Environmental Impact IV最新文献

{"title":"FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN IN THE UNITED STATES: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT","authors":"S. Wunderlich, M. Smoller","doi":"10.2495/eid180231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/eid180231","url":null,"abstract":"The Food Supply Chain describes how raw materials are transferred from suppliers to manufacturers, distributers, retailers, and finally, to customers. Consumers are becoming increasingly concerned with how their food is sourced and produced in regard to the environment. The Green Food Supply Chain (GFSC) is gaining popularity in the United States (U.S.) as it integrates environmentally friendly and sustainable food production practices. Consumers are often unaware of the first step of the supply chain, which is food production. The different food production systems include Conventional, Organic, and Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), and each has a different impact on the environment. In order to assess consumers’ knowledge and preferences about their food’s sources, 204 adult participants completed an online survey regarding this topic. The survey included demographic questions and general questions about their knowledge of and their beliefs regarding GMO food production and its impact on the environment. Almost half (48%) of participants believed that GMO food production has a harmful impact on the environment, while 31.4% had no knowledge of GMO food production and environmental impact. A 2 test showed a significant association between preference for non-GMO and individuals’ beliefs on how GMO food production systems may impact the environment (2 (1) = 29.592, p = 0.001). Of the 98 participants who believed that producing GMO foods has a harmful impact on the environment, 75% preferred foods to be labeled as non-GMO. Almost 80% of participants affirmed that the impact a particular food production method has on the environment affects their food purchasing decisions all of the time or sometimes. Individuals’ beliefs and knowledge of food production systems, and their possible impact on the environment, are important and influence demand. Therefore, consumers should be provided with more education and information about their food’s","PeriodicalId":217537,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact IV","volume":"297 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122868737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OPPORTUNITIES AT INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE AREAS: A CASE STUDY OF HUE, VIETNAM","authors":"B. Nixon","doi":"10.2495/EID180291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EID180291","url":null,"abstract":"Within a ‘socialist-state’ context; Vietnam is a relatively progressive nation with strong economic and diplomatic growth. But it has not always been this way. Vietnam has a legacy of occupation, division and conflict. The informal settlement at the Hue Citadel; a UNESCO World Heritage site, became established during the Vietnam War in response to displacement and the need for protection. The informal settlement now comprises hundreds of dwellings situated around, and on top of, the Citadel walls. Without sufficient access to clean water, sanitation or waste management; coupled with a lack of infrastructure, the Hue informal settlement has impacted significantly upon the environment. Waterways have high nutrient levels and are stagnant and carp-infested and rubbish and waste is disposed of to waterways and streets. These issues are in-turn impacting upon the integrity of the heritage listing itself. As a result of this; there is now a push by the Thua-Thien-Hue Province to relocate informal settlement residents to new locations outside of the Citadel. This paper discusses the limited success of such relocation programs and alternatively outlines the potential to implement an incremental environmental improvement plan that could contribute to local sustainability and allow residents to remain in an area within which they have strong community connections.","PeriodicalId":217537,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact IV","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115950344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"USING WEB-BASED TOOLS TO ACHIEVE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE IN THE ARCHIPELAGO OF PUERTO RICO","authors":"J. Velez‐Arocho, Toby J. Davis, Ty Garmon, Javier Mercado-Barrera","doi":"10.2495/EID180381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EID180381","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System – Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems, or NPDES – MS4 permits, represents a real challenge to cities around the United States of America and its territories. Such is the case in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, which is undergoing a serious financial crisis in most of its municipalities due to industrial, economic, and tax-related transformations. This crisis, along with rigorous environmental laws and regulations at the federal level, require municipal governments to prioritize where to invest their limited funding for the improvement of their jurisdiction’s environmental quality. In addition, the intrinsic natural, economic and social characteristics of this US territory in the Caribbean make the enforcement of the NPDES-MS4 program extremely challenging. The allocation of both human and economic resources to comply with the regulations requires new approaches and strategies, as is integrating technology and web-based tools for a more efficient use of time as well as financial accountability. The use of technological devices and programs is critical to advance in the implementation of compliance programs. Easily operated software or equipment proves to be effective in helping municipalities to strengthen their local enforcement ordinances, which are a key element for the success of the NPDES-MS4. Since 2015, we have identified and categorized over 1,000 illegal discharges in twelve municipalities. Integrating modern tools, such as the web-based permit managers, has provided municipalities with a much-needed capability to address efficiently some of the environmental issues we face now a day. The flexibility offered by the new technology has proven very effective helping municipalities to establish a robust data management strategy aimed to implement their environmental permits while saving thousands of dollars on inspection costs.","PeriodicalId":217537,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact IV","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130772482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVALUATING POLICY IMPACT OF LARGE WATER RESERVOIRS UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE","authors":"A. Buoro, Eduardo César Figueiredo Coutinho, D. Specht","doi":"10.2495/EID180131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EID180131","url":null,"abstract":"We