Soil Biology & Biochemistry最新文献

{"title":"Pore scale microbial biogeography across different soil types","authors":"Claire Chenu ,&nbsp;Valérie Pouteau ,&nbsp;Naoise Nunan","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial activity in soils is influenced by the structural heterogeneity of the pore network, which governs the distribution of microbial communities, their interactions with organic matter and the characteristics of the immediate environment of microorganisms. This study investigates whether microbial activity exhibits consistent patterns across pore size classes in six soil types with diverse physical and chemical properties. Using a matric potential-based approach, we targeted small (3–10 μm) and large (30–100 μm) pores with ¹³C-labelled pyruvate to assess microbial respiration and substrate mineralisation.</div><div>The results revealed that the mineralisation of the added organic substrate was faster in the larger pores of four of the six studied soils, but that the microbial carbon use efficiency was lower compared to smaller pores, where a more efficient carbon use was observed. The exceptions were a forest soil with an abundant fungal community and a long term bare fallow soil with depleted soil organic C content and microbial biomass. Despite differences in soil properties, such as texture, organic matter content and pH, the observed patterns were consistent across most soil types, highlighting universal controls on microbial activity at the pore scale.</div><div>This work underscores the critical role of soil microstructure in shaping microbial activity and carbon cycling. The findings advance our understanding of microbial biogeography and provide insights for improving soil carbon models to better predict ecosystem responses to environmental change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109896"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144479582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-resolution lipidomics for decoding the soil biome: Improved lipid annotation, quantitation, and response to climate stress","authors":"Rahul Samrat ,&nbsp;Erika Salas ,&nbsp;Lucia Fuchslueger ,&nbsp;Hannes Schmidt ,&nbsp;Markus Gorfer ,&nbsp;Michael Schagerl ,&nbsp;Stephanie A. Eichorst ,&nbsp;Wolfgang Wanek","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The soil ecosystem harbors diverse biological communities, including archaea, bacteria, fungi, protists, plants, and soil fauna, that collectively drive essential belowground ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling, soil carbon storage, and climate regulation. Current gene-based approaches offer greatest taxonomic depth but are semiquantitative and targeted by probe design. They do not cover the whole breath of the tree of life and therefore do not yet fully reflect the complexity of soil food webs. Conversely, fatty acid-based methods provide quantitative insights into microbial communities and their activity but are limited in taxonomic depth and coverage of multicellular organisms. We introduce an integrative high-resolution lipidomics workflow specifically designed to characterize the wide diversity of soil organisms. Our pipeline combines lipid extraction from complex soil matrices with liquid chromatography–high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry, rigorous quality controls, and multitiered lipid annotation strategies. Additionally, we present a quantitative structure–property relationship model to predict lipid ionization efficiencies, providing a foundation for future improvements in lipid quantification without the use of chemical standards. Applying this approach, we detected ∼17,000 lipid features of which we could annotate ∼4800 lipid compounds, significantly expanding the coverage compared with the conventional methods. Lipid profiles effectively distinguish organisms such as bacteria, fungi, plants, and algae, underscoring the ability of this method to identify organism-specific lipid signatures. Furthermore, testing the workflow in soils subjected to simulated climate change (future climate and drought) revealed subtle but ecologically meaningful shifts in membrane and storage lipids, highlighting lipidome compositional sensitivity to environmental stress. Our integrated lipidomics approach substantially advances lipid annotation, quantification, and ecological interpretation, opening new avenues for biomarker discovery and improved understanding of soil biome responses to environmental perturbations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109892"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144479581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought has short-term effects on soil fungal communities leading to long-term effects on soil functions","authors":"S.E. Hannula ,&nbsp;G.F. Veen","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change increases the magnitude and length of drought periods. Drought has direct and indirect effects on soil fungi and functions they provide. Here, we conducted a mesocosm experiment with four soil inocula representing gradient in levels of fungal biomass to study effects of drought on soil communities and functions. In a fully factorial design, half of the mesocosms were subjected to severe summer drought while half served as irrigated controls. Fungal biomass and community structure were monitored throughout first year after drought. Concomitantly, soil (multi)functionality was measured by plant yields, number of pests and other organisms, respiration, and