Schizophrenia Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Virtual Reality for the Treatment of Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Shannen Kyte, Danielle Bukovsky, Jianmeng Song, Helen Shewchuk, Fumihiko Ueno, Edgardo Carmona-Torres, George Foussias, Sri Mahavir Agarwal, Antonio Strafella, Gary Remington, Ariel Graff-Guerrero, Philip Gerretsen","doi":"10.1093/schbul/sbag052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbag052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and hypothesis: </strong>Auditory hallucinations (AHs) are debilitating symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) associated with several negative outcomes. AHs are often resistant to existing pharmacological and psychological interventions. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising intervention for AHs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of VR interventions in treating AHs in SSDs.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>A comprehensive literature search was conducted on Embase, APA PsycINFO, and MEDLINE via the Ovid Database. Studies with a randomized controlled trial (RCT) or randomized cross-over trial design that had treatment and active or treatment-as-usual control conditions were included. Random-effects meta-analyses compared the change in the primary outcome of AH severity from baseline to post-treatment and at follow-up between the groups.</p><p><strong>Study results: </strong>Eight studies (n = 1004) met the criteria for the meta-analyses. Eight studies used avatar therapy (AT), and 1 study used a VR-based mindfulness intervention. Random-effects meta-analyses found that VR interventions were more effective than the control conditions in reducing AH severity immediately post-intervention (Hedges' g = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.20], P < .01) and at follow-up (Hedges' g = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.40, -0.17], P < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review was limited by a small sample size, study heterogeneity, and intervention homogeneity. Future research should prioritize larger RCTs of VR-based interventions for psychosis before VR can be reliably used in clinical settings. Overall, the results of this meta-analysis suggest that VR-based AT may be a promising avenue to improve AHs in SSDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":21530,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Bulletin","volume":"52 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13140510/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hallucination Proneness is Linked to Over-Reliance on Internal Priors for Noisy Speech.","authors":"Izabele Batkovskyte, Naresh Subramaniam, Johanna Finnemann, Matthew H Davis, Paul C Fletcher","doi":"10.1093/schbul/sbag048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbag048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>According to predictive processing models, hallucinations can arise from over-weighting of prior expectations relative to sensory input. Individuals who hallucinate may misattribute internally-generated experiences to external sources. Combining these mechanisms, we hypothesized that hallucination-proneness in a non-clinical sample is associated with a greater reliance on internally-generated priors compared to externally-provided priors during degraded speech perception.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Two online experiments were conducted with healthy adult participants. Experiment 1 (n = 92) targeted lower-level perceptual processes by assessing sensitivity and bias in distinguishing regular vocoded speech from unintelligible, spectrally-rotated vocoded stimuli at varying levels of sensory clarity. Experiment 2 (n = 100) compared the influence of internally-generated versus externally-provided priors on perception of vocoded speech content. Internal- and external-priors were matched in reliability to test if hallucination-proneness was linked to differential influences of internally-generated priors on speech perception.</p><p><strong>Study results: </strong>Experiment 1 confirmed that participants who are more hallucination-prone showed a reduced ability to distinguish potentially intelligible speech from unintelligible speech, and a higher bias toward indicating that speech was present in unintelligible stimuli. Experiment 2 confirmed differential effects of internal priors, showing that hallucination-proneness scores were linked to a greater influence on internally-generated priors on perceptual report when these were incorrect, and a lower reliance on externally-provided priors when these were correct.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that hallucination-proneness is linked to an increased influence of internally-generated compared to externally-provided predictions on perception, suggesting an additional element of predictive processing theories of hallucinations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21530,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Bulletin","volume":"52 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2C Receptor Agonist Improves Sensorimotor Gating and Cognitive Deficits by Reversing Excitation/Inhibition Imbalance in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex.","authors":"Lichun He, Qiuxia Zhang, Yanci Luo, Yushan Cao, Shang Wu, Huifeng Zhu, Weihai Chen","doi":"10.1093/schbul/sbag070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbag070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and hypothesis: </strong>Although the 5-hydroxytr-yptamine 2C receptor (5-HT2C) receptor agonists have demonstrated efficacy in mitigating sensorimotor gating deficits in the schizophrenic animal model of glutamatergic dysfunction, the precise neural mechanisms underlying these effects remain incompletely understood. This study investigates how 5-HT2C receptor activation improves sensorimotor gating and cognitive function by modulating Excitation/Inhibition balance in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>We first employed chemogenetic approach-es to establish that selective activation of Htr2c-express-ing neurons in the mPFC rescues sensorimotor gating and cognitive deficits. Subsequent electrophysiological recordings were used to examine whether a 5-HT2C receptor agonist normalizes the MK-801 induced Excitation/Inhibition imbalance via facilitation of GABAergic neuron activity in the mPFC. Finally, we verified that the beneficial effects of the 5-HT2C agonist on sensorimotor gating and cognition depend specifically on the activation of mPFC GABAergic neurons.