developed a methodology for modelling climate change impacts on reservoir levels and to evaluate the applicability of the model into the process of policy evaluation. We start by performing the technique of Quantile Mapping to apply bias correction in two Climate Change (CC) General Circulation Models (GCM) models (HADGEM and CNRM) based on an overlapping period of ten years. This data is used as input into a two state Markov Chain model to generate a stochastic rain generator model. We then suggest an alternative method to perform a smooth transition from the historical data to long term climate forecasting. These stochastic rainfalls are the input to a calibrated runoff model that is part of a dynamic simulation system incorporating the alternative policies used for the reservoir. This method created a realistic decision support tool, incorporating the uncertainty associated with the CC to evaluate management policies. We applied this methodology on the Cantareira reservoir, one of the largest drinking water systems in the world. It was concluded that the “seasonal policy” (RAC1) is more robust to maintain a constantly higher storage level in relation to the alternative. The climate change analysis indicates a steady increase in storage and overflow with time.","PeriodicalId":217537,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact IV","volume":"64 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114086358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF POLLUTANT SPREAD IN RIVERS: A CASE STUDY OF FECAL COLIFORMS IN THE CHILI RIVER OF AREQUIPA, PERU","authors":"A. Perez, Ana Pérez Manrique, Nataly Perez Manrique","doi":"10.2495/EID180431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EID180431","url":null,"abstract":"The process of river pollution arises when many cities allow untreated wastewater to flow directly into rivers and other bodies of water. This process generates a lot of pollution, especially in the form of fecal coliforms, which damage the health of the people who depend on the river, as well as the river ecosystem itself. This research design investigates the specific case of the Chili River in Arequipa, Peru. The concentration of pollutants, fecal coliforms in water flow in particular, is represented with a mathematical model expressed with differential equations which contain the components of diffusion, convection, reaction or decay, and source. These equations cannot be solved analytically, so, for this reason, the finite element and Petrov–Galerkin methods have been used due to the predominant component being convection. The Chili River passes through the city of Arequipa, which has a population of about one million people. The city’s wastewater is dumped directly into this river without first being treated, with an approximate flow of 1.2 m3/s. The simulation was conducted utilizing a 30 kilometer stretch of the river. For boundary conditions and simulation calibration, water samples were taken from the river at different points and analyzed in the laboratory in order to determine the concentration values of fecal coliforms. The river was divided into several sections to simulate the concentration of fecal coliforms. The results obtained after the calibration were very alarming, since the concentration of fecal coliforms in some sections reached values of up to 20,005,397.68 PMN/100 ml (PMN = probable maximum number). These values are “well above” the maximum permissible limit (MPL = 10,000 PMN/100 ml) and standard environmental quality (SEQ = 1,000 PMN/100 ml). Only in the sections of the Chili River upstream of the city was the water quality acceptable.","PeriodicalId":217537,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact IV","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123889113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ECONOMETRIC MODEL OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT TIMBER PROJECTS","authors":"Jarod Dunn","doi":"10.2495/EID180121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EID180121","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I analyze the cost for 72 United States Forest Service National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) timber projects over the period 2006–2016. Project costs exhibit economies of scale, over project size. That is, a proportional increase in project acres may result in a proportional increase in cost savings for NEPA projects. Moreover, projects with biota that are recognized by the Endangered Species Act (ESA) add to the complexity of projects, requiring more intensive analysis, which has direct cost effects. The results suggest that all equal projects that contain an ESA species are 51% greater in project cost. As a result, the presence of an ESA animal likely presents a disincentive for prospective projects to be undertaken by NEPA planners. The implication is that the cost of NEPA ESA analysis may not be a prudent budgetary undertaking, when comparing acreage to an area without an ESA, for project planning.","PeriodicalId":217537,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact IV","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115171766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ORGANIC MATTER FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: A CASE STUDY OF FRANCE","authors":"Lina Pinto Diaz, P. Gunkel-Grillon, E. Roth","doi":"10.2495/EID180071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EID180071","url":null,"abstract":"Organic valorisation of wastes by composting, anaerobic digestion or anaerobic digestion followed by composting is considered as one of the recycling solutions. In this study a life cycle inventory was performed for home composting in order to assess environmental impact of diverting organic household waste from landfill and incineration in the context of French waste management because it is known that composting can lead to greenhouse gases, volatile organic compounds and heavy metals emissions. A life cycle analysis was computed with various home composting, incineration and landfill rates. Results show that diverting 100% of organic household waste to composting decreases global warming potential, eutrophication potential and marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential of 19.1%, 38.6 and 34.0%, respectively. The benefits in global warming potential and eutrophication are mainly due to the replacement of mineral fertilizers by compost. But human toxicity potential, terrestric ecotoxicity potential and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential significantly increase by more than 1000%. This is mainly due to metal emission in agricultural soils during the compost use. However, the metal content of compost is still lower than the upper limit for compost label NF-44051.This study demonstrates for the first time that, under conditions assumed in life cycle analysis, home composting represents a reliable alternative to reduce environmental impacts of municipal