Soil Biology & Biochemistry最新文献

{"title":"Increased microbial extracellular polymeric substances as a key factor in deep soil organic carbon accumulation","authors":"Mengxi Feng ,&nbsp;Ming Zhang ,&nbsp;Peng Cai ,&nbsp;Yichao Wu ,&nbsp;Qingling Fu ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Fei Miao ,&nbsp;Wen Xing ,&nbsp;Shuiqing Chen ,&nbsp;Ke-Qing Xiao ,&nbsp;Yong-Guan Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial-derived carbon plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change by forming stable carbon components through the soil microbial carbon pump. However, related studies have ignored the contribution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) as microbial extracellular metabolites to soil organic carbon (SOC), particularly in deeper soils. This study explored the distribution of EPS in six typical soil profiles (0–120 cm) from two parent materials (limestone and shale) and three land use types (dryland, woodland, and paddy land). The contribution of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) to SOC was significantly higher than that of EPS-carbon (EPS-C) in surface soils (0–40 cm), while EPS-C constituted a larger proportion in deeper soils (80–120 cm). The EPS accumulation efficiency (EPS-protein/MBC and EPS-polysaccharide/MBC) gradually increased with soil depth. This accumulation was strongly correlated with the abundance of <em>g_Zixibacteria</em>, <em>g_Zavarzinella</em>, <em>g_Xylohypha</em>, <em>g_Xanthothecium</em>, and <em>g_Xanthagaricus</em>. Data analysis revealed that β-glucosidase (BG) activity and total nitrogen (TN) content had significant negative effects on the EPS/SOC ratio. Additionally, extracellular enzyme analyses confirmed that low nitrogen availability in deeper soils enhanced the EPS accumulation efficiency, thereby increasing the EPS-C/SOC ratio along the soil profile. Overall, this study provides new insights into the composition of deep soil carbon pools and highlights the important role of EPS in deep soil carbon storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 109998"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145229988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified fast UHPLC method for quantification of soil amino sugars – improved sensitivity compared to the GC method","authors":"Riku Maltari, Aino Seppänen, Kajsa Roslund, Kristiina Karhu","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110003","url":null,"abstract":"Soil microbial necromass analysis through measurement of soil amino sugars is a common technique in soil science. Traditionally, the measurement is performed by aldononitrile acetate derivatization and gas chromatographic (GC) analysis. Long pretreatment times and high limits of quantification (LOQ) have led to the development of faster and more sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. In this study, we enhanced a previously discovered <em>ortho</em>-phthalaldehyde derivatization and HPLC separation method for soil samples by converting it to work with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) column and equipment. We also added an internal standard to control for pretreatment variation. In addition, we explored the factors that must be optimized to establish the method with alternative equipment, and the differences in the results between the UHPLC and the GC methods. We found that the UHPLC method produced similar results to the GC methods with glucosamine and galactosamine, while the performance of the UHPLC method was significantly better in determining muramic acid, especially at low concentrations. Mannosamine results were not correlated between the methods. The speed of the UHPLC analysis was much higher and LOQ much lower compared to the GC method. In the majority of soil samples (13 out of 18), muramic acid concentrations were found to be below LOQ for the GC method, but clearly detectable with the developed UHPLC method. It was found that the UHPLC method is at least twice as fast as the GC method and requires only few of the hazardous chemicals traditionally used in amino sugar analysis. The UHPLC method also improved on the HPLC method by consuming only 1/5^th of the total solvent and by reducing analysis time from 30 to 18 minutes.","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145229459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial death in the Andes: necromass declines despite growth and carbon-use-efficiency increases with decadal soil warming","authors":"Andrew T. Nottingham, Kristiina Karhu, Norma Salinas, Jörg Schnecker, Outi-Maaria Sietiö, Angela K. Martin-Vivanco, Wolfgang Wanek, Patrick Meir","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110002","url":null,"abstract":"The growth and death of soil microbes are important drivers of soil carbon formation. A warming climate is predicted to affect both the production of microbial biomass and the stability of microbial residues (necromass) held in soils. However, we have very little information on how warming in tropical soils will affect these processes, and on the effect of temperature on microbial production and turnover over different time-scales. To address this, we studied temperature effects on microbial-mediated C cycling across two different time-scales, using a 20 °C mean annual temperature gradient in the Peruvian Andes (long-term effects) and decadal experimental-warming via soil translocation (11-years of temperature