Sports Medicine - Open最新文献

{"title":"Upper Extremity Stress Fractures.","authors":"Ezekial J Koslosky, David M Heath, Cameron L Atkison, Anil Dutta, Christina I Brady","doi":"10.1186/s40798-024-00769-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-024-00769-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stress injuries are often missed secondary to their insidious onset, milder symptoms, and subtle or initially absent findings when imaged.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>This review aims to provide strategies for evaluating and treating upper extremity stress fractures. This article outlines the classic presentation of each fracture, the ages during which these injuries often occur, the relevant anatomy and biomechanics, and the mechanism of each injury. Diagnostic imaging and management principles are also discussed, including the use of conservative versus surgical management techniques.</p><p><strong>Short conclusion: </strong>Upper extremity stress fractures are often mild injuries that resolve with conservative management but can lead to more serious consequences if ignored. Given their increasing incidence, familiarity with diagnosis and management of these injuries is becoming increasingly pertinent.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"10 1","pages":"100"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11427649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142336583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic Phenotyping from Whole-Blood Responses to a Standardized Exercise Test May Discriminate for Physiological, Performance, and Illness Outcomes: A Pilot Study in Highly-Trained Cross-Country Skiers","authors":"Øyvind Karlsson, Andrew D. Govus, Kerry McGawley, Helen G. Hanstock","doi":"10.1186/s40798-024-00770-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-024-00770-0","url":null,"abstract":"This study used metabolic phenotyping to explore the responses of highly-trained cross-country skiers to a standardized exercise test, which was part of the athletes’ routine testing, and determine whether metabolic phenotyping could discriminate specific physiological, performance, and illness characteristics. Twenty-three highly-trained cross-country skiers (10 women and 13 men) participated in this study. Capillary whole-blood samples were collected before (at rest) and 2.5 min after (post-exercise) a roller-ski treadmill test consisting of 5–6 × 4-min submaximal stages followed by a self-paced time trial (~ 3 min) and analyzed using mass spectrometry. Performance level was defined by International Ski Federation distance and sprint rankings. Illness data were collected prospectively for 33 weeks using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analyses (OPLS-DA) followed by enrichment analyses were used to identify metabolic phenotypes of athlete groups with specific physiological, performance, and illness characteristics. Blood metabolite phenotypes were significantly different after the standardized exercise test compared to rest for metabolites involved in energy, purine, and nucleotide metabolism (all OPLS-DA p < 0.001). Acute changes in the metabolic phenotype from rest to post-exercise could discriminate athletes with: (1) higher vs. lower peak blood lactate concentrations; (2) superior vs. inferior performance levels in sprint skiing, and (3) ≥ 2 vs. ≤ 1 self-reported illness episodes in the 33-week study period (all p < 0.05). The most important metabolites contributing to the distinction of groups according to (1) post-exercise blood lactate concentrations, (2) sprint performance, and (3) illness frequency were: (1) inosine, hypoxanthine, and deoxycholic acid, (2) sorbitol, adenosine monophosphate, and 2-hydroxyleuroylcarnitine, and (3) glucose-6-phosphate, squalene, and deoxycholic acid, respectively. Metabolic phenotyping discriminated between athlete groups with higher vs. lower post-exercise blood lactate concentrations, superior vs. inferior sprint skiing performance, and more vs. less self-reported illnesses. While the biological relevance of the identified biomarkers requires validation in future research, metabolic phenotyping shows promise as a tool for routine monitoring of highly-trained endurance athletes. • The standardized exercise test led to alterations in metabolites primarily involved in carbohydrate metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, purine/pyrimidines, and nucleoside/nucleotides. • Acute changes in metabolic phenotypes could differentiate athletes with higher vs. lower [La-]peak and superior vs. inferior sprint skiers, and between athletes who were susceptible vs. non-susceptible to illness. • Metabolic phenotyping shows promise as a tool for routine monitoring of endurance athletes if cost and turnaround time is improved.","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"437 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142261250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on the Parameters Related to Physical Fitness and Health of Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Wei Liang, Xiang Wang, Shishi Cheng, Jiao Jiao, Xiangui Zhu, Yanping Duan","doi":"10.1186/s40798-024-00767-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-024-00767-9","url":null,"abstract":"As a novel and time-efficient exercise form, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has shown great potential in improving health-related physical fitness among diverse populations. However, empirical evidence on its efficacy among the elderly has not been well summarized. