Smart Materials and Structures最新文献

{"title":"Ultrasonic guided wave damage localization method for composite fan blades based on damage-scattered wave difference","authors":"Hailong Liu, Meiao Huang, Qingchen Zhang, Qijian Liu, Yishou Wang, Xinlin Qing","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad742e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad742e","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonic guided wave (UGW) has a wide monitoring range and high accuracy, showing promise for monitoring damage in large-area composite fan blades. However, the multi-curvature characteristics of engine composite fan blades and their anisotropic material properties make damage localization difficult with conventional UGW monitoring methods. In order to realize the UGW damage monitoring of the blade, this paper proposes a damage localization method based on damage-scattered wave differences. This method addresses the challenge of locating damage in multi-curvature composite blades. First, the difference between the mutual excitation in a pair of sensors and the damage-scattered waves captured at reception was analyzed. It is concluded that the closer the damage is to the receiving sensor, the greater the damage index (DI). Next, a DI ratio of the mutually excited and received signals is computed for each sensor pair. This ratio is used to draw a vertical line on the propagation path, identified as the damage likelihood line (DLL). Finally, the DLL corresponding to the three largest DIs is selected, and their intersections were used for damage localization. A time-domain truncated signal processing method is proposed to enable the DI to more accurately represent the effects of damage and improve the localization accuracy of the method. An experiment on damage localization was conducted on a homemade composite fan blade, where the damage was tested at various locations and sizes. The results show that the damage localization on the blade is good and 3 mm tiny damage localization is achieved.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear wave velocity in a functionally graded piezoelectric semiconductor plate clamped on a rigid base","authors":"Shreya Shukla, Sanjeev A Sahu","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad7430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad7430","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the propagation of horizontally polarized shear waves in a piezoelectric semiconductor (PSC) layered structure. The modal consists of a pre-stressed PSC thin plate atop an elastic dielectric half-space joined perfectly at the interface. It is postulated that the material parameters and initial stress exhibit an exponential variation exclusively along the depth. The velocity equation of the considered wave is analytically obtained based on the traction-free boundary conditions. Numerical examples have been employed to examine the influences of several parameters, including semiconducting properties, material gradient index, initial stresses, external biasing electric field, and PSC film thickness, on the characteristics of the wave. Graphs have been generated to visualize the dependency of wave velocity and attenuation on these factors. The wave’s velocity and damping properties are significantly influenced by the thickness and steady state carrier density of the PSC plate. Besides yielding critical results, current findings are instrumental in designing high-frequency SAW devices.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4D printing of magneto-responsive shape memory nano-composite for stents","authors":"Young Bin Kim, Heechan Song, Suji Kim, Heoung-Jae Chun","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad7213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad7213","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the 4D printing simulation technique of magneto-responsive shape memory nanocomposite stents. A nanocomposite material was created by incorporating polycaprolactone, a shape memory material, with Fe₃O₄ to enhance magnetic responsiveness and stiffness. Tensile tests were conducted, and the material properties were applied to finite element analysis. Shape memory experiments were also performed to measure the temperature at which shape memory progression occurs due to magnetic response. In the 4D printing simulation, different coefficients of thermal expansion and the measured temperatures were reflected in the sections where shape memory is activated to implement shape memory behavior. The specimen simulation confirmed shape memory behavior progressing from 145 degrees to 3 degrees, while the stent simulation demonstrated satisfactory expansion to a radius of 3 mm. This study proposes a controllable method for implementing shape memory considering temperatures induced by magnetic response, showing potential for various medical device applications.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A sectional nonlinear wideband piezoelectric-magnetic coupled energy collector for collecting multi-directional vibrational energy","authors":"Yuancheng Zhu, Yongqiang Zhu, Longhua Zou, Han Chi, Huyue Zhuang, Pingxia Zhang","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad7214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad7214","url":null,"abstract":"The classic vibration energy collector has functional restrictions, and it can only collect vibration energy in one or two dimensions. At the same time, it has issues with low output power in the low-frequency vibration region and a limited reaction frequency range. This research proposes a segmented nonlinear broadband piezoelectric–magnetic coupled energy collector capable of collecting vibration energy in different directions. The collector is equivalent to current state-of-the-art research in that it can collect vibration energy in three dimensions while also having a wide collection frequency and a high power density. The collection consists of a hemispherical support structure and four fundamental piezoelectric beam collision components. The rationality of the collision segmentation nonlinear principle is first clarified through theoretical calculation and analysis, and then the collision design is applied between the ends of different cantilever beams to broaden the captured energy frequency band, while parallel piezoelectric beams use a 45° tilt treatment to fully utilize the geometrical properties of the tilted beams for multidirectional energy collection. In addition, the collector introduces a magnetic coupling effect to create a bistable structure via magnetic contact. Comsol 5.6 software is used to model and simulate the planned 45° tilted beam structure, which clarifies the piezoelectric beam’s linear intrinsic frequency characteristics and multi-directional geometric aspects. To further verify the collector’s validity, a physical model is built and a vibration experiment apparatus is created. The experimental results demonstrate that the collector’s effective bandwidth range is up to 6.3 Hz under 1 g acceleration excitation, representing a 125.0% increase in bandwidth when compared to the cantilever beam with a linear array. At 14 Hz frequency, the collector produces a maximum total output power of 19.52 mW and a power density of up to 3211uW cm⁻³ when excitation is provided in the <italic toggle=\"yes\">Z</italic>-direction.