeriodicalId":219235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Biological Sciences","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132371711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RAISING EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF PARAMPHISTOMOSIS IN SHEEP UNDER LABORATORY CONDITION","authors":"S. S. Hassan","doi":"10.53390/ijbs.v12.i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53390/ijbs.v12.i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Snails, the intermediate host are the transmitter of trematode infection in ruminants in the endemic areas of Punjab. Under DST-SERC-FAST-Track project(DST, GOI, New Delhi), the survey was conducted mainly in ponds, bank of the River Satluj and Beas its surrounding temporary water bodies, ditches, impoundments, near by tube well sand paddy fields in Ludhiana, Hoshiarpur Kapurthala and Amritsar district of Punjab. A total of 701 snails were collected, and seven species were identified as Indoplanorbis exustus, Gyraulus convexiusculus, Lymnaealuteola, L. auricularia, Bellamya (Vivipara)\u0000bengalensis, Corbicula striatella, and Thiara tuberculata. Out of the total collected snails, 365, 4, 165, 127, 16 and 24 were contributed by I. exustus, G. convexiusculus, Lymnaeasp., B. bengalensis, C. striatella and T. tuberculata respectively. Snails like I. exustus, G. convexiusculus and Lymnaeasp were found to be most prominent in ditches,\u0000impoundments, nearby tube wells and paddy fields which play a very important role in the transmission of most pathogenic diseases like paramphistomosis and schistosomosis in ruminants respectively. The other snails were recorded to be common in bank of the River Satluj and its surrounding temporary water bodies. I. exustusan intermediate host of Paramphistomum spp. were kept in different batches individually in glass tubes as per Leiper's glass tube technique. Snails in bulk were also kept in beaker, surgical tray, earthenpots and petridishes with coloured poly then estrips to harvest\u0000metacercariae. Polythene strips of different colour, green, yellow and pink were used for the encystment of cercariae. These strips were stuck to the inner surface of the petridishes, beakers and surgical tray. Various encystment materials like water plants; lettuce and itsit (Trienthemagovinda) leaves were used. It was observed that maximum attraction of cercariae was towards itsit leaves followed by green and yellow polythene strips. Very few cercariae were also encysted onthe wall of the containers. 185 individuals of I. exustuswere found to be shedding cercariae with the prevalence rate of\u000055.89%. The cercariae were identified ascerearia of Paramphistomum epiclitum. The collected metacercariae were used for raising the infection in sheep. A total of 12,040 metacercariae was collected from185 infected snails (I. exustus) and kept in polyvinyl tubes (stored at 4°C). These metacercariae were given orally to two sheep for raising paramphistome infection under experimental condition. The animals were subjected with 4000 metacercariae to each sheep. The grass with encysted metacercariae was also collected from thefields for feeding to sheep. Faecal samples examined\u0000microscopically and found positive for paramphistome eggs after 135 days post infection. The experiments confirm the transmission of paramphistome infection in sheep. This disease is highly pathogenic and there is a need to formulate\u0000control and preventive measures for the betterment o","PeriodicalId":219235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Biological Sciences","volume":"15 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133755076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INNOVATIVE EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EXTRACTION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS FROM NATURAL SOURCES","authors":"B. R. Kuber, D. Sravya, I. Theja","doi":"10.53390/ijbs.v13i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53390/ijbs.v13i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Due to their established health benefits, phytochemicals such as phenolics, carotenoids, sterols, and alkaloids are becoming more and more popular. However, some of these phytochemicals may not be amenable to typical extraction techniques. Examples of innovative methods include supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave extraction (MWE), pulsed electric field (PEF), highpressure processing (HPP), and ultrasonic extraction (UE), and ohmic heating (OH). Supercritical fluid extraction is one of the methods that is most often researched and has already found commercial use for number of products. The most used supercritical fluid for agricultural products is carbon dioxide. Additionally growing, and already having commercial uses, is microwave extraction. By using electromagnetic radiation to quickly and uniformly heat the matrix, this technique produces extractions with high quantities of phytochemicals and few impurities. Despite current interest in pulsed electric fields, which have several benefits over thermal treatments, their usage is still limited to a small number of industrial units. Ohmic heating occurs when alternating