Science and Technology for the Built Environment最新文献

{"title":"Developing a standardized categorization system for energy efficiency measures (1836-RP)","authors":"Amanda L. Webb, Apoorv Khanuja","doi":"10.1080/23744731.2023.2279466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2023.2279466","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe growth of legislation to reduce energy use in existing buildings is producing a rich new trove of data about energy efficiency measures (EEMs), which has the potential to unlock new insights into the built environment. However, the lack of standardized EEM naming conventions and categorization methods is currently a major barrier to aggregating and analyzing this data. The goal of this study was to develop and test a novel standardized system for categorizing EEMs. The system consists of two components: a three-level building element-based categorization hierarchy, and a set of measure name tags, which are used to label an EEM and categorize it on the hierarchy. A demonstration and testing process was developed and applied to two sample datasets to evaluate the ability of the system to categorize a variety of EEMs. The results show that most EEMs can easily be categorized manually according to the new system, and highlight several challenges for automated categorization, including EEM names that are missing an element, contain a term not in the tag list, or contain synonyms or abbreviations. These results provide a replicable and systematic framework for the translation, aggregation, and analysis of EEM datasets from different sources.DisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.","PeriodicalId":21556,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135342031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New formulations and experimental validation of non-stationary convolutions for the fast simulation of time-variant flowrates in ground heat exchangers","authors":"Gabrielle Beaudry, Philippe Pasquier, Alain Nguyen","doi":"10.1080/23744731.2023.2279468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2023.2279468","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractFlowrate control can have a significant positive impact on the thermal performance and economic profitability of ground-source heat pump systems. Including dynamic advective processes in the design phase, however, remains a challenging task, as few computationally efficient modeling tools allow for their adequate and accurate representation. The present work addresses this issue by presenting new formulations of non-stationary convolutions, an efficient simulation algorithm that relies on the theory of linear time-variant systems for predicting the thermal response of a ground heat exchanger to both dynamic heat loads and flow rates. First, the new original formulations are presented, which include 1) a simple time-domain expression and 2) a fast frequency-domain expression. Then, the efficiency and validity of the new formulations are verified using experimental multi-flowrate thermal response tests involving dynamic circulation, pumping and bleed flow rates in closed-loop and standing column well ground heat exchangers. Results show that the new formulations can reproduce the outlet fluid temperature of both experimental test cases with good accuracy ( MAE=0.06∘C and 0.26∘C, respectively). At last, the high efficiency of the new frequency-domain expression is demonstrated, with the computing times (0.04 s and 0.01 s) being 100 and 8 times faster than the original formulation in both scenarios.Keywords: Ground-source heat pump systemtime-variant flowratessimulation of ground heat exchangernon-stationary convolutionDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.","PeriodicalId":21556,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135678779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-based Data Center Cooling Controls Comparative Co-design","authors":"Milica Grahovac, Paul Ehrlich, Jianjun Hu, Michael Wetter","doi":"10.1080/23744731.2023.2276011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2023.2276011","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe paper presents a comparative simulation-based control logic design process. It uses the Control Description Language (CDL) and the ASHRAE Guideline 36 high-performing building control sequences with the Modelica Buildings Library (MBL) to demonstrate a comparative analysis of two control designs for a data center chilled water plant.Details include a description of the closed-loop plant and control design methodology, including sizing and parameterization, base and alternative (Guideline 36) control logic with software implementation structure, and outline the simulation experimentation process. The selected control designs are paired with comparable chilled water plant configurations. The models include a chiller, a water-side economizer, and an evaporative cooling tower. The plant provides cooling at 27°C zone supply air temperature to a data center in Sacramento, CA, USA.The comparative simulation results examined the impacts of a selected control logic detail, and present an example model-based design application. Overall, the simulation results showed a 25% annual and a 18% summer energy use reduction for alternative controls.This shows that simulation-based control logic design performance evaluation can improve energy efficiency and resilience aspects of system controls at large.Units and additional abbreviations are provided directly in the text where needed.DisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.","PeriodicalId":21556,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135868038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-temporal electrical grid emission factors effects on calculated GHG emissions of buildings in mixed-grid environments","authors":"Max St-Jacques, Scott Bucking, William O'Brien, Iain