</p><p><strong>Study results: </strong>5-HT2C receptor knockout mice exhibited intact sensorimotor gating (ie, prepulse inhibition, PPI), working memory (assessed by temporal order memory), long-term memory, and locomotor activity. Chemogenetic activation of mPFC Htr2c-expressing neurons reversed MK-801 induced impairments in PPI, working memory, and long-term memory, without affecting hyperlocomotion. The 5-HT2C receptor agonist enhanced firing of mPFC GABAergic neurons, normalized the MK-801 elevated Excitation/Inhibition ratio. Importantly, chemogenetic inhibition of mPFC GABAergic neurons abolished the therapeutic effects of the 5-HT2C agonist.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings indicate that 5-HT2C receptor activation in the mPFC ameliorates sensorimotor gating and cognitive deficits by enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission, thereby re-establishing cortical Excitation/Inhibition balance.</p>","PeriodicalId":21530,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Bulletin","volume":"52 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Schizophrenia and Personal Agency.","authors":"Susan Weiner","doi":"10.1093/schbul/sbag059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbag059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21530,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Bulletin","volume":"52 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing Infectious Disease Mortality in Severe Mental Illness: A Retrospective Matched Cohort Study.","authors":"Amy Ronaldson, Jayati Das-Munshi, Alex Dregan, Temi Lampejo, Claire Henderson, Debs Smith, Ioannis Bakolis","doi":"10.1093/schbul/sbag067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbag067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>People with severe mental illness (SMI) are at an increased risk of infection mortality compared to the general population. Little is known about how this risk might differ across infection types, and the potential impact of sociodemographic and clinical factors. We investigated associations between SMI and infection mortality in a population-based cohort, examining variation by infection type and potential moderating factors.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>This retrospective matched cohort study (January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2019) used national primary care data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked with Office of National Statistics mortality data. Competing risks regression and cause-specific hazard models assessed risk of infection mortality in people with SMI versus non-SMI controls. We examined risk across different infection types and assessed the impact of sociodemographic and clinical factors.</p><p><strong>Study results: </strong>Our cohort comprised 84 494 people with SMI matched on age, gender, and GP practice with 84 494 non-SMI controls. Fully adjusted models showed that people with SMI were more likely to die from any infection compared to non-SMI controls (adjusted hazards ratio (aHR) = 1.58, 95% CI, 1.44-1.74). Infection-specific analyses revealed increased risk of death from respiratory (aHR = 1.69, 95% CI, 1.51-1.89), gastrointestinal (aHR = 2.01, 95% CI, 1.16-3.48), and renal/urinary (aHR = 1.70, 95% CI, 1.32-2.19) infections in the SMI group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>People with SMI are at increased risk of infection mortality, especially from respiratory, gastrointestinal, and renal/urinary infections. We recommend prioritizing this group for preventative measures including influenza and pneumococcal vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":21530,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Bulletin","volume":"52 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Empagliflozin and Lifestyle Intervention on Improving Body Weight and Other Metabolic Parameters in Atypical Antipsychotics-treated Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders-A Double-blind Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial.","authors":"Sin-Ying Wong, Sheung-Chun Chan, Yi-Man Flora Mo, Joshua Tsoh, Wing-Ho Oscar Wong, Tsun-Ming Yu, Sau-Man Sandra Chan, Hei-Ming Lai","doi":"10.1093/schbul/sbag050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbag050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and hypothesis: </strong>Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders have elevated cardiovascular risk with obesity and deranged metabolic profiles associated with antipsychotic usage, bearing significant tolls on chronic morbidity and mortality. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in improving weight control and metabolic profile in atypical antipsychotics-treated patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial studied overweight or obese adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (non-diabetic or pre-diabetic) who were taking atypical antipsychotics. Participants recruited from a specialist clinic of a regional public service were randomized to receive empagliflozin or placebo for 16 weeks, in combination with standardized lifestyle intervention through psychoeducation. The primary outcomes were changes in body weight and body mass index (BMI). Changes in other metabolic parameters were examined as secondary outcomes. Linear mixed models were used to study the differences in outcomes between the active and placebo arms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 52 patients undergoing randomization, the SGLT2i group had significant reductions in body weight (-1.53 kg; 95% CI, -2.60 to -0.47), BMI (-0.53 kg/m2; 95% CI, -0.91 to -0.15), fasting glucose (-0.40 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.65 to -0.15), and glycated hemoglobin A1c (-0.11%; 95% CI, -0.21 to -0.02) compared with the placebo group (P-values <.05). Adverse events and dropout rates were similar between the 2 groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The combined approach of empagliflozin and lifestyle intervention improved weight control and glucose metabolism among patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders receiving atypical antipsychotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":21530,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Bulletin","volume":"52 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychotropic Prescribing in Young People with Schizophrenia: Trends, Sex Differences, and COVID-19 Effects.","authors":"Yi Nam Suen, Edwin H M Lee, Christy L M Hui, Sherry K W Chan, Simon S Y Lui, Amy C Y Liu, Sandra S M Chan, Dicky W S Chung, Tak Lam Lo, Wing Chung Chang, Eric Y H Chen","doi":"10.1093/schbul/sbag019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbag019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and hypothesis: </strong>Schizophrenia treatment in young people involves complex pharmacological decisions, yet sex-specific prescribing patterns and pandemic impacts remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that prescribing trends would differ systematically by sex and show pandemic-related disruptions.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>This population-based cohort study analyzed 8092 individuals aged 15-29 years with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in Hong Kong (2011-2023) using electronic health records from the Hospital Authority system. We examined temporal trends in 11 medication subclasses using generalized least squares models with autoregressive correlation structures, sex differences using interaction terms, and COVID-19 impacts using interrupted time series (ITS) analysis with adjustment for age and comorbidity.</p><p><strong>Study results: </strong>After covariate adjustment, all medication subclasses increased over time (0.05-3.71 percentage points annually), indicating universal treatment intensification. Males showed steeper increases than females in 5 subclasses after adjustment, with 18 of 21 specific agents increasing significantly more in males. Period-level pandemic comparisons showed minimal effects, but ITS analysis revealed substantial COVID disruptions in 5 medication subclasses namely oral first-generation antipsychotics, injectable second-generation antipsychotics, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Z-hypnotics, and benzodiazepines.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Young people with schizophrenia experienced universal treatment intensification with males receiving more intensive pharmacotherapy after controlling for confounders. The pandemic produced complex sex-specific disruptions masked by aggregate analyses. Whether these prescribing patterns represent appropriate individualization or systematic care variation remains unknown, highlighting the critical need for studies linking prescribing patterns to functional outcomes and quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":21530,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Bulletin","volume":"52 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiometabolic Biomarkers at Age 44-45 in the Psychosis Spectrum: The British National Child Development Study.","authors":"Eugenia Kravariti, Abraham Reichenberg, Anna Maria Fragkaki, Robin M Murray, George B Ploubidis","doi":"10.1093/schbul/sbag040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbag040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Excess mortality in psychotic disorders is largely due to preventable cardiometabolic morbidity. Efforts to evaluate the link between the psychosis spectrum and cardiometabolic health have been confounded by early-life adversity (ELA) and biased sampling. This population-based study examined prospective associations between psychosis-spectrum status and cardiometabolic biomarkers at age 44-45, adjusting for ELA.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>We analyzed data from the 2002/03 biomedical sweep of the British National Child Development Study (n = 9377; age 44-45). Psychosis-spectrum status (exposure; n = 171) was defined using repeated screening across adulthood (ages 23 to 44-45), including self-reported diagnoses, antipsychotic medication use, or professional help-seeking for hallucinations. Cardiometabolic biomarkers at age 44-45 (outcomes) were compared between individuals on the psychosis spectrum and psychosis-free controls (comparator; n = 2448). Analyses were conducted using unimputed and multiply imputed datasets (n = 7391-9298), adjusting for 24 indicators of ELA.