Sports Medicine - Open最新文献

{"title":"Invisible Harms, Visible Benefits? Adverse Event Reporting in Physical Activity Interventions for Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Meta-analysis and Critical Appraisal.","authors":"Jinrong He, Changhui Peng, Lei Zhang, Dandan Wang, Xiaohuan Tan, Xili Wen, Xin Shen, Xueping Wu","doi":"10.1186/s40798-026-01095-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-026-01095-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Clinical guidelines and practice increasingly endorse physical activity interventions for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, because monitoring and reporting of potential intervention-related harms are often incomplete, the current evidence base regarding safety remains limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and EBSCO was conducted on November 11, 2025, followed by three rounds of supplementary snowball searching completed on November 20, 2025. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials of physical activity interventions in populations with neurodevelopmental disorders. Following prespecified procedures recommended by the CONSORT-Harms extension and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, we characterized adverse event monitoring and reporting practices across studies, summarized reasons for participant withdrawal, and considered the potential safety signals these reasons might indicate. Random-effects meta-analyses estimated the relative risk of adverse events for physical activity interventions versus non-exercise controls, and potential moderators were examined via subgroup and meta-regression analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 41,852 deduplicated records, 309 randomized controlled trials were included, comprising 322 study arms and 13,228 participants with neurodevelopmental disorders. None of the included trials fully complied with CONSORT-Harms recommendations for systematic harm monitoring and reporting. Only 58 trials described adverse event monitoring, mostly using passive, non-prespecified procedures; among those reporting results, approximately one quarter reported at least one adverse event or adverse effect, most commonly intervention-induced delayed-onset muscle soreness, mild pain or irritation, and related psychological discomfort. Among the 201 studies that reported reasons for participant withdrawal, 38 statements were too vague to determine the event characteristics. Sixteen studies reported adverse events (e.g., health problems and emotional discomfort); however, because none used a systematic adjudication procedure, attributing these events to the intervention was difficult. Forty-five studies met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. The pooled analysis indicated that physical activity interventions did not significantly increase the risk of reported adverse events (RR = 1.14; 95% CI 0.67-1.94). However, trials with prespecified monitoring procedures had a significantly higher risk estimate (RR = 4.32, 95% CI 1.36-13.68).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Existing reported results suggest that these interventions do not significantly increase the overall risk of adverse events. However, the strength of this conclusion is limited by widespread systematic underreporting in the original studies and by substantial heterogeneity in methods used to","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13538331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148881613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air Pollution Impairs Marathon Performance: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of 2.7 Million Finishers Across Six World Marathon Majors.","authors":"James A Donaldson, Samuel Cai, Josh Vande Hey, Anna L Hansell, Thomas Yates, G Andre Ng, Jamie O'Driscoll","doi":"10.1186/s40798-026-01099-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-026-01099-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ambient air pollution impairs respiratory and cardiovascular function during exercise, yet evidence on its effects across the full spectrum of endurance performance remains limited.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To quantify the association between race-day ambient air pollution and marathon finishing time across six World Marathon Majors, and to determine whether effects vary by sex, age group, and performance level.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analysed 2,756,553 net finishing times from six World Marathon Majors (Berlin, Boston, Chicago, London, New York City, and Tokyo) for editions held between 2010 and 2024. Race-day nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) concentrations were obtained from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) global reanalysis dataset. Linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts for each of 75 marathon-year events estimated pollution effects on finishing time, adjusting for heat index, wind speed, and temporal trends. Stratified analyses were conducted among 1,815,188 runners with available age data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the pollutants examined, NO₂ showed the stronger association with finishing time. Each 1 µg/m³ increase was associated with 1.43 min slower finishing time in men (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66 to 2.21) and 1.56 min in women (95% CI 0.63 to 2.48). PM₂.₅ effects were not statistically significant: -0.13 min per µg/m³ in men (95% CI -0.67 to 0.40) and -0.14 min per µg/m³ in women (95% CI -0.76 to 0.49). Recreational runners experienced NO₂ effects approximately six-fold larger than elite runners (2.12 vs 0.34 min per µg/m³); expressed as a percentage of mean finishing time, this gradient persisted (0.67% vs 0.18%). Younger runners (18-29 years) showed larger effects than older runners (2.17 vs 1.32 min per µg/m³ for ≥60 years). Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests confirmed that higher NO₂ was associated with rightward shifts across the entire finishing time distribution.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ambient air pollution, particularly NO₂, is associated with impaired marathon performance in a dose-dependent manner, with the largest effects among recreational runners. These findings have implications for race management and public health policy regarding outdoor physical activity in urban environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13525978/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148857657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orthometria: Metric Fixation in Digital Health and a Framework for Responsible Use in High-Performance Sport.","authors":"Dean J Miller, Michele Lastella, Ashley-Raye Miles","doi":"10.1186/s40798-026-01100-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-026-01100-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The proliferation of consumer-grade digital health technologies has expanded physiological data collection beyond clinical and laboratory settings. In high-performance sport, these devices offer genuine utility for monitoring sleep, cardiac activity, and recovery. However, their widespread adoption has outpaced frameworks for responsible implementation. This perspective introduces orthometria, derived from ortho- (correct) and -metria (to measure), to describe the counterproductive fixation on digital health metrics collected via commercially available health technology. Orthometria is not proposed as a clinical phenomenon but as a behavioural descriptor for when the collection and review of any physiological metric obtained using a digital health device creates anxiety or has a negative effect on well-being or performance. The construct is introduced not to sensationalise potential risks or deter technology use, but to facilitate clearer discussion, monitoring, and responsible, effective implementation. Drawing on Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory, a five-stage framework is proposed for the responsible implementation of digital health technology in high-performance sport. Future research should explore framework efficacy, validate an orthometria-specific psychometric scale, and examine which metric types most influence athlete behaviour.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13525118/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148851503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-fatigue Direct 1RM Testing vs. Post-fatigue Load-Velocity Profiling: Which Better Predicts Maximal Strength in the Deadlift After Resistance Training?","authors":"Danica Janicijevic, Deniz Şentürk, Yaodong Gu, Amador García-Ramos","doi":"10.1186/s40798-026-01097-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-026-01097-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Resistance training loads are commonly prescribed based on a previously determined 1-repetition maximum (1RM). Whether velocity-based methods better reflect the actual 1RM as fatigue accumulates during the training session than relying on a pre-training 1RM remains unknown.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine whether pre-training direct 1RM testing or post-training load-velocity (L-v) profiling more accurately estimates hexagonal barbell deadlift (HBD) 1RM following resistance training-induced fatigue.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-seven resistance-trained males (HBD 1RM = 176.8 ± 20.9 kg) randomly completed three experimental sessions, each involving full incremental loading tests before and after a 30-min intervention: (i) control (rest), (ii) moderate fatigue (5 sets at 70% 1RM performing half the maximal possible repetitions), or (iii) high fatigue (5 sets at 70% 1RM to failure). Post-session 1RM was estimated using six methods: pre-session 1RM, post-session L-v profile, and four velocity-based methods that used the post-session mean velocity (MV) recorded at 50%, 70%, 80%, and 90% 1RM applied to the pre-session %1RM-MV relationship. Each estimate was then compared with the directly measured post-session 1RM. The study was conducted at Istanbul Gelişim University (Istanbul, Türkiye) between 29 March and 26 April 2024.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The pre-session 1RM (9.5 ± 9.4 kg) and MV50% (- 13.4 ± 13.0 kg) substantially over- and underestimated the actual 1RM, respectively, while smaller errors were observed for the post-session L-v profile (1.9 ± 7.7 kg), MV70% (- 2.8 ± 8.6 kg), MV80% (- 2.5 ± 7.8 kg), and MV90% (- 0.9 ± 5.9 kg). Based on absolute errors, methods were ranked from least to most accurate as: MV50% (15.4 ± 10.5 kg) < pre-session 1RM (9.5 ± 9.4 kg) < MV70% (7.1 ± 5.6 kg) = MV80% (6.5 ± 4.9 kg) = post-session L-v profile (5.9 ± 5.2 kg) < MV90% (4.7 ± 3.7 kg). Notably, pre-session 1RM errors increased with greater fatigue, while those from velocity-based methods remained more stable.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Reliance on a pre-session 1RM may result in systematic overestimation of relative training loads under resistance training-induced fatigue, whereas velocity-based methods appear to provide more accurate prescriptions of training intensity (%1RM).