Science China Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Spatially explicit reconstruction of cropland cover in Europe from AD 1800 to 2000","authors":"Jun Li, Yu Ye, Xiuqi Fang, Diyang Zhang, Zhilei Wu","doi":"10.1007/s11430-023-1381-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1381-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One of the challenges in global change research is the significant uncertainty in global historical land use and land cover (LUCC) datasets, which are widely used as foundational data. In addition to the regional cropland area reconstructions, improving the grid allocation method is another feasible way to raise the reliability of historical LUCC data. In this study, an integrated reconstruction of the national cropland areas over the past 200 years was developed for 36 European countries. After that, the allocation algorithm was built using physiogeographic variables and historical city sites for accounting for land suitability and cultivation preferences, respectively. Finally, cropland data in Europe with a spatial resolution of 5′×5′ at five time sections from AD 1800 to 2000 were generated using the optimal allocation algorithm in accordance with the stages of the regional history. The results were as follows: (1) The dominant factors governing the distribution of croplands in Europe vary at different agricultural stages, but the results can be merged together. Land suitability was more optimal for allocation during the modern agricultural stage (AD 1950 and 2000); the priority index combined with land suitability and cultivation preference was more reasonable for allocation during the traditional agricultural stage (AD 1800). The average of the allocations by priority index and the land suitability could be adopted as the allocation results during the transitional stage (AD 1850 and 1900) because the grids for absolute differences within ±10 and ±20 percentage points between the results obtained from the above two allocations were above 80% and 95%, respectively, which means the two allocation results could be merged. (2) Over the past 200 years, the total cropland area in Europe first increased to a peak in AD 1900 and then decreased. Spatially, the centre of the higher cropland fraction shifted from the western part of Europe in AD 1800 to the eastern part of the continent after AD 1950. (3) Both the cropland area and the spatial distribution in this study are more reasonable than the global dataset HYDE3.2.</p>","PeriodicalId":21651,"journal":{"name":"Science China Earth Sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulations of electron zebra stripes in the inner radiation belt using a composite empirical electric field model","authors":"Ziyang Wang, Ying Liu, Qiugang Zong, Hong Zou, Yuguang Ye, Xuzhi Zhou, Chao Yue, Shan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11430-024-1336-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-024-1336-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The phenomenon termed “zebra stripes” manifests as regular patterns in the energy-space (<i>L</i> shell) spectrum of energetic electrons (ranging from tens to hundreds keV) within the inner radiation belt. These structures exhibit drift-periodic behavior and commonly arise from large-scale electric field perturbations near the substorm onsets. In this study, we introduce a composite electric field model and replicate the formation, structure, and evolution of zebra stripes using a bounce-averaged test particle code under this electric field model. High-resolution measurements of energetic electrons obtained from the Van Allen Probes and the recently launched Macao Science Satellites-1 are used as initial conditions and served to validate our test particle simulations. Comparative analyses between observed data and simulations demonstrate our test particle method’s efficacy in capturing zebra stripes’ general behavior. Moreover, the composite model proves capable of reproducing realistic variations in the electric field within the inner radiation belt to a certain extent. Nevertheless, subtle differences emerge in the flux strength and the positions of stripes. These disparities primarily stem from limitations inherent in the electric field model and the initial conditions of the simulation. Acknowledging that the model represents an average case, it is conceivable that real-world scenarios may deviate from the average, thereby introducing variations in the observed phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":21651,"journal":{"name":"Science China Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Red algal evidence for a marine regression during closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in the Junggar Basin and its linkage to hydrocarbon generation","authors":"Ruijie Zhang, Jian Cao, Lizeng Bian, Wenxuan Hu, Liuwen Xia, Bin Zhang, Yong Tang, Wenjun He","doi":"10.1007/s11430-023-1343-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1343-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean was a significant geological event in northern Pangea during the Carboniferous-Permian. It had a significant effect on climate, biota, and environmental conditions of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age, and resulted in the development of vast energy resources. This paper reports on the first discovery of marine red algal fossils in the Junggar Basin and its linkage to hydrocarbon generation. Red algae occur mainly in the Fengcheng Formation (<i>ca.