MacDonald","doi":"10.1080/23744731.2023.2276012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2023.2276012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21556,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136103792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topology optimization of geothermal bore fields using the method of moving asymptotes","authors":"None Alexandre Noël, Massimo Cimmino","doi":"10.1080/23744731.2023.2277113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2023.2277113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21556,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136104100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tube Bundle Evaporators with LGWP Refrigerant R1234ze(E)","authors":"Joshua Rothe, Jerin Robins Ebanesar, Lorenzo Cremaschi","doi":"10.1080/23744731.2023.2276010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2023.2276010","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractWith new low-GWP HFO refrigerants, the heat transfer performances and methods for decreasing system refrigerant inventory are receiving increasing interest. In shell-and-tube heat exchangers, refrigerant distribution via pressurized liquid spray has the potential for high heat transfer performance while reducing refrigerant charge. However, no published studies have investigated LGWP refrigerants with spray evaporation on tube bundles. A test apparatus was constructed to measure the shell-side heat transfer coefficients of R1234ze(E) on bundles of tubes with two different enhanced-surface types and in two different bundle geometries at various refrigerant saturation temperatures. The results showed strong dependence on refrigerant properties, tube heat flux, enhanced-surface type, bundle geometry, and refrigerant inlet subcooling. The bundle heat transfer coefficients of R1234ze(E) were similar to that of R134a in the same test setup, usually within ±15% for similar conditions. In both cases, they first increased with the heat flux until a local maximum value was achieved. A localized dryout of the tubes at the bottom of the bundle penalized the overall bundle heat transfer coefficient at very high heat flux. For the condensing surface, bundle heat transfer coefficients rarely exceeded 10 kW/m2-K, whereas values in excess of 30 kW/m2-K were sometimes seen for the evaporating surface.Keywords: LGWP refrigerantsspray evaporationenhanced surfacestube bundlesSubject classification codes: include these here if the journal requires themDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.","PeriodicalId":21556,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136376667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broadening participation in ASHRAE conferences: Innovative research in the built environment presented at the 2022 ASHRAE Annual Conference","authors":"Kristen Cetin, Brian M. Fronk","doi":"10.1080/23744731.2023.2273660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2023.2273660","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21556,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135513875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Clinical and Environmental Effects of an Advanced Air Purification Technology in Multiple Healthcare Settings","authors":"Alicia R. Urrutia, Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Charles N. Kimble, Kathryn C. Worrilow","doi":"10.1080/23744731.2023.2266349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2023.2266349","url":null,"abstract":"Many facility acquired infection (FAI) causing pathogens are airborne and controlling them is critical to preventing illness. An advanced air purification technology (AAPT) was designed to inactivate the genetic material of pathogens and remediate volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study explores the effect of the AAPT on critical metrics in multiple healthcare settings. The AAPT was installed in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ductwork of a hospital’s medical surgical floor (ACH-MSF), a second hospital’s post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), intensive care unit (ICU) and medical surgical (MS) unit, and in a senior living facility’s (SLF) memory support unit. In all installations, the control area(s) were protected only by high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration. The measured airborne fungal levels, airborne and surface bacterial levels, and VOC levels decreased with installation of AAPT. The AAPT removed infectious airborne pathogens and reduced surface pathogens and VOCs. The ACH-MSF and SLF protected by the AAPT documented improved clinical and economic metrics including a 39.5% decrease in patient length of stay, 23% in cost savings improvement, and a 39.6% decrease in FAIs. The current findings support the hypothesis that indoor environmental quality impacts wellness and has potential applications to diverse indoor environments.","PeriodicalId":21556,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135823705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detailed evaluation of electric demand load shifting potential of heat pump water heaters in a hot humid climate","authors":"Karen Fenaughty, Danny S. Parker, Joshua Butzbaugh, Carlos Colon","doi":"10.1080/23744731.2023.2261808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2023.2261808","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractHeat pump water heaters (HPWH) are a proven method of reducing water heating energy use over prevailing electric resistance systems (ERWH). Both technologies lend themselves to enhanced control for peak load reduction. Laboratory tests were conducted in Central Florida using the CTA-2045 standard to evaluate load shifting strategies with connected water heaters. Four HPWHs from three manufacturers, including two different tank volumes were tested alongside an ERWH in a garage-like environment. Tests aimed to shift energy use away from utility peak load