</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13522267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148841345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Physical Fitness and Physical Literacy: Empirical Evidence Linking Two Physical Activity-Health Concepts.","authors":"Thibaut Derigny, Silvio Maltagliati, Léa Mekkaoui, Joseph Gandrieau, Hervé Ovigneur, Christophe Schnitzler, François Potdevin","doi":"10.1186/s40798-026-01048-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-026-01048-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Research on promoting physical activity (PA) primarily revolves around two key concepts: physical fitness (PF), defined as a set of measurable physical capacities (strength, speed, endurance and coordination), and physical literacy (PL), a multidimensional construct encompassing physical, psychological, social and cognitive dimensions that support lifelong engagement in PA. While both contribute to health outcomes, they are grounded in distinct conceptual paradigms: PF is typically approached from a biophysical and outcome-oriented perspective, focusing on measurable capacities, whereas PL adopts a holistic and process-oriented perspective emphasizing engagement, meaning and lifelong participation. Despite these differences, both constructs are widely mobilized in PA promotion and are often implicitly assumed to be complementary, although their inter-relationship remains poorly understood from an empirical standpoint. This conceptual divergence highlights the need to better understand how these constructs relate to one another. This study examines the associations between PF and PL in children, testing two hypotheses: (1) that overall PF correlates with overall PL, and (2) that specific capacities of physical fitness are linked to distinct dimensions of PL METHODS: A total of 461 French children (age_mean: 7.92 ± 0.65, 49% girls and 51% boys) completed four PF tests (DiagnoformKid®) and self-reported their PL (Physical Literacy in Children Questionnaire). Data were analyzed using two structural equation models RESULTS: A significant positive association was observed between overall PF and global self-reported PL (β = 0.52). At the component level, endurance, strength and speed were significantly associated with the physical dimension of PL (β ranging from 0.11 to 0.22), while strength was also associated with the psychological dimension (β = 0.18). Non-significant associations were found between PF capacities and the social or cognitive dimensions of PL DISCUSSION: Our Findings provide a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between PF and PL. They suggest that PF and PL are partially overlapping but distinct constructs, interacting in a dimension-specific manner. While some PF capacities are closely related to the physical dimension of PL, their relationship is not uniform across all dimensions, indicating a complementary but non-redundant role in supporting engagement in PA. This highlights the importance of considering both constructs jointly when designing PA promotion strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13522330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148841290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Morning and Afternoon Exercise on Body Composition and Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Jiayun Wang, Shi Chen, Zhanjia Zhang, Bingqing Yang, Xiaoyuan Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s40798-026-01089-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-026-01089-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exercise is widely recognized for its beneficial effects on metabolic health and can serve as a non-pharmacological health intervention. However, the effect of morning versus afternoon exercise on various metabolic indicators remains unclear. This study aimed to systematically analyze the effect of exercise at various times of day on body composition, glucose and lipid metabolism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, this study conducted literature searches in the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and SPORTDiscus. Fourteen long-term and five acute studies were analyzed (n = 765 participants) that compared exercise performed in the morning versus the afternoon or evening, and assessed body weight, body mass index, fat mass, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin, and/or triglycerides. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool (RoB 2). The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the long-term studies, morning training was associated with a greater reduction in HbA1c (mean difference [MD] - 0.11%, 95% confidence intervals [CI] - 0.19 to - 0.03, I² = 0%, p = 0.009), an effect primarily observed in populations with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in subgroup analyses. In contrast, afternoon training was associated with a greater reduction in fasting blood glucose (MD 0.13 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.24, I² = 0%, p = 0.03). No significant timing effects were observed for other body composition or lipid outcomes. In the acute studies, afternoon exercise was associated with greater reductions in glucose levels from pre- to post-exercise (MD 0.53 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.96, I² = 21%, p = 0.02), but no difference was found for fasting blood glucose. The certainty of evidence ranged from moderate to very low across most outcomes, primarily due to risk of bias and imprecision.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Morning and afternoon exercise suggest selective effects on glycemic control, though these findings should be considered preliminary and were primarily observed in populations with T2D. Morning training was associated with a statistically significant reduction in HbA1c, whereas afternoon training was associated with lowering fasting blood glucose. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution, as the result was primarily observed in T2D populations and the overall certainty of evidence was low. No consistent differential effects were observed for body composition or other lipid parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13522284/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148841295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning Model Development and Evaluation for Non-contact Lower Limb Injury Risk Prediction in Elite Male Rugby Union: A Multi-team, Multi-season Analysis.","authors":"Chris Leckey, Nicol van Dyk, Jakim Berndsen, Cailbhe Doherty, Aonghus Lawlor, Eamonn Delahunt","doi":"10.1186/s40798-026-01060-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-026-01060-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The prevalence, incidence rate and burden of injuries are high in rugby union. Despite the growing application of machine learning for injury risk analysis in sport, its use in rugby union has been primarily confined to single-team and single-season study cohorts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of machine learning-based injury risk prediction models in elite male rugby union and to interpret their potential applicability in professional sporting environments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Multi-season data (2021/22-2023/24) relating to 129 professional male rugby union players from the four Irish provincial teams (Connacht Rugby, Leinster Rugby, Munster Rugby and Ulster Rugby), along with the Ireland men's national team, were included in the analyses. External workload data from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) units, self-perceived wellness scores, and musculoskeletal screening measures were modelled using logistic regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Categorical Boosting (CatBoost). 'Injury' was defined as a non-contact, soft-tissue injury to the lower limb, with incidents logged by team medical staff in a centralised athlete management system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CatBoost achieved the highest values of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC = 0.66), area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC = 0.008, prevalence = 0.0039), and precision (0.013).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Predictive performance across the models was poor, with low precision scores highlighting each model's inability to effectively identify impending injuries. The resulting high false-positive rate (1 correct prediction for every 77 false predictions) underscores the limited applicability of the tested machine learning approaches within the modelling framework analysed in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13518749/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebellar and Subcortical Connectivity Associated with Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition After Acute ACL Rupture in Males: A Clinical and fMRI Study.","authors":"Bertrand Sonnery-Cottet, Patrice Peran, Dustin R Grooms, Jacques Luaute, Thais Dutra Vieira, Marc Antoine Demaret, Nicolas de Neve, Alessandro Carrozzo, Etienne Cavaignac","doi":"10.1186/s40798-026-01096-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-026-01096-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) is a neurally mediated impairment of quadriceps activation following knee injury. Peripheral and spinal mechanisms are well described, but supraspinal contributions to AMI in the acute phase after injury remain underexplored.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate sensorimotor brain network connectivity changes associated with clinically classified AMI with task-based and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in male patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective comparative cohort study, 40 male patients (mean age 24.1 ± 2.9 years) with acute ACL injuries underwent resting-state and a motor imagery task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Patients were classified into AMI (n = 20) and non-AMI (n = 20) groups based on clinical assessment using the SANTI classification system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average time from injury to scanning was 22.7 ± 7 days. Clinically, the AMI group presented with qualitative vastus medialis obliquus inhibition and more frequent extension deficit. Compared with the non-AMI group, the AMI group demonstrated significantly greater functional connectivity of the right cerebellar Crus 1 with several sensory and cognitive brain regions. Exploratory (not corrected for multiple comparisons) task-based analyses revealed greater activation in the right caudate nucleus and right thalamus during motor imagery of the involved limb in the AMI group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Male patients with acute ACL rupture and clinically classified AMI using the SANTI classification presented more frequently with knee extension deficits and consistent vastus medialis obliquus inhibition than those without AMI. In these patients, AMI was associated with altered cerebellar connectivity and, on exploratory analysis, greater subcortical activation during motor imagery. These findings support a central neural contribution to AMI and identify cerebellar-subcortical pathways as candidate targets for future mechanistic and rehabilitation studies. Trial registration NCT03950024 (ClinicalTrials.gov) registered on May 9th, 2019.