current is sent through the matrix, heat is produced bysample's electrical resistance discharging. Low-frequency electrical energy is demonstrated to promote the extraction of phytochemicals since it dissipates into heat quickly and uniformly. High-pressure processing has potential to improve diffusion, increase mass transfer and cell permeability, and maintain food quality. HPP reduces negative effects of heat while greatly enhancing texture. HPP employs high pressures and moderate temperatures in comparison to traditional extraction techniques. With the employment of a combination of cutting-edge technologies that will enable the production of high-quality phytochemicals with little degradation, future of phytochemical extraction is undoubtedly brigh","PeriodicalId":219235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Biological Sciences","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124865050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HYDROBIOLOGY OF PANDEY TAAL, A WETLAND OF GONDA DISTRICT, U.P., INDIA","authors":"M. Sinha, S. Srivastava","doi":"10.53390/ijbs.v12i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53390/ijbs.v12i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"The physico-chemical condition of water plays a vital role in the aquatic ecosystem. The various physico-chemical parameters of water of Pandey Taal have been studied during July, 2019 to June, 2020 to find out its impact on planktonic population and fish culture. The authors recorded that water temperature ranges from 11.8-35.8ᵒC, transparency ranges from 27.6-37.8 cm, pH ranges from 7.0-8.8, dissolved oxygen ranges from 6.2-8.6 ppm, free carbon dioxide ranges from 15.2-28.8 ppm, total alkalinity ranges between 130.0 and 290.0 ppm, total hardness ranges between 75.0 and 120 ppm, nitrate ranges between 1.03 and 1.21 ppm and phosphate ranges from 1.00-1.05 ppm. The physico-chemical conditions were found suitable for fish culture.","PeriodicalId":219235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Biological Sciences","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124051756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INVERSION MODEL TO DERIVE SHALLOW WATER DEPTH OVER PIROTAN REEF, GULF OF KACHCHH REGION, INDIA","authors":"M. Arora, S. S. Hassan, Brijendra Pateria","doi":"10.53390/ijbs.v11i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53390/ijbs.v11i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Remote sensing technology has ability to monitor bio-optical properties of ocean water surrounding the reef. Coral reefs are usually found in relatively shallow and clear waters surrounding the continents and island. The objective of this study to derive shallow water depth in coral reef environment over Pirotan reef, Gulf of Kachchh region using hyperspectral imagery. Hyperspectral sensor is one of the best options to study the coral reef environment. A semianalyticalmethodutilizeshyperspectral remote sensing data to retrieve water depth. Semi-analytical method are the most recent developing methods in shallow water remote sensing. The image of derived water depth has found ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 m. The spatial variation of model water depth has been found different over the reef because of their uneven morphological structure. The water model output of water depth is compared closely with data acquired during field survey over the reef and the root mean square (rms) error was calculated. The correlation coefficient values has been\u0000observed around 0.86.","PeriodicalId":219235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Biological Sciences","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115224843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMPACT OF THE SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATIONS OF CYPERMETHRIN TOXICITY ON NITROGEN METABOLISM IN FRESH WATER FISH HETEROPNEUSTES FOSSILIS","authors":"R. Sulthana","doi":"10.53390/ijbs.v12.i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53390/ijbs.v12.i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide (C H Cl NO ) that has shown effective impact of strong pesticidal 22 19 2 3 activity observed in Heteropneustes Fossils, a fresh water fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of cypermethrin in different tissues liver, gill, and muscle for 4 and 7 seven days. The enzyme activity of Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH) was increased all the tissues especially in liver and gill. Significant change might be attributed to tissue change under toxic stress in Heteropneustes fossils. The increased levels of Urea and Ammonia also noticed indicate remarkably the role as biomarkers of cypermethrin toxicity. And the raise in Ammonia as well as urea levels indicates the concentration and tissue dependent which in turn helps to assess the impact of synthetic pyrethroids on the fish. The changes in Ammonia and Urea levels is often be reflected in nitrogen metabolism and interdependent biochemical reactions.","PeriodicalId":219235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Biological Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125742814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A