{"title":"Cell heterogeneity contributes to the variable response of HIV-1 to latency-reversing agents","authors":"Rachel Topno, Hussein Karaki, Flavia Mazzarda, Oriane Pourcelot, Manon Philippe, Kazem Zibara, Ovidiu Radulescu, Edouard Bertrand","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aeb1435","DOIUrl":"10.1126/sciadv.aeb1435","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Transcriptional noise contributes to gene expression variability, but its origin and impact in HIV-1 latency remain incompletely characterized. Here, we combine a dual-copy MS2-tagging system with dedicated mathematical analysis to investigate the variability of HIV-1 transcription in live cells. In the basal state, the transcriptional activity of proviruses located in the same cell was uncorrelated, indicating that expression variability primarily comes from the intrinsic stochasticity of promoter dynamics. Upon stimulation with diverse latency-reversing agents, transcription of viral copies became more correlated within cells than across them, revealing a shift from promoter-driven to cell state–driven variability. Analysis of the molecular drug targets confirmed variable effects across cells. Our findings indicate that cellular heterogeneity can shape the response to latency-reversing agents and demonstrate how quantitative tools can dissect noise sources. This work offers mechanistic insights into HIV-1 latency and informs strategies to target the latent viral reservoir.</div>","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"12 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/sciadv.aeb1435","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Science AdvancesPub Date : 2026-10-09DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aef2358
Huan Ting Ong, Diane C. Saunders, Caroline Eastwood, Aleix Puig-Barbe, Alison Kochersberger, Anna Galligos, Bailey Marshall, Benjamin K. Johnson, Caroline E. Kratka, Chen Jin, Daniela Betancur, Gabriela Rapozo Guimarães, Jordan H. Machlin, Jose V. V. Isola, Katelyn M. Adam, Osmaray Morales-Casanova, Svetlana Djirackor, Taylor Schissel, Valentina Lorenzi, Xifan Wang, Xingyu Shen, Bikem Soygur, Brian Aevermann, Eliza A. Gaylord, Mariko H. Foecke, Norbert K. Tavares, Ryan M. Samuel, Sophia Szady, Srinivasan Mahalingam, Subhasri Biswas, Will Liao, Bérénice A. Benayoun, Hattie Chung, Wipawee Winuthayanon, Jun Z. Li, Matteo A. Molè, Michael Angelo, Patricia Jeudin, Ronny Drapkin, Ariella Shikanov, Diana J. Laird, Francesca Duncan, Hui Shen, Jennifer L. Garrison, Mariana Boroni, Michael B. Stout, Roser Vento-Tormo, Sophia H. L. George, Yousin Suh, Jennifer L. Young, Monica M. Laronda
{"title":"Standardizing Cell Ontology terms for cross-study integration in the female reproductive tract","authors":"Huan Ting Ong, Diane C. Saunders, Caroline Eastwood, Aleix Puig-Barbe, Alison Kochersberger, Anna Galligos, Bailey Marshall, Benjamin K. Johnson, Caroline E. Kratka, Chen Jin, Daniela Betancur, Gabriela Rapozo Guimarães, Jordan H. Machlin, Jose V. V. Isola, Katelyn M. Adam, Osmaray Morales-Casanova, Svetlana Djirackor, Taylor Schissel, Valentina Lorenzi, Xifan Wang, Xingyu Shen, Bikem Soygur, Brian Aevermann, Eliza A. Gaylord, Mariko H. Foecke, Norbert K. Tavares, Ryan M. Samuel, Sophia Szady, Srinivasan Mahalingam, Subhasri Biswas, Will Liao, Bérénice A. Benayoun, Hattie Chung, Wipawee Winuthayanon, Jun Z. Li, Matteo A. Molè, Michael Angelo, Patricia Jeudin, Ronny Drapkin, Ariella Shikanov, Diana J. Laird, Francesca Duncan, Hui Shen, Jennifer L. Garrison, Mariana Boroni, Michael B. Stout, Roser Vento-Tormo, Sophia H. L. George, Yousin Suh, Jennifer L. Young, Monica M. Laronda","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aef2358","DOIUrl":"10.1126/sciadv.aef2358","url":null,"abstract":"<div >The female reproductive tract is essential for fertility, pregnancy, and overall health, yet many of its cellular components remain poorly defined. Recent advances in single-cell and spatial transcriptomics have begun to reveal this complexity, but inconsistent naming of cell types and states has limited the ability to compare findings across studies. To address this challenge, an international group of reproductive biologists and ontology experts collaborated to harmonize annotations within Cell Ontology, focusing on the ovary, fallopian tube, and uterus. Standardized terms are proposed for major epithelial, stromal, and germ cell populations, supported by marker gene sets and anatomical linkages. This framework provides a shared reference that can be used to harmonize existing datasets and guide annotation of future studies, enabling consistent classification of oocytes, granulosa, theca, luteal, epithelial, stromal, and immune cells across tissues. By establishing a unified taxonomy, this work lays the foundation for integrating datasets, supporting cross-tissue comparisons, and advancing the understanding of reproductive biology, health, and disease.</div>","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"12 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/sciadv.aef2358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Science AdvancesPub Date : 2026-10-09DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aeb1692