periods to off-peak times when excess renewable energy resources are available. Two load-shifting strategies were shown effective, Shed and Critical Peak, with variation by manufacturer. Beyond draw volume, other factors influenced HPWH load shifting:Florida winter conditions, which increase the energy used per draw, provided the greatest challenges to complete load shift. Inlet water temperature had a large impact on the success of load reduction. Ground temperatures in which water pipes were buried largely determined inlet water temperatures.HPWH efficiency setting: Heat pump water heaters often default to a “hybrid” mode that may use some electric resistance heat to minimize risk of running out of hot water. Operational mode can impact load shifting potential. BackgroundHeat pump water heaters (HPWH) are a well demonstrated technology to significantly reduce electricity consumption for meeting household hot water needs. A variety of monitored projects around the U.S. have shown savings of 50-70%, reflected by operational coefficient of performance (COP), relative to conventional electric resistance storage water heaters (Colon et al. 2016; Shapiro and Puttagunta 2016; Willem, Lin, and Lekov 2017). Within the last decade, systems have shown even higher operational COPs from improved compressors and other design enhancements. (Willem, Lin, and Lekov 2017).Beyond the ability to save water heating electricity, HPWHs can also cut peak demand. Many large utility providers in the southeast already have demand response and load management programs (Butzbaugh and Winiarski 2020) and may find value in promoting grid-connected HPWHs capable of load shifting if demonstrated to provide superior load control. This can be thought of as the ability to not only control utility-coincident peak loads, but also to alter the water heating electrical demand profile in a significant manner (e.g., alter electric load profile shape to consume a greater amount of daytime utility scale renewable energy). Current HPWHs and some ERWHs available for purchase are compatible with CTA-2045-A protocol (ANSI/CTA 2018). This protocol has demonstrated electric demand flexibility in the Northwest to provide a utility the ability to control when an appliance draws power from the grid (Metzger et al. 2018). And Carew et al (2018) have detailed simulation studies of load shifting with HPWHs. Other related work evaluating HPWHs ","PeriodicalId":21556,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135824018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Assessment of a Real Water Source Heat Pump within a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Testing Environment","authors":"Caleb Calfa, Zhiyao Yang, Yicheng Li, Zhelun Chen, Zheng O’Neill, Jin Wen","doi":"10.1080/23744731.2023.2261810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2023.2261810","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Over the last decade, the global fight against climate change through electrification has led to an increase in research on building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems that utilize intelligent control algorithms to provide demand-side grid service while also maintaining the thermal comfort of building occupants. As the pivotal point between building electricity consumption and indoor thermal comfort, high-efficiency electrical vapor-compression heat pumps are at the center of these emerging studies, and various grid-interactive and occupant-comfort control algorithms have been developed for them. The impact of these algorithms on heat pump operation and performance when subjected to different weather conditions, building loads, and grid requests calls for investigation and verification via experimental testing with actual heat pumps integrated with real-time building and grid responses. This study introduces a Water-Source Heat Pump (WSHP) Hardware-in-The-Loop (HIL) Test Facility that is the first of its kind. This testbed utilizes a 2-ton variable speed water-to-air heat pump that is capable of interacting with a virtual environment currently comprised of an EnergyPlus (E+) building simulation, an agent-based occupant behavioral model, and a single U-tube ground-loop heat exchanger (GLHE) model. Detailed descriptions of the testbed’s physical design and operation, virtual environement, as well as their mutual communication is provided. An uncertainty analysis is also performed under manufacturer specified heating and cooling design conditions. This analysis shows that the total load across the WSHP’s demand side heat exchanger, i.e., the sum of its latent and sensible components, can be measured with a relative uncertainty of ± 10.4 % and ± 3.6 % in cooling and heating mode respectively. The WSHP’s coefficient of performance (COP) can be measured with relative uncertainties of ± 10.4 % in cooling mode, and ± 3.7% in heating mode. A preliminary 24-hour experimental demonstration is then performed utilizing the DOE prototype small commercial office building model in E+. The simulation takes place in Atlanta, GA on the date of 08/26/15 from 12:00 AM to 11:59 PM using TMY3 weather data. . The results from this demonstration show that over the course of this experiment the simulated outputs of zone dry-bulb temperature, zone humidity ratio, and WSHP inlet water temperature can be tracked by testbed emulators up to a root mean squared error (RMSE) of ± 0.27 °C, ± 0.376 g/kg, and ± 0.85 °C respectively. The WSHP’s dynamic behavioral characteristics and performance are also captured, and correspond well with the authors’ previous understanding of heat pump efficiency as a function of evaporator and condenser fluid inlet conditions respectively.Keywords: Water-Source Heat PumpHardware-in-the-LoopExperimentalDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copye","PeriodicalId":21556,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135896000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}