Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports最新文献

{"title":"Effectiveness Index of Mechanical Energy Utilization in Male 400-m Sprinters and the Relation Between Muscle Cross-Sectional Area of the Trunk and the Lower Limb.","authors":"Kotaro Muratomi, Takashi Tarumi, Yuki Furuhashi, Naoki Ushirooka, Daisuke Hoshi, Marina Fukuie, Takahiro Hasegawa, Jun Sugawara, Satoru Tanigawa, Hideyuki Takahashi, Hirohiko Maemura","doi":"10.1111/sms.70023","DOIUrl":"10.1111/sms.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to identify the morphological characteristics of trunk and lower limb muscles associated with 400-m sprint performance and \"effectiveness index of mechanical energy utilization (EI).\" Twelve male 400-m sprinters (age: 21.4 ± 1.7 years, 400-m best time: 48.38 ± 1.80 s) participated in this study. Using a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging system, we measured muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the key trunk and lower limb muscles, including the rectus abdominis, lateral abdominal wall, erector spinae, psoas major, adductors, quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, dorsiflexors, and plantar flexors. The CSA of the trunk muscles was summed bilaterally, while the CSA of the lower limb muscles was assessed on the right leg. In addition to absolute CSA, relative CSA, normalized by the two-thirds power of lean body mass, was used in the analysis to account for individual body size differences. Participants completed a 400-m sprint on an official outdoor track, with running motion in early phase (around the 160-m point) analyzed using high-speed video cameras. Our findings indicate that the specific muscle groups' relative CSA, particularly the lateral abdominal wall and adductors, were significantly correlated with 400-m sprint time (r = -0.604 to -0.748, p = 0.005-0.038) and EI (r = 0.598-0.599, p = 0.040). Additionally, the thigh-to-lower leg CSA ratio was significantly correlated with 400-m sprint time (r = -0.643, p = 0.024) and EI (r = 0.577, p = 0.049). These results suggest that the relative size of proximal muscles plays a crucial role in economical sprinting in 400-m sprinters. Thus, optimizing the development of proximal muscles relative to distal muscles may enhance 400-m sprint economy, providing a valuable reference for designing training programs focused on economical running techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"35 2","pages":"e70023"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11807237/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Exercise Training on the Bone Marrow Immune Microenvironment and Minimal Residual Disease in Multiple Myeloma Patients Following First‐Line Treatment","authors":"Polyxeni Spiliopoulou, Pantelis Rousakis, Chrysanthi Panteli, Evangelos Eleutherakis‐Papaiakovou, Magdalini Migkou, Nikolaos Kanellias, Ioannis Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos, Panagiotis Malandrakis, Foteini Theodorakakou, Despina Fotiou, Evangelos Terpos, Maria Gavriatopoulou, Ourania E. Tsitsilonis, Efstathios Kastritis, Meletios Athanasios Dimopoulos, Gerasimos Terzis","doi":"10.1111/sms.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70020","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on the bone marrow immune microenvironment and on minimal residual disease of multiple myeloma patients who completed first‐line induction treatment. Eight multiple myeloma patients underwent 5 months of exercise training along with standard medical treatment. Eight age‐ and sex‐matched patients who received medical treatment only, served as controls. Before and after the intervention, white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets, as well as the percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, were measured in the peripheral blood. Abnormal plasma cells, normal plasma cells, B cells, T cells, NK/NKT cells, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, myeloid progenitors, erythroid progenitors, and erythroblasts were assessed in the bone marrow. Exercise training increased the percentage of blood monocytes (mean difference 3.5% ± 2.6%; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.006), while no change was detected in the control group. In the bone marrow, the CD27+ T cell subset increased (mean difference 18.2% ± 21.9%; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.043) and the ratio of CD27−/CD27+ T lymphocytes decreased (pre: 1.06 ± 0.59; post: 0.76 ± 0.47; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.049) in the exercise group, but remained unaltered in the control group. In conclusion, the study provides evidence that 5 months of exercise training can induce an increase in the percentage of activated T lymphocytes, as shown by the higher expression of the costimulatory CD27 marker. It also suggests that exercise‐induced changes in the bone marrow microenvironment may be beneficial in the control of clonal cell proliferation.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143030850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of 8 Weeks of Moderate‐ or High‐Volume Strength Training on Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Handling in Elite Female and Male Rowers","authors":"Oscar Mazza, Joachim Nielsen, Jonas Mathiesen, Daniel Højme, Carsten Lundby, Morten Hostrup, Martin Thomassen, Peter Plomgaard, Kasper Degn Gejl, Niels Ørtenblad","doi":"10.1111/sms.