effects). At long-term timescales, a legacy of warmer temperatures decreased microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE), microbial biomass C, and decreased fungal and bacterial necromass concentration in soils. At decadal timescales, experimental warming increased CUE, microbial production and microbial biomass concentration (likely the result of concomitant changes in substrate availability). However, this did not translate into increased microbial necromass concentration, which generally declined with warming across all temporal scales. Together, we show that warmer temperatures over decadal (11-year) timescales affect soil microbial processes to potentially increase their C input to soil (increased CUE, microbial production, and biomass) but we find no evidence that this C became stabilized as the necromass C pool decreased. Our results indicate that warming can alter microbial community metabolism to potentially increase necromass C inputs to soil, although we find no evidence to show that this offset overall soil C loss with warming.","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Microbial Metabolism: Insights from Heat, CO2 emission and Isotope Analysis Using a Novel Macrocalorespirometer","authors":"Eliana Di Lodovico, Shiyue Yang, Hauke Harms, Maximilian Meyer, Christian Fricke, Gabriele E. Schaumann, Thomas Maskow","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109994","url":null,"abstract":"Soil, as the largest terrestrial carbon sink, plays a pivotal role in the global carbon cycle. Soil microorganisms are fundamental to all biochemical processes in soil, ensuring its fertility and supporting a balanced ecosystem. Through their metabolic activities, these microorganisms drive energy and matter flows, mineralizing organic matter and releasing heat and CO₂, which can be measured via calorespirometry. A key limitation of conventional calorimeters lies in their inability to combine high sample throughput with sufficiently large sample sizes while avoiding oxygen limitation during measurement. In order to overcome these weaknesses, we have developed a multi-channel macrocalorespirometer (CR-12) for soil analysis. To demonstrate its application, agricultural soil (Dikopshof, Luvisol) amended with ¹²C (unlabeled) and ¹³C (labeled) glucose was used in four experiments. Comparisons with commercial isothermal microcalorimeters confirmed the suitability of CR-12 for soil systems, providing reliable heat, CO₂ measurements and calorespirometric ratios that align with known ranges for the aerobic turnover of carbohydrates. To further investigate the incorporation of carbon into the soil organic matter (SOM), a time series of soil samples amended with ¹³C-labeled glucose was subjected to mass spectrometric analysis (m/z 44 for ¹²C-CO₂; m/z 45 for ¹³C-CO₂) using thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry-quadrupole mass spectrometry (TG-DSC-QMS). The integration of calorespirometric and mass spectrometric data demonstrated that combining these complementary techniques provides more detailed information on the fate of microbial carbon and energy turnover within SOM.","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145226709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon availability, soil pH, and microbial allocation to nitrogen acquisition shape grassland heterotrophic respiration in response to a decade of nitrogen addition.","authors":"Lang C. DeLancey, Qian Zhao, Adrienne B. Keller, Christopher A. Walter, Kirsten S. Hofmockel, Melanie A. Mayes, Eric W. Seabloom, Elizabeth T. Borer, Andrew D.B. Leakey, Sarah E. Hobbie","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110000","url":null,"abstract":"Previous work has found that anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) impact heterotrophic respiration during soil organic matter decomposition in grasslands, a critical pathway through which carbon (C) is lost from soil to the atmosphere. While N addition typically reduces heterotrophic respiration, why the strength and direction of this N effect varies among sites is unclear. To address this, we conducted a 339-day laboratory incubation to measure heterotrophic respiration from nine grasslands across North America that have received 10 years of factorial N and P fertilization. N addition reduced cumulative respiration most at sites with low pH, low microbial allocation towards N acquisition, and high soil C concentration and availability. However, N addition had neutral rather than positive effects on heterotrophic respiration in sites with high pH and decomposer allocation towards N acquisition. Across sites, a decade of N addition reduced heterotrophic respiration by ∼24%, driven by reductions in microbial biomass. Heterotrophic respiration was less sensitive to P addition, despite its increasing microbial biomass. However, simultaneous N and P addition did ameliorate negative N effects. These results show that previously observed variation in the response of heterotrophic respiration to N addition can be explained by soil C availability and pH status, widely measured factors which can be used to predict how grassland C fluxes may change under continuing nutrient deposition.","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restoring Dryland Soils Functionality through Synergism between Biocrust-forming Cyanobacteria and Paper Waste Amendment","authors":"Lisa Maggioli, Sonia Chamizo, Raúl Román, Emilio