</i> 300 Ma) and provide direct fossil evidence for closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. The red algal fossils contain well-preserved reproductive organs, such as cystocarps and carpospores. High concentrations of C₂₇ steranes (C₂₇ regular steranes/sum of C₂₇–C₂₉ regular steranes×100=14.30%–21.30%) and the marine biomarker 24-<i>n</i>-propylcholesterane (C₃₀ diasterane [<i>βα</i>20S]/sum of C₂₇–C₃₀ diasteranes [<i>βα</i>20S]×100=1.15%–1.85%) were detected in the red-algae-bearing hydrocarbon source rocks. Thermal experiments that simulate hydrocarbon generation show that the oil generation potential of the red-algae-bearing source rocks is 363.71 mg g⁻¹ total organic C. This result, combined with oil-source rock correlations, indicates these rocks contributed to the formation of oil and gas resources, particularly in the marginal areas of the depression. The lake basin inherited the water and biological conditions of the Paleo-Asian Ocean during a marine regression, which was an important factor in the development of these high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks in an alkaline saline lake. The results advance our understanding of the evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, interactions between the ocean and a lake during the deposition of terrestrial hydrocarbon source rocks, and whether red algae can effectively generate hydrocarbons.</p>","PeriodicalId":21651,"journal":{"name":"Science China Earth Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A deep learning-based global tropical cyclogenesis prediction model and its interpretability analysis","authors":"Bin Mu, Xin Wang, Shijin Yuan, Yuxuan Chen, Guansong Wang, Bo Qin, Guanbo Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s11430-023-1383-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1383-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tropical cloud clusters (TCCs) can potentially develop into tropical cyclones (TCs), leading to significant casualties and economic losses. Accurate prediction of tropical cyclogenesis (TCG) is crucial for early warnings. Most traditional deep learning methods applied to TCG prediction rely on predictors from a single time point, neglect the ocean-atmosphere interactions, and exhibit low model interpretability. This study proposes the Tropical Cyclogenesis Prediction-Net (TCGP-Net) based on the Swin Transformer, which leverages convolutional operations and attention mechanisms to encode spatiotemporal features and capture the temporal evolution of predictors. This model incorporates the coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions, including multiple variables such as sea surface temperature. Additionally, causal inference and integrated gradients are employed to validate the effectiveness of the predictors and provide an interpretability analysis of the model’s decision-making process. The model is trained using GridSat satellite data and ERA5 reanalysis datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that TCGP-Net achieves high accuracy and stability, with a detection rate of 97.9% and a false alarm rate of 2.2% for predicting TCG 24 hours in advance, significantly outperforming existing models. This indicates that TCGP-Net is a reliable tool for tropical cyclogenesis prediction.</p>","PeriodicalId":21651,"journal":{"name":"Science China Earth Sciences","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Initiation, organizational modes and environmental conditions of severe convective wind events during the warm season over North China","authors":"Yue Huang, Jianhua Sun, Yuanchun Zhang, Ruoyun Ma, Xinlin Yang, Fuyou Tian","doi":"10.1007/s11430-024-1386-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-024-1386-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Based on the significant weather report, CG lightning, composite radar reflectivity, and ERA5 reanalysis data, we first studied the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of four types (only severe convective wind (SCW); SCW and hail; SCW and short-duration heavy rainfall (SDHR); and SCW, hail, and SDHR) of convective weather events related to SCW during the warm season (May to September) from 2011 to 2018 in North China. Second, severe convective cases producing SCW were selected to statistically analyze the initiation, decay, lifetime, and organizational characteristics of convective systems. Finally, using ERA5 reanalysis data and conventional surface observation data, preconvective soundings were constructed to explore the differences in environmental conditions for initiating convective systems between SCW and non-SCW. The results indicate that mixed-type of SCW and SDHR events occur more frequently over plains, while other types of convective weather occur more frequently over mountains. The frequency peak of SCW occurs in June, while mixed convective weather peaks in July. The initiation time of convective systems is concentrated between 1000 and 1300 BST, with apeak at 1200 BST. Over mountains, the daily peaks of ordinary and significant SCW generally occur at 1700–1800 BST and 1600–1700 BST, respectively, while over plains, the peak of ordinary SCW typically lags behind that of mountains by 1–2 hours. Additionally, SCW systems are mainly initiated over mountains, with most lifetimes lasting 7–13 hours. Nonlinear convective systems produce the most SCW events, followed by trailing-stratiform convective systems. The convective available potential energy (CAPE), downdraft convective available potential energy, and the temperature difference between 850 and 500 hPa can all distinguish between SCW systems and non-SCW systems occurring over plains. Compared to non-SCW convective systems, SCW convective systems over mountains are more likely to occur in environments with less precipitable water, while SCW convective systems over plains are more likely to occur in environments with higher CAPE and stronger deep-layer wind shear.