Chad W. Thackeray, Jesse Norris, Alex Hall, Mark D. Zelinka, Stephen Po-Chedley
{"title":"Record-setting heavy precipitation occurrence in 2024","authors":"Chad W. Thackeray, Jesse Norris, Alex Hall, Mark D. Zelinka, Stephen Po-Chedley","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aeb1692","DOIUrl":"10.1126/sciadv.aeb1692","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Precipitation extremes have increased globally in recent decades, consistent with a warming climate. We find that 2024 experienced a record-high frequency of heavy (≥99th percentile; <i>F</i><sub>P≥99</sub>) precipitation events globally based on MSWEP (Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation) observations from 1979 to 2025. This extends a long-term trend of ∼0.03%/decade in <i>F</i><sub>P≥99</sub>, with similar but more uncertain increases for the 99.9th percentile. Unlike prior high <i>F</i><sub>P≥99</sub> years, 2024’s record was more globally distributed and emerged from a distinct seasonal evolution. El Niño and rare concurrent multi-basin tropical ocean warmth drove elevated extremes early in the year, before lagged global tropospheric responses and long-term warming sustained and amplified extremes through boreal summer. Climate models indicate that years with 2024-level <i>F</i><sub>P≥99</sub> typically require either stronger El Niño forcing or concurrent multi-basin sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Diagnostic projections within constrained ensemble members suggest that ∼40% of the 2024 anomaly aligns with global mean temperatures and ∼20% with El Niño variability, with some of the remainder linked to basin-scale SST structure.</div>","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"12 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/sciadv.aeb1692","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Science AdvancesPub Date : 2026-10-09DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adz2555
Evi Wubben, Xiaoqing Liu, Tjerk J. T. Veenstra, R. Paul Acosta, Joyce den Hollander, Chris Overduin, Matthew Huber, Francesca Sangiorgi, Francien Peterse, Appy Sluijs
{"title":"Ocean circulation changes rather than global warming drove temperature trends across the Miocene Climatic Optimum","authors":"Evi Wubben, Xiaoqing Liu, Tjerk J. T. Veenstra, R. Paul Acosta, Joyce den Hollander, Chris Overduin, Matthew Huber, Francesca Sangiorgi, Francien Peterse, Appy Sluijs","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adz2555","DOIUrl":"10.1126/sciadv.adz2555","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Early-to-Middle Miocene [23 to 13.8 million years ago (Ma)] climates were ∼6° to 9°C warmer than today. Around 16.9 Ma, benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope (δ<sup>18</sup>O) records suggest pronounced warming, known as the Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO) onset. However, explaining this putative global warming with carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) forcing faces challenges in terms of timing and forcing magnitude. Our new biomarker-based ocean temperature records, combined with published data, reveal no substantial mean global upper ocean warming across the MCO. Instead, temperature changes differ considerably between sites, with some regions showing cooling. Climate model sensitivity tests indicate that these patterns are best explained by ocean circulation changes, likely due to gateway changes and Antarctic ice sheet variations. This suggests that the MCO signature is better attributed to ocean circulation changes rather than a CO<sub>2</sub>-driven global warming event. The δ<sup>18</sup>O signal therefore represents warmer deepwater sourcing and/or reduced Antarctic glacial volume, resolving the longstanding challenge of explaining MCO warming without a pronounced CO<sub>2</sub> rise.</div>","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"12 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/sciadv.adz2555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Carbonic anhydrase VIII regulates IP3R1-dependent Ca2+ signaling to coordinate insulin secretion and hepatic glucose production","authors":"Muhammad Fauzi, Takaaki Murakami, Ryota Usui, Ainur Botagarova, Daisuke Otani, Kentarou Sakaki, Shinsuke Tokumoto, Toshinori Imaizumi, Hisato Tatsuoka, Masahito Ogura, Jonathan Campbell, Nobuya Inagaki, Daisuke Yabe","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aeh4948","DOIUrl":"10.1126/sciadv.aeh4948","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling is essential for glucose-induced insulin secretion (GIIS) and hepatic glucose production (HGP), yet how Ca<sup>2+</sup> dynamics are coordinated across organs remains unclear. Carbonic anhydrase VIII (CA8), an endogenous inhibitor of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1), was identified as a shared regulator of pancreatic and