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effect of HIIT interventions on the parameters related to physical fitness and health of older adults, including resting heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body mass index (BMI), body fat percent (BF%), waist circumference (WC), muscular endurance (ME), muscular strength (MS), muscular power (MP), balance and flexibility, compared to non-exercise and other-exercise (e.g., moderate-intensity continuous training, resistance training) conditions. Literature published from January 2000 to May 2023 was collected through extensive searches across eight databases and relevant review papers. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) featuring a minimum 2-week exercise intervention for older adults (≥ 60 years) were included. The pooled effect size of Hedges’g was estimated using random-effects models in R. Meta-regression was performed for both categorical (health status, duration of training programme, and frequency) and continuous moderators (mean age, male rate, and attrition rate). Forty-four eligible RCTs with 1863 participants (52.1% female; 60.5–81.2 years) were included in the quantitative analysis. Compared to non-exercise condition, HIIT significantly improved resting HR (g = -0.36, 95%CI = [-0.67, -0.05], P = 0.032), SBP (g = -0.29, 95%CI = [-0.54, -0.03], P = 0.008), CRF (g = 0.77, 95%CI = [0.51, 1.04], P &lt; 0.001), BF% (g = -0.26, 95%CI = [-0.41, -0.11], P = 0.006), MS (g = 0.47, 95%CI = [0.23, 0.71], P = 0.004), ME (g = 0.65, 95%CI = [0.10, 1.19], P = 0.036), and balance (e.g., timed-up-and-go) (g = -0.79, 95%CI = [-1.19, -0.40], P = 0.035). Compared to other-exercise condition, HIIT significantly improved resting HR (g = -0.11, 95%CI = [-0.21, -0.01], P = 0.029), SBP (g = -0.14, 95%CI = [-0.28, -0.01], P = 0.038), and CRF (g = 0.23, 95%CI = [0.07, 0.38], P = 0.008). No significant difference was found between HIIT and non-exercise condition for DBP, BMI and WC, as well as between HIIT and other-exercise condition for DBP, BMI, BF%, WC, ME, and balance (all P &gt; 0.05). Meta-regression indicated that mean age moderated the HIIT effect on resting HR (b = -0.02, P = 0.014; HIIT vs. other-exercise condition) and SBP (b = 0.03, P = 0.048; HIIT vs. non-exercise), and attrition rate moderated the effect on CRF (b = 0.03, P = 0.007; HIIT vs. non-exercise). This study supports the efficacy of HIIT in improving resting HR, SBP, CRF, BF%, MS, ME and balance among older adults. More empirical evidence is needed to determine the efficacy of HIIT for MP and flexibility in this population. PROSPERO CRD42022316246. • HIIT is an effective approach for impr","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Training Intensity Distribution of a 7-Day HIIT Shock Microcycle: Is Time in the \"Red Zone\" Crucial for Maximizing Endurance Performance? A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Tilmann Strepp, Julia C Blumkaitis, Mahdi Sareban, Thomas Leonhard Stöggl, Nils Haller","doi":"10.1186/s40798-024-00761-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-024-00761-1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Various studies have shown that the type of intensity measure affects training intensity distribution (TID) computation. These conclusions arise from studies presenting data from meso- and macrocycles, while microcycles, e.g., high-intensity interval training shock microcycles (HIIT-SM) have been neglected so far. Previous literature has suggested that the time spent in the high-intensity zone, i.e., zone 3 (Z3) or the \"red zone\", during HIIT may be important to achieve improvements in endurance performance parameters. Therefore, this randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the TID based on running velocity (TID&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;), running power (TID&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;) and heart rate (TID&lt;sub&gt;HR&lt;/sub&gt;) during a 7-day HIIT-SM. Twenty-nine endurance-trained participant were allocated to a HIIT-SM consisting of 10 HIIT sessions without (HSM, n = 9) or with (HSM + LIT, n = 9) additional low-intensity training or a control group (n = 11). Moreover, we explored relationships between time spent in Z3 determined by running velocity (Z3&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;), running power (Z3&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;), heart rate (Z3&lt;sub&gt;HR&lt;/sub&gt;), oxygen uptake ( &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;Z&lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;V&lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;mo&gt;˙&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;O&lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; ) and changes in endurance performance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Both intervention groups revealed a polarized pattern for TID&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt; (HSM: Z1: 38 ± 17, Z2: 16 ± 17, Z3: 46 ± 2%; HSM + LIT: Z1: 59 ± 18, Z2: 14 ± 18, Z3: 27 ± 2%) and TID&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; (Z1: 50 ± 8, Z2: 14 ± 11, Z3: 36 ± 7%; Z1: 62 ± 15, Z2: 12 ± 16, Z3: 26 ± 2%), while TID&lt;sub&gt;HR&lt;/sub&gt; (Z1: 48 ± 13, Z2: 26 ± 11, Z3: 26 ± 7%; Z1: 65 ± 17, Z2: 22 ± 18, Z3: 13 ± 4%) showed a pyramidal pattern. Time in Z3&lt;sub&gt;HR&lt;/sub&gt; was significantly less compared to Z3&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt; and Z3&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; in both intervention groups (all p &lt; 0.01). There was a time x intensity measure interaction for time in Z3 across the 10 HIIT sessions for HSM + LIT (p &lt; 0.001, &lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;η&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.30). Time in Z3&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt; and Z3&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; within each single HIIT session remained stable over the training period for both intervention groups. Time in Z3&lt;sub&gt;HR&lt;/sub&gt; declined in HSM from the first (47%) to the last (28%) session, which was more pronounced in HSM + LIT (45% to 16%). A moderate dose-response relationship was found for time in Z3&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt; and changes in peak power output (r&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.52, p = 0.028) as well as time trial performance (r&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt; = - 0.47, p = 0.049) with no such associations regarding time in Z3&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;, Z3&lt;sub&gt;HR&lt;/sub&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;Z&lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;V&lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;mo&gt;˙&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;O&lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The present study reveals that the type of intensity measure strongly affects TID computation during a HIIT-SM. As heart rate t","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"10 1","pages":"97"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11377407/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142133680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Discrepancy Between External and Internal Load/Intensity during Blood Flow Restriction Exercise: Understanding Blood Flow Restriction Pressure as Modulating Factor.","authors":"Robert Bielitzki, Martin Behrens, Tom Behrendt, Alexander Franz, Christoph Centner, Luke Hughes, Stephen D Patterson, Johnny Owens, Michael Behringer, Lutz Schega","doi":"10.1186/s40798-024-00759-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-024-00759-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physical exercise induces acute psychophysiological responses leading to chronic adaptations when the exercise stimulus is applied repeatedly, at sufficient time periods, and with appropriate magnitude. To maximize long-term training adaptations, it is crucial to control and manipulate the external load and the resulting psychophysiological strain. Therefore, scientists have developed a theoretical framework that distinguishes between the physical work performed during exercise (i.e., external load/intensity) and indicators of the body's psychophysiological response (i.e., internal load/intensity). However, the application of blood flow restriction (BFR) during exercise with low external loads/intensities (e.g., ≤ 30% of the one-repetition-maximum, ≤ 50% of maximum oxygen uptake) can induce physiological and perceptual responses, which are commonly associated with high external loads/intensities. This current opinion aimed to emphasize the mismatch between external and internal load/intensity when BFR is applied during exercise. In this regard, there is evidence that BFR can be used to manipulate both external load/intensity (by reducing total work when exercise is performed to exhaustion) and internal load/intensity (by leading to higher physiological and perceptual responses compared to exercise performed with the same external load/intensity without BFR). Furthermore, it is proposed to consider BFR as an additional exercise determinant, given that the amount of BFR pressure can determine not only the internal but also external load/intensity. Finally, terminological recommendations for the use of the proposed terms in the scientific context and for practitioners are