</p>","PeriodicalId":21651,"journal":{"name":"Science China Earth Sciences","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geophysical evidence of large-scale silica-rich fluid flow above the continental subduction interface","authors":"Yuantong Mao, Liang Zhao, Marco G. Malusà, Stefano Solarino, Silvia Pondrelli, Baolu Sun, Coralie Aubert, Simone Salimbeni, Elena Eva, Stéphane Guillot","doi":"10.1007/s11430-023-1334-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1334-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fluids in subduction zones can have major effects on subduction dynamics. However, geophysical constraints on the scale and impact of fluid flow during continental subduction are still limited. Here we analyze the <i>V</i>_P/<i>V</i>_S ratios in the Western Alpine region, hosting one of the best-preserved fossil continental subduction zones worldwide, to investigate the impact of fluid flow during continental subduction. We found a belt of high <i>V</i>_P/<i>V</i>_S ratios &gt;1.9 on the upper-plate side of the subduction zone, consistent with a partially serpentinized upper-plate mantle, and a belt of unusually low <i>V</i>_P/<i>V</i>_S ratios &lt;1.7 on the lower-plate side, at depths shallower than 30 km. We propose that these low <i>V</i>_P/<i>V</i>_S ratios result from a widespread network of silica-rich veins, indicating past fluid flow along the continental subduction interface. Our results suggest that past fluid flow may have reduced the effective stress along the subduction interface thus favoring continental subduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":21651,"journal":{"name":"Science China Earth Sciences","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The response of Martian photoelectron boundary to the 2018 global dust storm","authors":"Yuqi Wang, Jun Cui, Yong Wei, Zhaopeng Wu, Kai Fan, Zhaojin Rong, Fei He, Yutian Cao, Jiawei Gao","doi":"10.1007/s11430-023-1333-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1333-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extensive research efforts have revealed that the Martian dust storms can perturb the upper atmospheric condition and as a consequence, enhance plasma density and photoelectron flux in the ionosphere. However, previous observational studies of the Martian dust storm impacts have been restricted to regions below 400 km, which limits our understanding of the Martian dust storm effects in the upper ionosphere and magnetosphere. Here, based on the suprathermal electron measurements made by the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution, we identify with an automatic procedure the occurrences of all photoelectron boundary (PEB) crossings at solar zenith angle below 120° (with a dust-free median altitude of about 600 km). Using the dayside PEB as a proxy of the upper ionospheric and magnetospheric condition, we analyze the variations of the PEB altitude during the 2018 global dust storm (GDS) of Mars Year 34 (MY34) and compare them with the period in MY33 when there was no global dust storm. We conclude that the column dust optical depth (CDOD) emerges as one of the main driving factors for PEB altitude variations during the GDS. Our analysis implies that the GDS can affect the Martian upper atmosphere and ionosphere over considerable distances and extended time scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":21651,"journal":{"name":"Science China Earth Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic scale magnetic holes in the terrestrial magnetosheath: A review","authors":"Quanqi Shi, Shutao Yao, Maria Hamrin, Ji Liu","doi":"10.1007/s11430-023-1290-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1290-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Magnetic holes at the ion-to-electron kinetic scale (KSMHs) are one of the extremely small intermittent structures generated in turbulent magnetized plasmas. In recent years, the explorations of KSMHs have made substantial strides, driven by the ultra-high-precision observational data gathered from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. This review paper summarizes the up-to-date characteristics of the KSMHs observed in Earth’s turbulent magnetosheath, as well as their potential impacts on space plasma. This review starts by introducing the fundamental properties of the KSMHs, including observational features, particle behaviors, scales, geometries, and distributions in terrestrial space. Researchers have discovered that KSMHs display a quasi-circular electron vortex-like structure attributed to electron diamagnetic drift. These electrons exhibit noticeable non-gyrotropy and undergo acceleration. The occurrence rate of KSMH in the Earth’s magnetosheath is significantly greater than in the solar wind and magnetotail, suggesting the turbulent magnetosheath is a primary source region. Additionally, KSMHs have also been generated in turbulence simulations and successfully reproduced by the kinetic equilibrium models. Furthermore, KSMHs have demonstrated their ability to accelerate electrons by a novel non-adiabatic electron acceleration mechanism, serve as an additional avenue for energy dissipation during magnetic reconnection, and generate diverse wave phenomena, including whistler waves, electrostatic solitary waves, and electron cyclotron waves in space plasma. These results highlight the magnetic hole’s impact such as wave-particle interaction, energy cascade/dissipation, and particle acceleration/heating in space plasma. We end this paper by summarizing these discoveries, discussing the generation mechanism, similar structures, and observations in the Earth’s magnetotail and solar wind, and presenting a future extension perspective in this active field.