hepatic glucose metabolism. Using <i>Car8<sup>wdl</sup></i> mice, we showed that CA8 deficiency enhanced GIIS and HGP in vivo and ex vivo. In islets and hepatocytes, CA8 loss augments Ca<sup>2+</sup> oscillations, an effect abolished by IP3R inhibition or <i>Car8</i> reexpression. Enhanced HGP persists independently of glucagon receptor, PLC, or PKA signaling and occurs without increased IP<sub>1</sub>, indicating heightened IP3R1 sensitivity rather than increased IP<sub>3</sub> production. In hepatocytes, chronic glucagon exposure attenuated acute glucagon responsiveness in a CA8-dependent manner. In obese diabetic mice, CA8 increased in islets but decreased in hepatocytes; hepatic CA8 restoration reduced excessive HGP. Collectively, these findings identify CA8 as a cross-organ regulator of IP3R1-dependent Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling with translational relevance to diabetes.</div>","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"12 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/sciadv.aeh4948","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Science AdvancesPub Date : 2026-10-09DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aeh0368
Yi Ding, Xue Hu, Zihan Pang, Huan Liu, Loushi Shen, Yingqian Liu, Tian Liu
{"title":"Insect-specific aldehyde synthase governs cuticle strength: a selective insecticide target","authors":"Yi Ding, Xue Hu, Zihan Pang, Huan Liu, Loushi Shen, Yingqian Liu, Tian Liu","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aeh0368","DOIUrl":"10.1126/sciadv.aeh0368","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Cuticular sclerotization is crucial for insect adaptation and flight, historically thought to be dominantly driven by dopamine and its downstream products. In this study, we demonstrate that 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DHPAA)—produced by DHPAA synthase (DHPAAS) and known in humans as a toxic dopamine metabolite—plays a central role. Cross-species RNAi, mechanical testing, and precursor quantification, consistently support this conclusion. In the migratory locust, we further reveal that DHPAA is essential for cuticular mechanical properties, whereas dopamine primarily regulates pigmentation. These findings establish a new paradigm for the chemistry of insect cuticle sclerotization. Then, we elucidate the catalytic mechanism of DHPAAS, laying the groundwork for its application in biosynthesis. Furthermore, we identify 2,5,2′,4′-tetrahydroxychalcone as a selective inhibitor of DHPAAS. Given that DHPAAS is insect-specific and absent in non-insect arthropods and vertebrates, our work points to a promising strategy for developing selective insecticides.</div>","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"12 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/sciadv.aeh0368","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Science AdvancesPub Date : 2026-10-09DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aee5257
Chitra Rawat, Nidhi Singh, Ujjwal R. Dahiya, Qiang Hu, Sarah Ng, Dingxiao Zhang, Shaun R. Stauffer, Amina Zoubeidi, Eva Corey, Jesse McKenney, Christopher J. Weight, Samuel C. Haywood, Song Liu, Tao Liu, Hannelore V. Heemers
{"title":"Citron kinase activity controls alternative splicing events that drive prostate cancer growth","authors":"Chitra Rawat, Nidhi Singh, Ujjwal R. Dahiya, Qiang Hu, Sarah Ng, Dingxiao Zhang, Shaun R. Stauffer, Amina Zoubeidi, Eva Corey, Jesse McKenney, Christopher J. Weight, Samuel C. Haywood, Song Liu, Tao Liu, Hannelore V. Heemers","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aee5257","DOIUrl":"10.1126/sciadv.aee5257","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Prostate cancer (CaP) remains a major cause of cancer death in men, underscoring the need for mechanistically novel therapies. We previously identified the action of the mitotic kinase citron (CIT) kinase as a key driver of CaP progression and promising therapeutic target, but selective CIT inhibitors are not available. We therefore asked whether a better understanding of the action of CIT substrates, which execute CIT kinase action in CaP cells, can lead to novel approaches and/or alternative targets to indirectly interfere with CIT’s activity during CaP progression. In view of the enrichment in functions in alternative splicing among CIT substrates, we focus on the RNA splicing regulator THRAP3 as a representative substrate. Direct THRAP3 phosphorylation by CIT determined THRAP3’s RNA binding to CIT-controlled pre–messenger RNA targets. Cross-linking and immunoprecipitation sequencing identified a subset of CIT-dependent THRAP3-bound genes that were preferentially involved in cell proliferation. THRAP3 RNA binding was enriched in genes that undergo alternative splicing during CaP progression. CIT-dependent THRAP3-bound transcripts stimulated the growth of CaP cell lines, xenografts, patient-derived organoids, and patient-derived xenograft (PDX)–derived organoids, whereas CIT-independent THRAP3-bound transcripts from the same gene did not. An antisense oligo that blocks THRAP3’s recruitment to a CIT-dependent RNA binding site prevented the production of CIT- and THRAP3-dependent transcripts and inhibited the growth of cell lines and PDX-derived organoids representing different CaP stages and lineages but not of benign cells. Thus, CIT-mediated alternative splicing drives CaP progression, and its inhibition is a new therapeutic strategy in treatment-resistant CaP.