Soils and Foundations最新文献

{"title":"Convolutional neural network prediction of the particle size distribution of soil from close-range images","authors":"Enrico Soranzo,&nbsp;Carlotta Guardiani,&nbsp;Wei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate soil particle size distributions are essential for various geotechnical applications. In this study, we propose a convolutional neural network approach for predicting the particle size distribution using soil image analysis. Our model is trained on a diverse dataset of soil samples ranging from clayey silt to gravel. We employed transfer learning by using MobileNet pre-trained on ImageNet and adding additional layers to fine-tune the model for our specific task. The soil images were captured under standardised lab conditions using a dark chamber with constant lighting to ensure consistency. We implemented the model in Python and explored various neural network architectures, image resolutions and data augmentation techniques to optimise performance. The model predicts the particle size distribution through two parameters derived from the Weibull distribution. Our approach offers instantaneous predictions and demonstrates robustness across a wide range of soil types. We outperform previous studies by incorporating geotechnical classification and predicting the entire particle size distribution curve. Additionally, we applied explainable artificial intelligence techniques to enhance the transparency and interpretability of the model’s predictions. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of the model and provide valuable insights into the relationship between soil image features and particle size characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 1","pages":"Article 101575"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term settlement behavior of peat after unloading and applicability of isotach law","authors":"Nobutaka Yamazoe ,&nbsp;Satoshi Nishimura ,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Tanaka ,&nbsp;Toshihiro Ogino ,&nbsp;Taishi Kochi","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Preloading is commonly adopted to minimize the post-construction residual settlement in soft peat grounds. However, non-negligible long-term settlement can still occur during the service period of the overlying structures, posing a challenge to infrastructural maintenance. It is difficult to predict the settlement in a preloaded and then reloaded ground with a conventional creep analysis using the coefficient of secondary consolidation, <em>C</em>_αe. This is because the determination of its value can be subjective owing to the limited observation timescale in both the field and the laboratory, which reflects the lingering effects of the previous loading history. Thus, each value determined for <em>C</em>_αe is condition-specific and cannot be considered as an inherent material property. This paper investigates the viscosity characteristics of preloaded peat through long-term consolidation tests, with a particular focus on the validity of the isotach law in explaining the strain-rate effect. It is found that the peat behavior follows the isotach rule even during unloading when the overconsolidation ratio (<em>OCR</em>) is smaller than 1.5. The theory based on the isotach law can describe the general reloading behavior with a constant <em>C</em>_αe value unique to each peat, when <em>C</em>_αe is reappraised by applying the strain rate, rather than the conventional void ratio (<em>e</em>) – log time relationship. The paper also discusses how the preloading effect can be evaluated from the settlement time history during construction, giving adequate care to some important features of peat, such as the significant decrease in permeability upon consolidation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 1","pages":"Article 101560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure mechanics mechanisms and permeability stage evolution of limestone considering wave velocity and failure surface characteristics","authors":"Genshui Wu ,&nbsp;Weijian Yu ,&nbsp;Bao Pan ,&nbsp;Chuangfeng Fang ,&nbsp;Hanxiao Guo ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research aims to investigate the impact of seepage conditions on the macroscopic and microscopic failure mechanics mechanisms of deep coal seam floor rock mass. The deep coal seam mining floor rock mass in North China has been penetrated by groundwater for a long period in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment, and its mechanical behavior is complicated and diversified. The macro- and micro-mechanical behavior of rock failure under seepage conditions was investigated in this work on deep floor rock strata using experimental methods such as rock mechanics, wave velocity, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results demonstrate that the original cracks in thin limestone are more developed and have a gully-like structure at the mesoscopic scale than those in Ordovician limestone. According to the nuclear magnetic results, as the confining pressure increases, the initial water-conducting fissures and expanded cracks in the thin limestone may be constricted or closed. Macroscopically, under the action of stress and seepage in different types of rocks, fissures provide the main seepage channels. Due to the confining pressure, the pores are compressed and the permeability decreases significantly. Because rock permeability varies with confining pressure and axial pressure, there is a stress threshold for penetration mutation at each stage. The linear and nonlinear stage evolution characteristics of deep rock permeability and stress with confining pressure are established. The confining pressure affects the internal pore and crack structure of the rock, generating complex seepage network channels and causing changes in permeability properties. The research results provide a scientific foundation and theoretical support for the safe design and sustainable development of underground engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 1","pages":"Article 101577"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiments for the role of sliding connection in rigid faced GRS walls under transverse relative settlement","authors":"Mohan Krishna Kolli,&nbsp;Amit Prashant","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transverse relative settlement of reinforced fill and fascia induces reinforcement loads additional to service loads in Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil (GRS) Walls. The fascia-reinforcement connections need due attention in such conditions for both strength and serviceability considerations. A sliding connection is an alternative to avoid the buildup of high reinforcement connection loads under the relative settlement. 