waste produced in France.","PeriodicalId":217537,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact IV","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115808975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ECONOMICS OF RECOVERY FOR URBAN PARTICULATE MATTER AND CHEMICALS","authors":"J. Sansalone, S. Raje","doi":"10.2495/EID180261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EID180261","url":null,"abstract":"Recovery of particulate matter (PM) and PM-associated chemicals (metals, nutrients, organics) deposited in urban drainage (stormwater and/or wastewater) conveyance and treatment systems is reality; often ignored until loss of hydraulic functionality, treatment mis-behavior or system failure requires recovery. Sustainability practices (recovery of PM and chemicals), such as street sweeping (SS), can provide significant economy for PM and PM-associated chemicals such as total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) loads compared to unit operations (nominally, best management practices (BMPs)), before such loads become part of the urban water cycle. Any resulting recovery has potential to significantly reduce PM and chemical loads to the urban drainage cycle and would otherwise directly impact conveyance, treatment and receiving water systems. The primary study objective is to demonstrate that sustainability, through quantified maintenance practices, is economically beneficial based on cost-per-load-recovered. A second objective is examination of maintenance intervals that accounted for PM build-up, washoff and recovery functions for SS, catch basins and BMPs. The methodology of this study was physical sampling from 14 municipal separate storm sewer systems in Florida; over 400 samples of PM (~ 2 kg each) were recovered. Since PM was the vehicle for recovery of TP and TN, these analytes were quantified through laboratory analysis for each sample. Results from across Florida indicate that when SS was used as a serial control strategy in a source area providing runoff to a BMP, an SS interval from 3–15 days with a 6–12-month BMP cleaning interval provided the lowest recovery costs. Nominally, SS-load recovery costs were $0.10/kg (PM), $250/kg (TP), $200/kg (TN) at a 7-day SS interval, compared to $8–12/kg (PM), $21,000–33,000/kg (TP) and $9,000– 13,000/kg (TN) at a 6-month cleaning interval for BMPs. For any level of recovery or SS efficiency, results indicate that SS manages constituents before transport and partitioning in runoff, which is much more economical than BMP treatment. Extension of these results leads to the recommendation that when combined with BMPs, SS as an upstream control strategy for BMPs improves serial recovery of PM, TP and TN loads for BMP designed to provide volumetric and flow control. Results of this study represent a defensible and quantifiable foundation to build pollutant-load-reduction credits and quantify load-recovery economics.","PeriodicalId":217537,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact IV","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131307550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LANDFILL MINING INTERVENTION ON MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SITES","authors":"M. Buccella, Elpidio Maisto, G. Perillo, Giovanni Solino, Augusto Zippo","doi":"10.2495/EID180011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EID180011","url":null,"abstract":"Landfill mining (LFM) is an intervention on existing landfill sites aimed at recovering volumes, in order to make them available for a new use, and to standardize the same sites according to new safety criteria in compliance with the new technical and environmental regulations. This paper analyses the environmental impact issues related to the LFM project designed for two landfills located in San Tammaro, in the Province of Caserta, Italy. The first (called Maruzzella 1), has an area of about 45,000 square meters and it was used for urban solid waste from 1996–1998, for a total volume of about 500,000 cubic meters. The second (called Maruzzella 2), located adjacent to the first, has an area of about 55,000 square meters and it was used for urban solid waste from 1998–2000, for a total volume of about 700,000 cubic meters. Through the complete removal of the waste deposit inside the landfill body it has made it possible to achieve some very important results: 1. Action of the environmental impact connected with the presence of landfills by removing of the entire amount of waste and the subsequent inerting of dangerous fractions; and 2. The recovery of the materials present in the landfill: the clusters of waste, that would otherwise be left sine die inside old landfills representing a continuous threat to the environment, are instead valued with consequent obtaining of economic benefits. In fact, more than 70% of the soil contained in the old landfill was recovered and was reused on site and more than 80% of inert materials deriving from construction and demolition has been recovered and started for re-use activities.","PeriodicalId":217537,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact IV","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125524407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INFLUENCE ANALYSIS OF LAND USE BY POPULATION GROWTH ON URBAN FLOOD RISK USING SYSTEM DYNAMICS","authors":"Gibyung Park, Heekyung Park","doi":"10.2495/EID180181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EID180181","url":null,"abstract":"Urban flood is occurring frequently because of recent local torrential rainfalls, climate change and the problem of urbanization. In many studies, hydrological changes in urban areas due to the increase of impervious areas are the main causes of urban flood. However, there are insufficient studies to address the problem of population growth, which is the root cause of the increase in impervious areas by urbanization. So, in this paper, we focus on population growth in the urban flood problem and investigate the effect of land use on the urban flood from the increase in population. As a methodology, we used a system dynamics approach using a feedback method with causal loop, which is suitable for modeling natural phenomena such as population growth and urbanization. Through this methodology, we have developed a system dynamics model that calculates urban flood risk. The urban flood risk varies with population growth, urban expansion, and land use. In addition, the scenario was constructed based on the population and land use data of Yangsan City, a new city in Korea. The sensitivity was analyzed through simulation. Based on the results of the sensitivity analysis, we propose a land use regulation direction to reduce the risk of urban flood in new cities that are undergoing urbanization by population growth.","PeriodicalId":217537,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact IV","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134063593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}