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimentally validated passive nonlinear capacitor in piezoelectric vibration applications","authors":"M Ali Taşkıran, M Bülent Özer","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad6ece","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad6ece","url":null,"abstract":"Piezoelectric vibration isolation and energy harvesting applications have been extensively studied in the literature. The studies include linear and nonlinear approaches. Linear methods are simpler but possess inherent limitations. On the other hand, nonlinear ones could perform better over a broader operating frequency range. Nonlinearity can be introduced in the mechanical domain or electrical domain actively or passively. Since electrical components can be on smaller scales compared to mechanical counterparts, inducing nonlinearity on the mechanical system through the electrical domain can be more practical. Moreover, passive structures require no energy supply and controller therefore they are simpler and more reliable than active ones. In this paper, a novel way to attain passive hardening stiffness was suggested by introducing an electrical component in a shunt circuit for passive nonlinear piezoelectric vibration isolation or energy harvesting applications and the induced structural non-linearity is demonstrated experimentally. A passive nonlinear component is suggested to be a hardening capacitor obtained by the P–N junction. An analytic model is derived for parallel connected macro-fiber composite (MFC) piezoelectric material attached bimorph configuration on a cantilever beam and the model is solved numerically. MFC integrated bimorph model, and P–N junction approximate model are presented. The frequency response of the coupled system is obtained by using numerical models and experiments. Both numerical analysis and experiments validated the hardening stiffness effect of the P–N junction. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first study to demonstrate that nonlinear capacitance of P–N junctions can be used to attain nonlinearity in a mechanical system.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photochromic webbing structures for monitoring UV-induced mechanical strength degradation","authors":"Sina Kazemipour, Osgar John Ohanian III, Maurizio Porfiri, Peng Zhang","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad717a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad717a","url":null,"abstract":"Webbing structures are critical load-bearing components in a wide array of applications from structural restraint layers in inflatable space habitats to safety harness belts used by construction workers. In the field, webbings are subjected to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation from sunlight, leading to material degradation and a loss of mechanical strength. To date, health monitoring of webbings has relied on empirically correlating UV-induced strength loss with variations in their inherent color, which often yields inconsistent and imprecise results. To fill this gap, we propose a novel class of photochromic webbing structures that afford noninvasive monitoring of UV-induced degradation of their mechanical strength. The webbings’ sensing capabilities are achieved by integrating a class of photochromic yarns, fabricated through a pressurized coating process. Under continuous UV irradiation, the proposed photochromic webbings exhibit a substantial color change, demonstrating a sensing lifetime equivalent to several months in field conditions. We establish a strong correlation between the webbings’ photochromic response and their strength loss, supporting the feasibility of the proposed webbings in monitoring their mechanical integrity. To elucidate the sensing mechanism, we propose a physics-based mathematical model that describes the underlying photochemical reactions. Through an asymptotic analysis, we demonstrate that the model accurately predicts the webbing’s long-term photochromic responses under extended UV irradiation. The proposed photochromic webbing structures and the predictive mathematical model could enhance the safety and integrity of webbing-based engineering systems.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and reliability performance evaluation of electro-spun strain sensing membrane","authors":"Parian Mohamadi, Shahood uz Zaman, Elham Mohsenzadeh, Cedric Cochrane, Vladan Koncar","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad70e2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad70e2","url":null,"abstract":"The development of textile-based strain sensors signifies a new era for diverse e-textile applications spanning various fields, including health monitoring and sensing equipment. Over decades, the sensor field has experienced significant advancements, incorporating enhancements in sensing accuracy, resolution, measurement range, and robustness, among other aspects. Our article initially focuses on the creation of textile-based strain membrane sensors customized for a range of industrial applications, such as air filter clogging detection and airflow analysis. In the subsequent part of the study, the reliability and washability performance of the sensing membrane, without mechanical damage, were investigated. To achieve this, thermoplastic polyurethane nanofibers were utilized to fabricate a textile sensory membrane. Subsequently, this membrane air transparent (low-pressure drop) and highly resilient was used as a substrate to print strain gauge tracks using carbon conductive ink, with the aid of a flexible printed circuit board printer. The resulting samples underwent comprehensive evaluation for reliability and washability. Prototype membranes were subjected to twelve wash cycles in a top-loading washing machine to assess washing reliability. Both the mechanical and electromechanical properties of the strain membrane sensors were examined both before and after the washing process. The gauge factor of the straight line decreased from 18.14 (region I) and 86.03 (region II) to 20.22 after washing. This value reduced from 0.88 and 4.20 to 0.33, and from 13 and 2.77 to 3.29 and 0.81 for the big zigzag and small zigzag, respectively. Similarly, electrical resistance change after 12 wash cycles was negligible with maximum change 1.12. These results indicate that sensors maintain their functionality even after exposure to multiple washing cycles. In conclusion, it can be inferred that textile-based sensory membranes are well-suited for industrial applications aiming at the measurement of low and high-speed airflows subject to rigorous washing and other potential mechanical stresses.