decomposition. We show that drought has a direct negative effect on soil fungal biomass and diversity and that the magnitude of the effect depends on the initial community in soils. Furthermore, communities change in response to drought with observed decrease in network connectivity and changes in dominant taxa. While the effect of drought on soil fungal community and biomass gets smaller in time since drought, the functional legacy of the drought remains – potentially due to permanent changes in keystone fungal taxa. Particularly, the effects of drought legacy are apparent as reduction of crop yield in recovery period and slower decomposition rate 6 months after the drought. The effect on yield is however, soil inoculum dependent. Furthermore, the legacy effects of drought on fungal communities in bulk soil are smaller as compared to the effects on rhizosphere soil. We conclude that drought has unexpected long-term legacy effects on soil functions and that this effect is amplified in the rhizosphere. We further show that effects of drought depend on initial soil communities and that more diverse and fungal-rich communities recover faster from the drought. We conclude that watering of soils can alleviate the most acute drought stress affecting soil fungal communities and hence improve long-term functionality of the soil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109893"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144488764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Back to the roots: Characterizing root exudates of dominant tundra plants to improve the understanding of plant-soil interactions in a changing arctic","authors":"Rica Wegner ,&nbsp;Merle Plassmann ,&nbsp;Lewis Sauerland ,&nbsp;Allister Carter ,&nbsp;Sylvain Monteux ,&nbsp;Eva Oburger ,&nbsp;Birgit Wild","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global warming increases the vegetation cover and leads to shifts in vegetation types in the Arctic. An increase in the vegetation cover might substantially enhance carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from northern permafrost soils, since root exudation of labile carbon and nitrogen can stimulate soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition via the rhizosphere priming effect. The current understanding of Arctic rhizosphere priming largely rests on soil incubation studies that simulate root exudation by adding various organic substrates in varying concentrations to soils. How the specific exudates of different plants influence rhizosphere priming is unclear as Arctic plant root exudate release rates and composition are largely unknown. Using targeted and non-targeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, we compared the exudate composition and exudation rates of total organic carbon, 7 organic acids, 14 amino acids and 9 carbohydrates from three abundant and functionally different tundra plants (<em>Betula glandulosa</em>, <em>Alnus viridis</em> and <em>Eriophorum vaginatum</em>). While organic carbon and primary metabolites exudation were similar among the studied plants despite their different nitrogen acquisition strategies, distinct differences between the plant species were found in the overall root exudate composition. Between 80 and 94 % of the root exudate metabolome was not shared among the three plants. Our findings indicate that a change in vegetation types across the Arctic will primarily alter the release of secondary plant metabolites into the soil and thereby could alter soil microbial processes. Our observations further suggest that previous laboratory experiments studying priming frequently oversaturated microorganisms with labile substrates compared to natural conditions; this highlights the need for more realistic priming studies. Our data on root exudation provide critical background information for improving laboratory experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109897"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144371180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agricultural land use induces broader homogenization of soil microbial functional composition than taxonomic composition in sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Takamitsu Ohigashi ,&nbsp;Yvonne M. Madegwa ,&nbsp;George N. Karuku ,&nbsp;Keston Njira ,&nbsp;Yoshitaka Uchida","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Land-use changes from natural ecosystems to farmlands substantially alter soil functioning worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where rapid population growth and intensive agriculture pose serious challenges. Soil microbial diversity is vital in supporting ecosystem multifunctionality and preventing pathogen growth. Recent studies have revealed that farming activities homogenize microbial communities across distant sites, which may lead to functional homogenization on that scale. However, given the redundancy of microbial functions—where different taxa can perform similar functions—farming may drive functional homogenization over broader spatial scales than taxonomic homogenization. We compared the taxonomic and functional compositions of soil prokaryotic and fungal communities between natural lands and farmlands across spatial scales ranging from within-site (∼200 m) to across-site (∼1500 km) in Kenya and Malawi, using amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS genes and the prediction of microbial functions. Soil microbial predicted-functional compositions were homogenized more broadly than taxonomic compositions in