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13507014/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148819184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exercise and Fat: A Primer.","authors":"Alexander Braunsperger, Dominik Tischer, Ana Soriano-Arroquia, Martin Schönfelder, Anastasia Georgiadi, Henning Wackerhage","doi":"10.1186/s40798-026-01085-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-026-01085-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past 25 years, adipose tissue has emerged as an organ comprising nearly 20 major cell types, including three types of adipocyte subtypes: white, brown, and beige. White adipocytes primarily store energy, brown adipocytes generate heat through thermogenesis and beige adipocytes exhibit intermediate characteristics. Distinct adipose tissue depots vary in their responses to external stimuli such as exercise, partly due to differences in developmental origin and progenitor cell populations. During exercise, adipose tissue contributes to whole-body energy metabolism by releasing lipids, which complement dietary fat intake as a major fuel source. Fat is the predominant substrate during moderate exercise intensities, and beyond its energetic role, lipid metabolism influences metabolic health through diverse signaling functions. Like other organs, white adipose tissue adapts to exercise training by undergoing structural and functional remodeling. Both endurance and resistance exercise stimulate the secretion of hormone-like signaling molecules, termed exerkines, derived from white adipose tissue (adipokines), brown adipose tissue (batokines) and skeletal muscle (myokines). These factors mediate exercise-induced adaptations in white adipose tissue to exercise stimuli and contribute to improvements in metabolic health. This narrative review covers: (1) fat as a chemical molecule in the context of exercise; (2) regulation of fat metabolism during exercise, including the relationship between exercise intensity and substrate oxidation; (3) adipose cell and tissue types; (4) adaptations of white and brown adipose tissue to exercise training; and (5) inter-organ crosstalk involving adipose tissue during exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13498546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148797848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inciting Events of Lower-Limb Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Video-Based Studies.","authors":"Aaron Miralles-Iborra, Heidy Rondón-Espinosa, Francisco J Vera-Garcia, Javier Courel-Ibáñez, Manuel Manchón-Davó, Juan Del Coso, Víctor Moreno-Pérez","doi":"10.1186/s40798-026-01090-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-026-01090-1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Understanding the situational contexts of lower-limb muscle injuries in football is critical for informing the design of effective prevention strategies. While their frequency and burden are well documented, the frequently observed inciting events and situational patterns underlying these injuries remain insufficiently synthesised.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;To systematically review and meta-analyse video-based analysis studies examining the inciting events, timing, field location, and situational patterns associated with lower-limb muscle injuries in professional football players.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A PRISMA-guided systematic review was conducted across five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, SPORTDiscus) from inception to October 1, 2025. Eligible studies used video analysis to examine inciting events (type, kinetic chain, vertical and horizontal velocities), timing (match half, minute), field location (short and long axis), and situational/tactical patterns (specific action, defensive/offensive context, ball possession status) of lower-limb muscle injuries in professional football. Dichotomous outcomes were pooled using random-effects odds ratios (OR), and multi-category outcomes were synthesised via a Bayesian hierarchical multinomial-logit model with study-level pooled random-effects marginal proportions (RE) and 95% credible intervals (CrI). Risk of bias and methodological quality of included studies were appraised using the AXIS, QA-SIVAS and STROBE-SIIS tools.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Twelve studies (513 players [434 male and 79 female]; 538 injuries [452 in males, 86 in females]) were included. Hamstring injuries predominated (74.7%), followed by adductor (14.3%), quadriceps (7.1%), and calf (3.9%) injuries. Sufficient data for meta-analysis were available only for male players. Non-contact injuries (n = 322) were significantly more frequent than indirect contact (n = 108) injuries (OR = 8.01, 95% CI 3.85-16.64; p &lt; 0.001). These injuries occurred predominantly during moderate-to-high horizontal velocity actions, compared with zero-to-low velocity actions (OR = 19.56, 95% CI 2.55-150.12; p = 0.004). Pooled proportions were highest during running (RE = 0.29, 95% CrI: 0.17-0.44), stretching/reaching (RE = 0.24, 95% CrI: 0.12-0.40), or kicking actions (RE = 0.22, 95% CrI: 0.09-0.38), although no credible differences were observed between categories. No consistent effects were found for the kinetic chain, match time, field location, or tactical phase.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;In professional football, lower-limb muscle injuries were predominantly observed during non-contact inciting events occurring at moderate-to-high horizontal speed, frequently involving the hamstrings during running, stretching/reaching, or kicking actions. No consistent effects were found for match time, field location, or tactical phase. Methodological heterogeneity and the absence of","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148797882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}