given, which should be considered when designing, reporting, discussing, and presenting BFR studies, exercise, and/or training programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"10 1","pages":"95"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11371992/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Prevalence of Low Vitamin D in Elite Para-Athletes: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Christina Kate Langley, Christopher Ian Morse, Aidan John Buffey","doi":"10.1186/s40798-024-00756-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-024-00756-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vitamin D insufficiency (25OHD, 50-75 nmolˑl^- 1) is a common issue within healthy adults and elite athletes and is associated with decreased musculoskeletal health and performance. However, few studies have identified the prevalence and risk factors associated with vitamin D insufficiency within elite Para-Athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An electronic search was completed on the 5th January 2023 and updated on the 21st June 2024, searching Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and EASY (originally OpenGrey). To meet the eligibility criteria, retrieved studies were required to include at least one baseline measure of a vitamin D biomarker from elite Para-Athletes performing at national or international levels and therefore all quantitative study designs could be included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist (8-item) for analytical cross-sectional studies. Data from the eligible studies was extracted and charted, with a supporting narrative synthesis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search strategy retrieved 3083 articles, of which ten studies met the inclusion criteria. In total there were n = 355 Para-Athletes, 69.6% of which comprised of males in the included studies. Across the ten included studies, n = 546 samples were taken from n = 355 Para-Athletes across different seasons and based upon the 25(OH)D insufficiency and deficiency thresholds set by each individual study 43.2% of the samples were considered insufficient and 28.1% deficient. During the winter months vitamin D insufficiency was at its most prevalent at 74.1%, compared to 57.1% in summer of the 25(OH)D samples measured in Para-Athletes. Wheelchair athletes who competed in indoor sports were also more susceptible to low vitamin D.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review has highlighted that vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency is highly prevalent in elite level Para-Athletes, all year, across both summer and winter months. Therefore, this review highlights the need for education, treatment, and preventative measures in elite Para-Athletes throughout the year.</p><p><strong>Registration: </strong>The following systematic review was prospectively registered through PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO registration ID number: CRD42022362149).</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"10 1","pages":"96"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11374943/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arachnoid Cysts in Athletes with Sports-Related Concussion: A Case Series and Literature Review.","authors":"Andrew R Stevens, Kamal M Yakoub, David J Davies, Antonio Belli, Philip J O'Halloran","doi":"10.1186/s40798-024-00757-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-024-00757-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Arachnoid cysts (AC) are associated with a risk of rupture or haemorrhage following head impact and pose a potential predisposing factor for significant complications of sport-related concussion. Despite a recognised association between ACs and intracranial haemorrhage/cyst rupture, the risk profile of participating in contact sports with AC is not well defined. We report a retrospective case series of players presenting to the Birmingham Sports Concussion Clinic between 2017 and 2023 and underwent MRI head, with a comprehensive review of the prior literature.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>432 athletes underwent MRI of which 11 were identified to have AC (middle fossa n = 8; posterior fossa n = 2, intraventricular n = 1). Average maximal diameter was 4.1 ± 1.2 cm. 64% had a protracted recovery (≥ 3 months). 9% experienced an AC specific complication (cyst rupture, complete neurological recovery, maximal diameter 6.5 cm, Galassi II, 4 previous concussions). 91% of patients (mean maximal diameter 3.9 ± 1.0 cm) experienced no complications despite multiple previous accumulated sports-related concussions (mean 3.3, range 1-9). Case studies from the literature are summarised (n = 63), with 98% reporting complications, none of which resulted in adverse or unfavourable neurological outcomes. Across prospective and retrospective cohort studies, 1.5% had a structural injury, and (where outcome was reported) all had a favourable outcome.