Rodríguez-Caballero, Beatriz Roncero-Ramos, Yolanda Cantón","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109997","url":null,"abstract":"Organic amendments and microbial inoculants are widely applied to improve soil properties. However, their combined application remains underexplored in both soil restoration and sustainable agriculture. This study explores the synergistic potential of paper waste and biocrust-forming cyanobacteria as a combined strategy to enhance soil functions in drylands. Specifically, we assessed (i) whether paper waste can support long-term cyanobacterial survival and establishment in soil, and (ii) the effects of their combined application on soil functions and microbial community structure. In a mesocosm experiment, two forms of paper waste, shredded paper and paper pulp, were applied alone or with a native cyanobacterial consortium to natural and agricultural soils. Results showed that cyanobacteria remained viable on paper waste for three months. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed strong association between treatments and shifts in key indicators of soil functions. The combination of paper waste and cyanobacteria significantly improved SOC (up to 979%), total nitrogen (30%), aggregate stability (500%), and water retention (86%), compared to untreated soil. A complementary field experiment confirmed this synergism and revealed partial inoculum transfer to the underlying soil, resulting in increased chlorophyll-<em>a</em>, aggregate stability and nitrogen concentration. Functional potential predictions of microbial communities (PICRUSt2 and FungalTraits) indicated that microbial taxa most strongly related to nutrient changes following amendment were linked to nutrient cycling pathways, particularly carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Despite functional shifts, occurring mainly in the paper layer, overall soil microbial diversity and nutrient balance were preserved, supporting this strategy as a sustainable tool for enhancing key soil functions in drylands.","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paving the way for deeper insights into nematode community composition with long-read metabarcoding: ecological and biogeographical coverage of the sequences","authors":"Arash Noshadi, Reza Ghaderi, Uffe N. Nielsen, Helen L. Hayden, Ji-Zheng He","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110001","url":null,"abstract":"Long-read metabarcoding has excellent potential to advance nematode community ecology beyond the limitations of morphological and short-read approaches. The ecological and biogeographical background of existing sequence databases offers important insights into the potential application of high-throughput sequencing approaches in nematode community analyses. This study searched public databases for the three universal marker genes used in nematode molecular taxonomy studies, <em>i.e</em>., 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), 28S ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA), and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes, to retrieve full-length sequences suitable for long-read metabarcoding of soil nematode communities. The most full-length sequences were found for COI with 17534, followed by 4898 for 18S rRNA and 800 for 28S rRNA. These full-length sequences represented 185, 54, and 163 unique families; 626, 160, and 609 unique genera; and 1320, 235, and 1527 unique species for 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and COI markers, respectively. Nucleotide composition and diversity analyses across the three markers revealed distinct patterns affecting their utility for taxonomic studies. Geographically, the majority of the sequences were from the United States, China, Japan or Germany. Additionally, precise country-of-origin information was lacking for the majority of sequences, highlighting the limitations of the current databases and rendering robust geographic analyses difficult. Full-length sequences were assigned to an ecological framework, revealing that, for nematode trophic groups, herbivores were the most numerous group (10735 sequences), followed by animal parasites (6588 sequences), bacterivores (1785 sequences) and entomopathogenic nematodes (1513 sequences), whereas other trophic groups had fewer representative sequences. Assigning the sequences to colonizer-persister (c-p) classification revealed that all c-p groups were covered by the retrieved full-length sequences, particularly c-p 3, which had the highest number of sequences (6691). This study provides a foundational understanding of the molecular data currently available for use in long-read metabarcoding databases, facilitating ecological research on nematode communities.","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid allocation of freshly added organic nitrogen to particulate organic matter in ectomycorrhiza- but not arbuscular mycorrhiza-dominated forests","authors":"Andrey G. Zuev, Amelie Hauer, Gerrit Angst, Antonis Chatzinotas, Nico Eisenhauer, Olga Ferlian, Stephanie D. Jurburg, Epp Maria Lillipuu, Maarja Öpik, Martti Vasar, Ajuan Zhang, Anna I. Zueva, Anton Potapov","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109999","url":null,"abstract":"Mycorrhizal fungi mediate the partitioning and transformation of organic matter in forest soils worldwide. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi differently influence the formation of soil organic matter (SOM) pools, such as decomposable particulate (POM) and persistent mineral-associated organic matter (MaOM). While plant-derived effects were studied extensively, the role of other organic resources in SOM formation across different mycorrhizal systems remains understudied. To address this, we investigated the incorporation of carbon and nitrogen derived from more bioavailable (bacterial and fungal biomass) and less bioavailable (litter, artificial MaOM; a-MaOM) source organic matter into soil POM and MaOM pools in ECM- and AM-dominated soils, using a dual stable isotope (¹³C and ¹⁵N) labelling approach in a temperate experimental forest (MyDiv experiment). We detected ¹⁵N, but not ¹³C label in mycelium and POM across treatments (except a-MaOM) and mycorrhizal types, while no label was detected in soil MaOM. ECM mycelium showed higher ¹⁵N uptake from litter, while AM mycelium accumulated more ¹⁵N after the addition of fungal biomass. POM in ECM systems had a higher ¹⁵N label compared to AM systems in all bacteria, fungi and litter treatments, indicating the role of ECM fungi as important drivers of fresh organic nitrogen allocation in temperate forest soils. The absence of any label in MaOM indicates its slow turnover in Chernozem soil across forests dominated by a single mycorrhizal type. Overall, our study highlights the fast incorporation of freshly added organic nitrogen into the mycelium of mycorrhizal fungi and POM, emphasizing its fast turnover in forest soils.","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some new grand questions in soil biology and biochemistry","authors":"Yakov Kuzyakov, Ning Ling, Giacomo Pietramellara, Paolo Nannipieri","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109996","url":null,"abstract":"In this Perspective, we look into the future and outline the crucial unresolved questions that can define broad directions in soil biology and biochemistry over the next decades. Considering that most of the grand questions of Selman A. Waksman have been answered over the last 100 years, we suggest here intriguing fundamental topics of basic research linking soil life with biochemical processes and ecosystem functions necessary for system understanding. We raise the following six question groups: Which level of understanding of microbial communities do we need? What are the emerging (microbial) properties and functions of soil? Are microbial memory and legacy important for soil functions? What defines soil health: pools, fluxes or potentials? Microbial growth and death: Can we identify the state of the soil microbiome and its importance for biochemical cycles? We subdivide each of these groups into narrower questions and briefly discuss the unsolved scientific problems based on previous and recent studies. The unresolved problems are visualized with exciting examples. We hope that this Perspective will stimulate new and broader discussion, as well as provide novel ideas for future research topics in soil biology and biochemistry.","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taxonomic assembly and trait partitioning contribute comparably to soil invertebrate functional diversity along secondary succession in high-elevation plateau ecosystems","authors":"Chengwei Tu ,&nbsp;Ajuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Zheng Zhou ,&nbsp;Yan Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Chen ,&nbsp;Anton M. Potapov ,&nbsp;Xueyong Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deforested and abandoned lands have undergone extensive secondary succession. However, the emergence of functional diversity in soil invertebrate communities along the succession, particularly the relative roles of taxonomic assembly and trait partitioning in driving it, remains unclear. To address this issue, we developed a novel “taxonomic diversity-functional distance” analytical approach and applied it to soil invertebrate communities across a high-elevation secondary successional gradient, including secondary grassland, shrubland, arboreal forest, and primary (climax) forest. We found that soil invertebrate functional α diversity (functional richness within plots) increased overall with succession, although it fluctuated with tree identity in the arboreal forest stage. Functional β diversity (functional dissimilarity among plots) declined over succession, supporting the convergent successional model. Both taxonomic α/β diversity (taxonomic richness/dissimilarity) and functional α/β distance (trait partitions within/among plots) jointly shaped observed functional α/β diversity, with comparable contributions. The litter and soil microhabitats shaped functional diversity via taxonomic diversity and trait partitioning, thereby supporting soil multifunctionality succession. Our results advance trait-based soil invertebrate ecology by identifying dual recovery pathways for invertebrate functionality. They highlight trait partitioning as a mechanistic complement to taxonomic assembly, with both making comparable contributions to driving soil ecosystem functioning. Extending tests of these mechanisms across biomes and spatial scales will inform targeted ecosystem management, enhancing the functional benefits of soil biology conservation in global restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109995"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145189275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}