farmlands compared to natural lands, suggesting that similar functional responses to farming occur across scales where different taxa thrive. Furthermore, environmental factors (soil pH, carbon, nitrogen, and moisture) were predominantly related to within-site homogeneity, whereas farming itself was a significant contributor to across-site homogeneity, indicating an overriding influence of farming compared to environmental variations. Additionally, pathogenic fungi were relatively more abundant in farmlands, likely due to reduced species competition and farming-induced environmental changes such as low soil pH. Our findings highlight the need to investigate microbial functional diversity alongside taxonomic diversity when assessing land-use impacts on soil health for sustainable land management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109895"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144370932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochar-influenced solubilization and mineralization mechanisms of phosphorus in saline-sodic soils","authors":"Lei Chang,&nbsp;Tianhang Ju,&nbsp;Keyi Liang,&nbsp;Yuefen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar, due to its distinct physicochemical properties, holds significant potential for the remediation of saline-sodic soils and enhancing phosphorus (P) bioavailability. However, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study conducted a two-year field experiment applying four different rates of straw biochar (0 t/ha, 30 t/ha, 60 t/ha, and 120 t/ha) to saline-sodic soil to investigate how biochar enhances P availability. The results indicated that biochar application reduced soil pH by 6.43 %–13.17 % and electrical conductivity by 55.87 %–77.55 %. Compared to the control (no biochar), total nitrogen and soil organic carbon increased by 1.15–2.77-fold and 2.16–4.40-fold, respectively. Furthermore, biochar significantly increased microbial species abundance, particularly in bacteria (<em>Rokubacteriales, RB41, 67_14, Vicinamibacteraceae</em>), which changed to a more pronounced degree than fungi, indicating the possible substantial role of them over fungi for P cycling. Biochar also upregulated genes involved in phosphate uptake and P transport. Two key mechanisms were identified: (1) improvement of soil physicochemical properties and influence on metabolite abundance, which elevates CaCl₂-P concentrations (on average by 97.38 %); and (2) enhancement of phosphatase content that promotes organic P mineralization by bacteria and upregulates genes (e.g., <em>phoR</em> and <em>pstS</em>) to increase available P (on average by 21.52 %). This study clarifies the mechanisms by which biochar regulates P cycling in saline-sodic ecosystems, providing a scientific basis for sustainable soil remediation and enhancing the understanding of nutrient dynamics in degraded environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109890"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greater root biomass offsets soil organic carbon loss under climate impact in rice paddies","authors":"Hyeon Ji Song ,&nbsp;Snowie Jane C. Galgo ,&nbsp;Benjamin L. Turner ,&nbsp;Umakant Mishra ,&nbsp;Pil Joo Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Changes in temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations can significantly influence the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC). This is particularly relevant for rice paddy agriculture, which currently accounts for 14 % of the SOC stock in arable land and is expected to expand due to the increasing global demand for rice. We conducted a field study using large open-top chambers to evaluate the impact of future climatic conditions (+2 °C, +200 ppm CO₂) on SOC and its accrual mechanisms in paddy soils. Three years of simulated change increased mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) but did not alter bulk SOC or other soil C fractions (free light fraction, occluded light fraction, and sand-associated). During the tillering stage, when root formation is most active, future climatic conditions increased soluble organic C, root biomass growth, and CO₂ and CH₄ emissions, indicating enhanced SOC mineralization and microbial activity. Stable carbon isotopes revealed that plant-derived MAOC formation increased under future climatic conditions, while the plant-derived free light fraction decreased. Together, these findings demonstrate that enhanced root growth during paddy rice cultivation offsets SOC loss through soil respiration in response to environmental change conditions. This underscores the need for soil management practices that maintain root inputs to support sustainable rice cropping under a changing environmental condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109888"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144311694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trade-offs between arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and root hairs in phosphorus source utilization are determined by functional divergence of the rhizosphere bacterial microbiome in barley","authors":"Letian Wang ,&nbsp;Jiachao Zhou ,&nbsp;Timothy S. George ,&nbsp;Gu Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plants strategically allocate their limited carbon resources between root hairs and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, balancing the two key phosphorus (P) uptake pathways. This enables the exploitation of alternative P sources, including organic P and inorganic P, depending on their