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AC is an incidental finding in athletes, with the majority in our cohort having sustained serial concussions without AC complication. The single complication within this cohort occurred in the largest AC, and AC size is proposed as a tentative factor associated with increased risk of contact sports participation. Complications of AC appear to be a rare occurrence. This case series and review has not identified evidence to suggest that participation in sports with AC is of significant risk, though individualised assessment and discussion of the potential risks of contact sports participation should be offered.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"10 1","pages":"93"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11369129/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of In-Season Strength Training on Physical Fitness and Injury Prevention in North African Elite Young Female Soccer Players.","authors":"Manel Darragi, Hassane Zouhal, Mariem Bousselmi, Houssem M Karamti, Cain C T Clark, Ismail Laher, Anthony C Hackney, Urs Granacher, Amira B M Zouita","doi":"10.1186/s40798-024-00762-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-024-00762-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Strength training (ST) primarily enhances physical fitness (e.g., muscle strength, power, speed) and bone density in female soccer players. Less information is available on the injury preventive effects of ST in female athletes. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week in-season ST on measures of physical fitness and injury occurrence in young elite female soccer players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty elite female soccer players (15.4 ± 1.9 years; maturity offset + 2.3 ± 1.1 years) participated in this study, and were randomly assigned to a strength training group (STG, n = 14) or an active control (CG, n = 16) group. ST lasted twelve weeks and included full body muscle strengthening exercises using primarily weight machines at progressive intensities ranging between 40 and 85% of the one-repetition-maximum (1-RM). The CG practiced a traditional soccer training program. Overall, training volumes of the two groups were similar with a training load (rating of perceived exertion × time) of 1158.4 ± 67.7 arbitrary unity (AU) for the STG and 1188.8 ± 44.1 AU for the CG. Pre and post training, the following physical fitness tests were applied: dynamic muscle strength (relative [to body mass] and absolute 1-RM bench/leg press, lat-pull down), jump performance (countermovement jump [CMJ], squat jump [SJ], five-jump-test [5JT]), linear-sprint speed (5-m, 10-m, 30-m), change-of-direction speed (T-test with and without ball), sport-specific performance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Level1 [YYIRTL1], and repeated shuttle sprint ability [RSSA]). The injury rate per 1000-h exposure was monitored throughout the soccer season.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant baseline differences were observed between groups. Statistically significant group-by-time interactions were found for absolute (p < 0.001, d = 2.59) and relative 1-RM bench press (p < 0.001, d = 2.39), absolute 1-RM lat-pull down (p < 0.001, d = 1.68), and relative 1-RM leg press (p < 0.001, d = 1.72). Significant group-by-time interactions were observed for CMJ (p = 0.005, d = 1.27), RSSA_mean (p = 0.007, d = 0.81), and RSSA_total (p < 0.001, d = 1.90). Post-hoc tests indicated that the STG group demonstrated greater improvements in all tested variables compared to CG (1.2 < d < 2.5). However, no significant interaction effects were noted for measures of linear sprint speed and YYIRTL1 performance. Additionally, non-contact injuries during the season were significantly lower (p = 0.003, d = 1.31) in the STG (0.48/1000 h of exposure) than the CG (2.62/1000 h of exposure).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Twelve weeks of an in-season ST resulted in larger physical fitness improvements and fewer injuries compared with an active control in elite young female soccer players. Accordingly, ST should be systematically applied in female soccer to enhance performance and prevent injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"10 1","pages":"94"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142120520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Advanced Footwear Technology Spikes on Sprint Acceleration: A Multiple N-of-1 Trial.","authors":"Benjamin Bernuz, Steven Laujac, Cedric Sirial, Stephane Auffret, Cristian Preda, Jean Slawinski, Benjamin Millot, Didier Pradon, Laure Coudrat, Olivier Gavarry","doi":"10.1186/s40798-024-00758-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-024-00758-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In contrast with Advanced Footwear Technology-AFT running shoes for long-distance, little is known about AFT sprint spikes on performance and acceleration parameters. However, their use has become widespread since the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, and knowledge of their effects would seem to be an essential starting point before any clinical or socio-economic considerations.