</div>","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"12 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/sciadv.aee5257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Observation of electrically generated polaron-polaritons in a monolayer MoSe2 microcavity","authors":"Yuanjun Guan, Mengyao Xu, Zhen Cui, Xingzhou Chen, Chengye Ding, Xiaoqing Zhou, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Jesper Levinsen, Meera M. Parish, Pavlos G. Savvidis, Zhe-Yu Shi, Zheng Sun, Jian Wu","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aed2180","DOIUrl":"10.1126/sciadv.aed2180","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Quasiparticles arising from the interaction between mobile impurities and a quantum many-body environment—known as polarons—play a pivotal role in shaping the optical and electronic properties of low-dimensional systems. Here, we report the direct observation of electrically generated polaron-polaritons within a monolayer molybdenum diselenide microcavity. By embedding the monolayer in a planar optical cavity, we achieve strong coupling between exciton-polarons and cavity photons, creating an electrically driven light-emitting diode based on polaron-polaritons. The device exhibits an external quantum efficiency of ∼0.15%, representing a 10-fold enhancement over prior exciton-polariton devices based on monolayer tungsten disulfide. This demonstration establishes a versatile platform for inversionless laser technology and for polariton-based quantum optoelectronics while offering insights into radiative many-body physics in two-dimensional semiconductors.</div>","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"12 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/sciadv.aed2180","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Science AdvancesPub Date : 2026-10-09DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aem6777
{"title":"Erratum for the Research Article “A novel β-catenin/BCL9 complex inhibitor blocks oncogenic Wnt signaling and disrupts cholesterol homeostasis in colorectal cancer”","authors":"","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aem6777","DOIUrl":"10.1126/sciadv.aem6777","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"12 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Science AdvancesPub Date : 2026-10-09DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aeh6480
Asuka Joy Tobuse, Kouji Kobiyama, Jun Tsuchida, Masamitsu N. Asaka, Daichi Utsumi, Mariana Silva Almeida, Yaeko Nakajima-Takagi, Motohiko Oshima, Tomoya Hayashi, Burcu Temizoz, Etsushi Kuroda, Cevayir Coban, Yasuhiro Yasutomi, Atsushi Iwama, Ken J. Ishii
{"title":"Long-term immunoprophylaxis by TLR9 ligand mediates macrophage-ILC cross-talk against respiratory viral infection","authors":"Asuka Joy Tobuse, Kouji Kobiyama, Jun Tsuchida, Masamitsu N. Asaka, Daichi Utsumi, Mariana Silva Almeida, Yaeko Nakajima-Takagi, Motohiko Oshima, Tomoya Hayashi, Burcu Temizoz, Etsushi Kuroda, Cevayir Coban, Yasuhiro Yasutomi, Atsushi Iwama, Ken J. Ishii","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aeh6480","DOIUrl":"10.1126/sciadv.aeh6480","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Rapid development of host immunity is critical during the emergence of viral outbreaks when vaccines are not yet available. Here, we demonstrate that CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-schizophyllan complex (K3-SPG) induces antigen-independent, long-term protection against lethal respiratory virus infection. A single intranasal administration successfully enhanced host resistance to infection for as long as 100 days posttreatment. Mechanistically, we observed a lung-restricted biphasic innate activation of macrophages and innate lymphoid cells. Early protection was mediated by CD11b<sup>+</sup>CD11c<sup>+</sup> macrophages (DP MΦ) and monocyte-derived interstitial macrophages (IMΦ). Late protection was mediated by innate lymphoid cells that were epigenetically reprogrammed, suggesting that two distinct innate immune subsets contribute to the maintenance of disease tolerance in the lung microenvironment. Deficiency of TLR9 or TNF-α abrogated innate activation and protective immunity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that adjuvant-induced prophylaxis is a promising approach to enhancing host resistance against respiratory virus infection, involving the biphasic cooperation between innate immune cells in the local tissue.</div>","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"12 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/sciadv.aeh6480","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}