RAPID SURVEY OF AVIFAUNAL DIVERSITY IN AND AROUND SANKEY TANK, BENGALURU","authors":"Dakshin V. John, M. Jayashankar","doi":"10.53390/ijbs.v11i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53390/ijbs.v11i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Sankey Tank is located in the western part of Bengaluru near Malleshwaram and Sadashivanagar. Urbanization is a cause for the decline of species of birds in the city and certain places such as Sankey Tank. Thirty five species of birds were identified, 21 species were terrestrial birds and 14 species were waterbirds. The total species counts of terrestrial birds were 271 in number and the total counts of the waterbird species were 73 in number, adding up to a total 344 species counts. The counts of the House Crow and Blue rock Pigeon was explained and how best to control their population.","PeriodicalId":219235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Biological Sciences","volume":"452 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124190822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DIVERSITY OF FISHES INHABITING THE BENDSURA RESERVOIR OF BEED, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA","authors":"Sirsat P.B.","doi":"10.53390/ijbs.v13i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53390/ijbs.v13i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Reservoir serves as potential water body of water which also harbors coveted bio-resources that sustain animal life. Fish is a potential bioresource for nutrition and offers workplaces for people. The present investigation intended to study the fish diversity in Bendsura reservoir along with threats and their possible conservation measures. The study revealed the occurrence of 25 freshwater fish species which belong to 17 genera under 12 families and 6 orders. The present investigation showed that Bendsura reservoir possesses rich biodiversity but proper conservation measures are required to maintain its sustainability. There is a need for the conservation of fish diversity in this reservoir. The present status of Bendsura reservoir in the study area may only be improved by preparation and strict enforcement of proper wildlife legislation for aquatic biota.","PeriodicalId":219235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Biological Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126882087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INCREDIBLE CAPPARIS DECIDUA (FORSK.) EDGEW: AN INCLUSIVE EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMISTRY, PHARMACOLOGY AND NUTRAPHARMACEUTICAL POTENTIALITY","authors":"B. Rani, Suman Panwar, U. Singh, Mm Khan, Raaz K. Maheshwari","doi":"10.53390/ijbs.v11i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53390/ijbs.v11i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Capparis decidua (Forsk.) is a densely branching shrub or small tree found growing naturally in arid and semiarid areas of India. In Rajasthan, it occurs both on sandy and gravelly soils covered with sand dunes. C. decidua, climbing up to 5-6 meters in height, is widely used in traditional medicinal system of India. Medicinally, it is used to treat in cardiac and gastric troubles. It consists of alkaloids, phenols, sterols and glycosides. Aqueous extract of the plant exhibits anthelmintic activity; seeds contain antibacterial principles-glucocapparin; isothiocyanateaglycone of glucocapparin. The fruit has been shown to possess anti-atherosclerotic, antidiabetic, anti-hypertensive, and anti-hyperlipidemic properties. The cardiovascular activity of capparidisine, a spermidine\u0000alkaloid from Capparis decidua, has been reported. Besides many socioeconomic and ecological benefits, all parts of this plant provides varied nutritional folk medicinal uses of C. deciduas are well known, so it is essential to summarize a comprehensive review on related aspects of C. decidua plant. Therefore, the present review manuscript focuses on the detailed profile of valuable nutrients and biochemical compounds as well as medicinal wellness of Capparis decidua.","PeriodicalId":219235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Biological Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125846787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STUDY ON THE LIPID CONTENT OF SELECTED FISHES (M.S.), INDIA","authors":"Arati Tidame, S. Yasmeen, V. Kakulte, J. Gangurde, Savita K. Tidame","doi":"10.53390/ijbs.v12.i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53390/ijbs.v12.i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"An estimation of lipid content in selected fishes namely rohu, mrigala, silver pomfret and pomfret was carried out during year 2018-2019. In the present study, authors found the amount of lipid content in rohu was 0.760 mg/, in mrigala 0.448 mg/g, in pomfret 0.753 mg/g and in silver pomfret 0.619 mg/g. On the basis of result obtained, it can be concluded that, rohu and pomfret contain more amount of lipids as compared to mrigala and silver pomfret","PeriodicalId":219235,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Biological Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131756412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}