1-g model tests were carried out in an in-house developed relative settlement simulator tank on full-height panel rigid fascia (RF) GRS walls with two types of conventional connection systems. The sliding connection system was developed and proposed for RF-GRS walls, and its performance was assessed under the relative settlement of fill. In RF-GRS walls with conventional connection systems, the maximum tensile strains increased more than 200 times in bottom reinforcement layers under the relative settlement of 0 to 200 mm compared to the end of the construction. The developed sliding connection systems reduced the stress concentrations at the connection and allowed almost free settlement of the fill relative to the fascia. The maximum reinforcement strains were reduced up to 50 times compared to conventional non-sliding connections under the relative settlement of 0 to 200 mm. Hence, the sliding connection systems are recommended in conditions where the relative settlement of fascia and fill is expected to affect RF-GRS walls’ performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 1","pages":"Article 101557"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heating-induced stabilization of weak clayey soils: A model incorporating pore water evaporation","authors":"Yeong Jin Lee,&nbsp;Kang Il Lee,&nbsp;Tae Jun Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2025.101576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To strengthen a problematic clayey soil foundation, we proposed a heating system utilizing a modified heat transfer equation that considers the rapid evaporation of pore water due to high temperatures and accounts for latent heat. The modified equation was compared with results from commercial software and indoor model experiments, with its parameters evaluated through statistical and sensitivity analyses. The results demonstrated that the changes in parameters over time due to pore water evaporation and latent heat transfer exhibited behavior similar to the experimental results. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis revealed that the initial temperature condition exhibited the highest sensitivity at 18.44 %, while the bulk density showed the lowest sensitivity at 0.18 %. Therefore, the accurate temperature measurement for initial conditions is necessary for precise heat transfer analysis using the modified equation. Moreover, parameters such as water content, clay content, and shrinkage ratio should be determined through precise experiments, although applying average values yielded results within an error range of approximately 7 %. Finally, the experimental results showed a 267 % increase in resistance before and after heating to 600 ℃ in the cone penetration test.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 1","pages":"Article 101576"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on thermal conductivity and microscopic characterization of sandy clay in deep buried formation","authors":"Yi Cao ,&nbsp;Yansen Wang ,&nbsp;Chuanxin Rong ,&nbsp;Hao Li ,&nbsp;Bin Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Shi ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal conductivity of soil is a key factor influencing the heat transfer process and temperature distribution, which has significant implications for the design and implementation of freezing methods in geotechnical engineering. To address the challenge of freezing the deeply buried sandy clay layer using the freezing method in the drilling wells of the Huainan-Huaibei mining area, experimental research was conducted on the thermal conductivity of sandy clay and its microstructure. Utilizing the transient plane source method, variations in thermal conductivity with water content, dry density, sand content, and temperature were observed, revealing the patterns and mechanisms underlying these changes. The findings indicate that the thermal conductivity of frozen sandy clay mainly undergoes three stages of temperature variation. During the rapid increase phase (Ⅱ), the thermal conductivity rises sharply with decreasing temperature, exhibiting a “leap” trend. As the water content increases, the range of the thermal conductivity leap gradually narrows. When the water content increases from 15 % to 22.5 %, the corresponding leap range decreases to 0 ∼ -5℃. Microstructural parameters quantitatively reflect the intrinsic reasons for changes in soil thermal conductivity from a microscopic perspective, indicating that these characteristics significantly affect its thermal conductivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 1","pages":"Article 101565"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microscopic investigation of the occurring process of contact erosion","authors":"Yubo Li ,&nbsp;Guo Yu ,&nbsp;Lei He ,&nbsp;Ying Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sand particles subjected to seepage can cause contact erosion because of particle migration. A visible seepage system packed with transparent sand optically matched oil, and a planar laser-induced fluorescence technique was used to visually study mechanisms during seepage-induced contact erosion. During the visualization experiments, two distinct contact erosion phenomena were observed. The first phenomenon is the common erosion phenomenon, which occurs in the entire sample range; it primarily manifests as the movement and migration of particles under the influence of the fluid, resulting in the loss of fine particles. The second phenomenon occurs in local areas of the sample and is characterized by particles being too large to pass through the pores; this leads to pore clogging, subsequently altering the seepage path and reducing the flow velocity. In addition, the effects of the hydraulic gradient and particle size on flow velocity and particle migration are analyzed. Preferential seepage paths are critical paths in the development of contact erosion. The force characteristics of the particles were investigated based on three types of instability modes and fitting curves to determine the stability of the soil structure considering the flow velocity and particle size. The findings in this study are through a visual experiment method to explain the instability modes and mechanism of particles in contact erosion and understand the relationship between particle migration and flow velocity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 1","pages":"Article 101555"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triggering mechanism of long-distance flow-type landslides caused by 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake, Indonesia","authors":"Takashi Kiyota ,&nbsp;Masataka Shiga ,&nbsp;Koji Mori ,&nbsp;Toshihiko Katagiri ,&nbsp;Hisashi Furuichi ,&nbsp;Hendra Setiawan","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On 