</p><p><strong>Study results: </strong>In both unimputed/imputed analyses, individuals on the psychosis spectrum had significantly worse cardiometabolic profiles. Adjusted results showed elevated abdominal obesity (exp(b), 1.404; 95% CI, 1.177-1.676; P < .001), higher glycated hemoglobin (B = 0.321; 95% CI, 0.089-0.553; P = .008), lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (B = -4.472; 95% CI, -7.782 to -1.162; P = .009), and increased fibrinogen (B = 4.542; 95% CI, 0.939-8.144; P = .015) compared to controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overcoming early-life confounders and biases that limited prior research, our study demonstrates a robust, independent association between psychosis-spectrum status and cardiometabolic dysfunction at age 44-45. These findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive screening, treatment, and monitoring of cardiometabolic morbidity in psychosis, guided by a life-course perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":21530,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Bulletin","volume":"52 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13140664/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impaired Corollary Discharge Mechanisms in Schizophrenia: Evidence From Readiness Potential and Auditory N1 Suppression.","authors":"Antonio Arjona-Valladares, Luis Sobrino-Conde, Rosa M Beño-Ruiz-de-la-Sierra, Marta Hernández-García, Inés Fernández-Linsenbarth, Álvaro Díez, Alejandro Roig-Herrero, Emma Osorio-Iriarte, Juan Carlos Fiorini Talavera, Vicente Molina","doi":"10.1093/schbul/sbag041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbag041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and hypothesis: </strong>Altered brain activity preceding behavior may reflect a reduced ability to suppress the sensory consequences of self-generated actions in schizophrenia. The corollary discharge (CD) mechanism has been proposed to underlie this process. In the present study, we investigated CD by analyzing the readiness potential (RP) and its relationship to auditory N1 suppression in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls (HCs). We also examined the association between RP activity and anomalous self-experiences (ASEs).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Event-related potentials were recorded from 48 patients with schizophrenia and 55 HCs during a vocalization paradigm including talk and listen conditions. RP amplitude and N1 suppression were quantified as the amplitude difference between listen and talk conditions. Regression analyses assessed the relationship between these components within each group and examined associations between RP and N1 amplitudes and ASEs, measured using the Inventory of Psychotic-Like Anomalous Self-Experiences (IPASE) scale, in the schizophrenia group.</p><p><strong>Study results: </strong>In the talk condition, HCs showed greater RP amplitude compared with the listen condition, a difference that was absent in the schizophrenia group. In HCs, this RP increase was followed by suppression of the N1 component. A significant correlation between RP amplitude and N1 suppression was observed in HCs but not in patients. Importantly, reduced N1 suppression in patients with schizophrenia was associated with higher IPASE scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that schizophrenia involves impairments in early cortical processes related to efference copy and corollary discharge mechanisms, reflected in reduced RP amplitude and the lack of coupling with N1 suppression. Such alterations may contribute to deficits in sensory prediction and to anomalous self-experiences in schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":21530,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Bulletin","volume":"52 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review of the Psychotic-like Experiences Self-report Measurements for the General Population.","authors":"Mariia Goncharova, Camille Jacquet, Hans Rocha IJzerman, Catherine Bortolon","doi":"10.1093/schbul/sbag046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbag046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and hypothesis: </strong>In this systematic review, we evaluate the quality of measurements used to assess psychotic-like experiences (PLEs, ie, hallucinations, positive schizotypy, and delusions).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Following a systematic search, we included 170 validation articles that assessed measures of hallucinations, positive schizotypy, and delusions in the general population. We then assessed the methodological quality of the scales using COSMIN guidelines.</p><p><strong>Study results: </strong>The results suggest that many of the scales for PLEs commonly used for the general population exhibit variability in their measurement properties, with concerns regarding structural validity and cross-cultural applicability. Internal consistency was typically moderate or high, but reliability was frequently not measured. There were only 5 studies that mentioned evaluation of content validity, which mostly consisted of experts' evaluation of the items. Overall, 11 out of 55 included scales showed satisfactory results.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Improved validation practices are essential for scales measuring psychosis proneness. Key aspects, such as cross-cultural validity and long-term stability, remain understudied despite their critical role in ensuring reliable assessments. Content validity remains an issue, as many scales were developed without proper evaluation using qualitative methods, which should be an essential part of the process. Strengthening these areas would enhance the accuracy and applicability of psychosis proneness measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":21530,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Bulletin","volume":"52 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}