</p>","PeriodicalId":21651,"journal":{"name":"Science China Earth Sciences","volume":"195 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of carbonates with high positive carbon isotope excursion from the Liaohe Group in the northeastern North China Craton and implications for the Lomagundi-Jatuli Event","authors":"Hongyu Wang, Shuanhong Zhang, Sen Wang, Linghao Kong, Yue Zhao, Qiqi Zhang, Sen Gao, Guohui Hu","doi":"10.1007/s11430-023-1318-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1318-3","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The Great Oxidation Event (GOE) during the early Paleoproterozoic represents the first significant buildup in Earth’s atmospheric oxygen and resulted in a series of significant changes in the Earth’s surface environment. Among them is the 2.22 (or 2.33)–2.06 Ga Lomagundi-Jatuli Event (LJE), which is globally, the largest magnitude and longest duration, marine carbonate positive carbon isotope excursion (&lt;i&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;V-PDB&lt;/sub&gt;&gt;10‰) known. This event has attracted the attention of scholars all over the world. However, except for a high positive carbon isotope excursion (&lt;i&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;V-PDB&lt;/sub&gt;&gt;10‰) recently identified from marine carbonate rocks within the Daposhan Formation in the lower Fanhe Group (or the Sanchazi Group) in the Longgang Block in the northeast North China Craton (NCC), Paleoproterozoic carbonates in the NCC are characterized by a low-amplitude positive carbon isotope excursion (&lt;i&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;V-PDB&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;5‰). This feature is significantly different from the high positive carbon isotope excursion characteristics of carbonates deposited during the LJE period in other cratons. To determine whether there are large-scale and reliable sedimentary records of the LJE in the NCC and the reasons for the low positive &lt;i&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C excursion of the Paleoproterozoic carbonates obtained by the previous studies, we conducted field investigations, carbon-oxygen isotopes, and whole-rock major and trace element geochemical analyses of Liaohe Group carbonate rocks from the Anshan area in the northwestern margin of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt in the northeast NCC. Our results show that the Gaojiayu Formation of the Liaohe Group in the Anshan area has high positive &lt;i&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;V-PDB&lt;/sub&gt; values from 8.6‰ to 12.4‰ and &lt;i&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;V-SMOW&lt;/sub&gt; values of 17.9‰–27.4‰ (&lt;i&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;V-PDB&lt;/sub&gt; values ranging from −12.6‰ to −3.4‰). This provides solid evidence for the preservation of reliable sedimentary records of the LJE in the northeastern NCC. Deposition of the high positive &lt;i&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C excursion (&gt;10‰) of marine carbonate rocks occurred at about 2.15 Ga. Lithological comparisons of different sections and whole-rock geochemical results show that the high positive &lt;i&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C excursion is mainly controlled by the stratigraphic interval and depositional ages; the changes of sedimentary facies and diagenesis have no significant effects on reducing of the &lt;i&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C values. The intrusion of mafic sills into carbonates has resulted in synchronous decrease of C–O isotopes near the contact zones, but the decreasing amplitude of &lt;i&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C is less than 3‰. Therefore, our study firstly identified marine carbonates with high positive &lt;i&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C excursion (&gt;10‰) from the Gaojiayu Formation, which provides robust evidence for global correlation of the LJE, which has implications for its genesis and gl","PeriodicalId":21651,"journal":{"name":"Science China Earth Sciences","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress of vegetation modelling and future research prospects","authors":"Siqi Li, Xu Zhang, Zhengyao Lu, Jian Ni, Jianhua Lu","doi":"10.1007/s11430-023-1367-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1367-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Terrestrial vegetation is a crucial component of the Earth system, and its changes not only represent one of the most distinct aspects of climate change but also exert significant feedback within the climate system by exchanging energy, moisture, and carbon dioxide. To quantitatively and mechanistically study climate-vegetation feedback, numerical vegetation models have been developed on the theory of ecophysiological constraints on plant functional types. The models eventually can simulate vegetation distribution and succession across different spatial and temporal scales, and associated terrestrial carbon cycle processes by categorizing vegetation into biomes according different plant functional types and their associated environmental factors. Here we review the developing history of vegetation models and provide recent advances and future directions. Before 21st century, static vegetation models, as developed statistical models, can only simulate equilibrated characteristics of vegetation distribution. In last several decades, Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) have been developed to simulate instantaneous responses of vegetation to climate change and associated dynamics, and can be coupled with Earth system models to investigate interactions among atmosphere, ocean, and land. DGVMs are also widely applied to investigate the dynamics accounting for changes in the geographic distribution patterns of land surface vegetation at different spatial and temporal scales and to assess the impacts of terrestrial carbon and water fluxes and land use changes. We suggest that future vegetation modeling could integrate with machine learning, and explore vegetation transient response and feedback as well as impacts of process hierarchies and human activities on climate and ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":21651,"journal":{"name":"Science China Earth Sciences","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}