28 September 2018, the Mw 7.5 Sulawesi earthquake occurred in Indonesia, triggering long-distance flow-type landslides on very gentle slopes in and around Palu City. In order to investigate the triggering mechanism of these landslides, this study firstly compiled the field investigations that have been conducted since immediately after the earthquake and a soil profile of the landslide areas. Secondly, a groundwater flow analysis was carried out for the landslide in Petobo on the basis of the estimated soil cross-section. The results showed that, prior to the 2018 earthquake, there was confined groundwater with a water pressure of 40–60 kPa above what would be expected from the hydrostatic conditions in the flow zone of the landslide area. Finally, a simplified liquefaction analysis was performed using the groundwater pressure obtained by the groundwater flow analysis. The results indicated that, although the flow zone in the landslide area consisted of subsoils, including a relatively dense silty sand layer, it is likely that the significant liquefaction that occurred during the 2018 earthquake was due to the presence of confined groundwater. Furthermore, the authors concluded that the liquefaction probably contributed to the prolonged upward flow of large quantities of confined groundwater from aquifers located more than 20 m in depth below the ground surface, which resulted in a long-distance flow-type landslide by muddying the surface layer. It was also shown that the presence of an irrigation channel just above the landslide areas on the eastern side of Palu Valley had little effect on the sequence of landslide mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 1","pages":"Article 101544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strength development of dredged sediment stabilized with nano-modified sulphoaluminate cement","authors":"Lei Lang ,&nbsp;Dan-Xuan Xue ,&nbsp;Meng Dong ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiang-Shan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) is considered a low-carbon and energy-saving cementitious material, compared with ordinary Portland cement. However, the stabilization efficiency and improvement measures of SAC for dredged sediment (DS) are still unclear. This study used SAC as stabilizer for DS with high water content, and nanoparticles including nano-SiO₂ (NS), nano-MgO (NM) and nano-Al₂O₃ (NA) were incorporated as nano-modifiers. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were carried out to evaluate the strength development of SAC-stabilized DS (SDS) and nano-modified SDS considering multiple influencing factors. Furthermore, the micro-mechanisms characterizing the strength development of SDS and nano-modified SDS were clarified and discussed based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. The results present that increasing SAC content or decreasing water content can obviously enhance the strength gaining of SDS, while the strength reduction also occurred. Incorporating suitable nanoparticles could significantly improve the strength gaining and simultaneously avoid the strength reduction of SDS. The optimum content of single NS, NM and NA was respectively 4 %, 6 % and 6 %. Composite nanoparticles containing two types of nanoparticles also exhibit positive effect on the strength gaining of SDS, and the optimum mass ratios of NS-NM, NS-NA and NM-NA were respectively 3:7, 1:9 and 5:5. By comparison, adding 6 % NA to SDS achieved the highest strength gaining. The hydration product ettringite was mainly responsible for the strength development of SDS and nano-modified SDS, and incorporating nanoparticles especially NA contributed to the formation of a tighter structure with stronger cementation inside nano-modified SDS. A conceptual model was proposed to characterize the micro-mechanism of strength development in nano-modified SDS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 1","pages":"Article 101558"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of salt on the freezing temperature of saline soil","authors":"Sai Ying ,&nbsp;Yapeng Cao ,&nbsp;Qing Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaozhou Xia ,&nbsp;Guoyu Li ,&nbsp;Fengxi Zhou ,&nbsp;Tao Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The freezing temperature jumping phenomenon in saline soils caused the freezing temperature activity model to fail. In this study, the freezing temperatures and the rapid freezing water change Δ<em>w</em>_ff of three typical saline soils (NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and Na₂CO₃ saline soils) were measured under different water and salt contents using temperature change curves during cooling. The effects and mechanisms of water content, salt content, and salt type on the freezing temperatures of saline soils were analyzed from three aspects: water activity of pore solutions, salt precipitation, and the rapid freezing water change Δ<em>w</em>_ff. The results indicated that the mechanism by which water and salt content affected the freezing temperature of soil was through changes in the water activity of the pore solution. For salt solutions with solubility insensitive to temperature changes, the activity model adequately described the influence of water activity on the solution’s freezing temperature. For salt solutions with solubility highly sensitive to temperature changes, the activity model was applicable when the salt concentration was less than or equal to the jump characteristic concentration. When the salt concentration exceeded the jump characteristic concentration, the freezing temperature jump phenomenon occurred, rendering the activity model inapplicable. Solution salt precipitation caused the freezing temperature jump phenomenon. For saline soils with salt solubility significantly affected by temperature, salt precipitation should be considered when calculating freezing temperatures. The soil’s freezing temperature, as measured by the freezing temperature curve, was influenced by the rapid freezing water change Δ<em>w</em>_ff. When the rapid freezing water change Δ<em>w</em>_ff was greater than or equal to the critical change in frozen water content Δ<em>w</em>_crf, the soil’s freezing temperature equaled the equilibrium temperature of the pore solution. When the rapid freezing water change Δ<em>w</em>_ff was less than the critical change in frozen water content Δ<em>w</em>_crf, the freezing temperature gradually decreased from the equilibrium temperature of the pore solution to the supercooling temperature as the rapid freezing water change Δ<em>w</em>_ff decreased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21857,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Foundations","volume":"65 1","pages":"Article 101566"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}