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Our objectives were to determine intra- and inter-subject sprinting performance modifications with Nike^® AFT spikes (NAS) compared to standard spiked-shoes (SS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Healthy regional to national sprint athletes (n = 21, ≥ 750 pts World Athletics) performed 16 repetitions of 30-m sprints with either the NAS or SS condition during a single session, based on the multiple N-of-1 method, with pairwise randomisation and double-blind procedure. Time on 30-m sprints (Stalker radar), force-velocity profile (F₀, V₀, V_max, P_max, RF, D_RF and FVP slope), and confounding factors (wind and shoe mass) were measured. Statistical analyses included a mixed linear regression model for group analyses, and randomisation test inversion and non-overlap-of-all-pair (NAP) methods for intra-individual analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NAS improved 30-m time by a mean of - 0.02 s (SMD = 0.4, p = 0.014), with no interaction with any confounding factors. Significant changes were seen in velocity (V_max : SMD = 0.9, p < 0.001; V₀: SMD = 0.7, p < 0.001) and the horizontal ratio of force (RF_max: SMD = 0.5, p = 0.043), with no changes observed in force production. Whatever the footwear, one unit of positive wind (+ 1 m.s^- 1 ) improved performance by - 0.03 s (p < 0.001). At an individual level, four athletes improved (NAP ≥ 0.69), and one had a statistical decrease in performance. Changes in F-V profiles were largely individual.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A positive effect on sprint acceleration characteristics was observed when using Nike^® AFT spikes, due to an increase in velocity and the horizontal ratio of force. A major variability in inter-individual response justifies single-case experimental designs for research on the topic.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>NCT05881148.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"10 1","pages":"92"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11364731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliometric Review of the Step Test: A Comprehensive Analysis of Research Trends and Development.","authors":"Tatiana Sampaio, Daniel A Marinho, José A Bragada, Jorge E Morais","doi":"10.1186/s40798-024-00764-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-024-00764-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The step test provides valuable information on cardiorespiratory parameters such as maximal oxygen uptake and heart rate. Cardiorespiratory capacity is critical to health-related fitness, with heart rate recovery after exercise serving as a predictor of mortality risk.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>The primary objective of this review was to identify trends, key contributors, and emerging themes in the step test literature through 2023 using the Web of Science Core Collection. Bibliometric data extraction and analysis were performed using a dedicated bibliometric software (VOSviewer). The analysis showed continued interest through 2021. The research categories highlight the multidisciplinary nature of the step test, covering cardiovascular systems, respiratory systems, sports sciences, and medicine. It has gained global attention, with 31 countries involved, with Brazil and the United States leading the way. The diversity of contributing nations is increasing, reflecting a growing global interest. With 111 journals involved, such as Respiratory Care and Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, step test research is spread across the academic landscape. With 761 contributing researchers, there is a collaborative and diverse community. The top 10 institutions, including the University of Alabama System and Monash University, illustrate the variety of settings in which step test studies are conducted. Step test studies span multiple disciplines, underscoring their adaptability. The clusters identified in this bibliometric analysis of the step test literature guide future research, suggesting avenues for refining protocols, exploring health implications, optimizing tests for specific conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and adapting step tests in diverse populations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Practical implications highlight the role of the step test in cardiovascular risk assessment, fitness monitoring, and rehabilitation. This broad review underscores the relevance of the step test in diverse settings, reflecting its adaptability and ease of application across occupational and clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"10 1","pages":"91"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11358565/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142093731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}