bioavailability in the soil. These pathways closely interact and influence rhizosphere microbial dynamics. However, the mechanisms underlying trade-offs under varying qualitative and quantitative P source conditions and their relationship with the rhizosphere microbiome remain poorly understood. Here, a three-factorial experiment was conducted with barley (<em>Hordeum vulgare</em>) rhizotype (wild type/bold root barley root hairless mutant), AM fungal inoculation (±), and inorganic P addition (±), using soil amended with phytin as a model organic P compound. We combined ¹³C-DNA stable isotope probing with 16S rRNA metabarcoding and root exudation analysis to explore the intricate interactions among root hairs, the AM symbiosis, and the bacterial rhizosphere microbiome in shaping plants’ P source exploitation. We found that barley employed a strategic trade-off between root hairs and the AM symbiosis, favoring the AM symbiosis under high organic P and root hairs under high inorganic P conditions. This trade-off is driven by the functional divergence of the AM symbiosis and root hairs in P acquisition: the AM symbiosis triggered bacterial organic P mineralization and raised alkaline phosphatase activity, whereas root hairs depleted the inorganic P pool. Both the AM symbiosis and root hairs shaped the bacterial microbiome by exudation of carboxylates, such as citrate. Notably, the functional specialization of the AM symbiosis to organic P-dominated soil was associated with a bacterial microbiome driving organic P mineralization. These findings advance our understanding of plant-AM fungal-soil microbiome interactions and highlight the importance of plant microbiome selection in P acquisition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109887"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineral-bound lipid formation in soils and sediments: the importance of microbial pathways","authors":"Hongye Pei ,&nbsp;Huan Yang ,&nbsp;Yakov Kuzyakov ,&nbsp;Genming Luo ,&nbsp;Xinyue Dang ,&nbsp;Shucheng Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mineral protection is the most important mechanism for the long-term preservation of soil organic matter (SOM). However, the proportions of mineral-bound organic compounds, varying in chemical structures and biological origins, remain unclear, impeding a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying SOM-mineral interactions. Structurally diverse lipids such as fatty acids, tetraethers, and fatty alcohols are slowly decomposable biomarkers reflecting plant and microbial origin and, therefore, are good indicators for exploring the formation of organo-mineral associations. Here we used offline pyrolysis to quantify the mineral-bound lipids in aquatic sediments (i.e., lake and marine sediments) and soils with varying water content. Diverse microbial lipid types, such as monoalkyl glycerol ethers (MAGEs) and branched fatty acids, exhibited comparable mineral-binding proportions despite their structural differences. These microbial lipids generally showed higher proportions in mineral-bound forms compared to plant-derived lipids. This suggests that the biological origin of SOM may play a more significant role than chemical structure in the formation of organo-mineral associations. In addition, the proportion of bound microbial lipids was higher under drier conditions, whereas the proportion of bound plant-derived lipids was not affected by water content. We attributed this discrepancy to the different pathways through which microbial and plant lipids become mineral-bound, as microbes are more likely to attach to mineral surfaces under drier conditions, facilitating the formation of organo-mineral associations, while plant organic matter is adsorbed on the mineral surfaces after initial decomposition. This sheds new light on the microbial contribution to SOM stability, highlighting microbial physiology, especially hydrotaxis (water-directed movement), as a crucial biogeochemical factor in SOM stabilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109883"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The newly proposed threshold for enzymatic stoichiometry: A reliable solution?","authors":"Taiki Mori","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The enzymatic stoichiometry approach assumes that microbial enzyme production reflects metabolic and stoichiometric demands; therefore, soil microbial nutrient limitations can be inferred from the activity levels of soil enzymes catalyzing compounds containing limiting nutrients. A vector model analysis further advanced this approach by proposing a 1:1:1 threshold for carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) limitations. However, this threshold has been criticized for lacking a solid theoretical foundation. To address this limitation, a novel method was recently introduced to establish a new threshold based on theoretical concepts. This new threshold was evidenced by the fact that the empirical threshold determined as the inflection point of the regression lines representing the relationship between vector angle and vector length corresponded with the theoretical values. Here, I demonstrated that this pattern can be generated using entirely random data, undermining the reliability of the conclusions. Furthermore, the theoretical foundation for determining the new threshold contains certain limitations, highlighting the need for an alternative threshold.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109886"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}