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charging properties of atactic poly(styrene) microfibre mats charged with electrospinning and corona charging","authors":"Mitsuo Kaneko, Kenichi Takagaki, Rintaro Tsuchimoto, Yuya Ishii","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad6bd8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad6bd8","url":null,"abstract":"Electrospinning is a versatile technique widely used to produce polymer fibres with diameters ranging from several micrometres to tens of nanometres. This unique technique enables the production of thin fibres and charges the fibres in parallel. However, precise comparisons between electrospinning and other charging techniques have been limited. In this study, the charging properties of electrospun microfibre mats fabricated using atactic poly(styrene) (aPS) were compared with those of corona-charged microfibre mats fabricated using the same material (aPS) and possessing the same structure. The results showed that the surface potentials of electrospun aPS fibre mats were approximately three times higher than those of corona-charged fibre mats, demonstrating that a significantly large amount of charge could be stored in electrospun fibre mats. A large amount of stored charge was maintained even after 240 d of storage in low-humidity, atmospheric, and high-humidity environments. Furthermore, mathematical models explaining the effective surface charge densities of electrospun and corona-charged fibre mats were proposed using the recently proposed model of stored charge distribution in fibre mats. Therefore, the clarified unique charging properties of electrospun aPS microfibre mats originally charged via electrospinning pave the way for the development of appropriate applications of electrospun charged polymer microfibres, submicrofibres, and nanofibres.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis and optimization of nonlinear hysteresis models for a magnetorheological fluid dual-clutch of an electric vehicle transmission","authors":"Huan Zhang, Lei Deng, Jin Zhao, Weihua Li, Haiping Du","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad6ecd","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad6ecd","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicle (EV) drivetrains have witnessed remarkable progress, prompting intensified research into advanced transmission systems. Magnetorheological fluids (MRF) clutches offer precise modulation of input currents, enabling swift and seamless torque delivery for EV transmission systems, owing to their exceptional performance. The transmission of an EV requires MRF-based clutches to deliver a precise and rapid torque transfer during gear shifting. In these scenarios, the inherent current rate-dependent hysteresis of the MRF-based clutches between the output torque and input current poses a significant challenge in accurately regulating output torque. Therefore, an accurate clutch model of the MRF-based clutches that can describe the rate-dependent hysteresis is crucial to achieve precise control of the output torque. This study investigates the nonlinear hysteresis phenomena using a prototyped MRF dual-clutch (MRFDC) for the transmission system of EVs, followed by a comprehensive analysis of three widely used hysteresis models: two parametric models, including the Bouc-Wen (BW) model and algebraic model (AM), and a non-parametric model, the NARX model. Accuracy, fitting time, and stack size are selected as the main indicators to evaluate the three models comprehensively. Results indicate that the NARX model has exceptional accuracy compared to the others, while it has a much higher memory requirement. The algebraic model shows a great advantage in computational efficiency because it has a straightforward expression. The BW model is in the middle position for all three indicators. To optimize the classic BW model (CBW), a fractional-order modified BW model (FOMBW) is proposed based on the polynomial input function and fractional-order derivatives. The proposed FOMBW model demonstrates superior capability in capturing asymmetric and rate-dependent characteristics compared to the CBW model. These findings provide the basis for choosing an appropriate model to effectively capture nonlinear current hysteresis phenomena within MRFDC with the requirement for precise torque control during gear shifting.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamically-consistent constitutive modeling of moisture- and thermo-responsive shape memory polymers","authors":"Jianping Gu, Changchun Wang, Xiaopeng Zhang, Hao Zeng, Mengqi Wan, Huiyu Sun","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad70e3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad70e3","url":null,"abstract":"Taking into account that shape memory polymer (SMP)-based devices are often subject to multiple environmental conditions during application, it is difficult to accurately predict their shape memory effect (SME). Thus, constitutive modeling for SMPs in multi-field environments is of great importance. However, most of the models available are limited to describing the temperature-driven SME and do not refer to multi-field conditions. In this paper, a constitutive model for SMPs in hygrothermal environments is developed under a consistent thermodynamic framework. The derivation is based on an additive decomposition of the Helmholtz free energy density and satisfying the first law and second law of thermodynamics. In this paper, the absorbed moisture is categorized into free and bound phases and it is considered that they have different effects on the material properties. Accordingly, it is the first time to study the variation of configurational entropy with different phases in the polymer–moisture system during the moisture diffusion process. For the first time, the validity of the constitutive model proposed in this paper can be confirmed by systematically comparing the modeling results and experimental data of various types of hygrothermal-induced shape memory cycles.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}