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70017","url":null,"abstract":"While acute exercise affects sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function, the impact of resistance training remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate SR Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> handling plasticity in response to moderate‐ and high‐volume strength training in elite rowers. Twenty elite male (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 12) and female (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 8) rowers performed three weekly strength training sessions for 8 weeks and were randomly allocated to either perform 3 sets (3‐SET) or progressive increase from 5 to 10 sets (10‐SET) of 10 repetitions during the training period. Skeletal muscle biopsies were collected before and after the intervention period and analyzed for SR vesicle Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> handling, SR related proteins, and myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition. Muscle strength was determined by isometric midthigh pull (IMTP). Training increased both the overall SR Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> release (19%) and uptake rates (34%), with no differences between groups. SR protein analysis revealed a high variability but suggests an increase of RYR1 and SERCA1, while SERCA2 decreased, corroborating changes in SR function, with no differences between groups. Regardless of training volume, a 9% higher relative MHCIIa proportion and a 7% decrease in the MHCI isoform was observed. There was an overall 8% increase of IMTP. Males exhibited higher SR Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> uptake and release rates compared to females, likely explained by a higher proportion of MHCII. These findings suggest that 8 weeks of moderate‐ or high‐volume strength training enhances SR vesicle Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> uptake and release rates in elite male and female rowers, accompanied by a shift toward a larger proportion of MHCIIa fiber type.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conceptual and Evidence Update on Incidental Physical Activity: A Scoping Review of Experimental and Observational Studies","authors":"Daniel Reyes‐Molina, Rafael Zapata‐Lamana, Gabriela Nazar, Igor Cigarroa, Jonatan R. Ruiz, Eva Parrado, Josep‐Maria Losilla, Carlos Celis‐Morales","doi":"10.1111/sms.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70015","url":null,"abstract":"Promoting incidental physical activity (IPA) can help reduce sedentary lifestyles and physical inactivity levels in the population. However, there is heterogeneity in the definition of IPA, and studies have yet to synthesize the empirical findings on this topic. This review aimed to (1) Synthesize the definitions of the IPA used in the scientific literature, (2) Identify the behaviors part of the IPA, and (3) Synthesize the main findings on IPA. The review followed PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search was performed in July 2023, and an update was made in February 2024 in the CINAHL databases by EBSCOhost, Cochrane Library, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search phrase was (“incidental physical activity” OR “incidental physical activity of daily living” OR “incidental movement” OR “vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity” OR “VILPA” OR “physical activity of daily living”). Fifty‐five studies were included, with non‐experimental (40), experimental (12), qualitative studies (2), and mixed design (1). Ten different terms for IPA were identified, and a conceptual definition was included in 33 articles. Behaviors measured as part of the IPA were reported in 41 articles. These definitions describe unstructured, unplanned, and unintentional physical activities of daily living that are performed as a by‐product of an activity with a different primary purpose during free or occupational time and without specific fitness, sport, or recreation goals. Include light and vigorous intensities ranging from short sessions of &lt; 1 min to prolonged ones. They include home activities, self‐care, gardening, occupation, active transportation, and walking. Furthermore, evidence on IPA suggests an association with a lower risk of all‐cause mortality. The findings of this review contribute to the updated study of IPA. Advances in data processing methods are needed to capture the diversity of behaviors and deepen the understanding of IPA.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Prospective Study on Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Cardiovascular Functions in 12‐Year‐Old Endurance Athletes and Their Non‐Endurance‐Trained Peers","authors":"Halvard Grendstad, Sigrun Ådnegard Skarstad, Thor Edvardsen, Jostein Hallén","doi":"10.1111/sms.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70016","url":null,"abstract":"The maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O<jats:sub>2max</jats:sub>) is typically higher in endurance‐trained adolescents than in non‐endurance‐trained peers. However, the specific mechanisms contributing to this remain unclear, as well as the impact of training during this developmental stage. This study aims to compare V̇O<jats:sub>2max</jats:sub> and cardiovascular functions between 12‐year‐old endurance athletes and non‐endurance‐trained over a 14‐month period. Anthropometrics, V̇O<jats:sub>2max</jats:sub>, hemoglobin mass (Hb<jats:sub>mass</jats:sub>), blood volume (BV), and left‐ventricular morphology were assessed four times over the 14 months in a group of young cross‐country skiers (END, <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 42, age: 12.4 ± 0.5, girls: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 27) and a group of controls (CON, <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 26, age: 12.3 ± 0.3, girls: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 15). Throughout the 14‐month follow‐up, END did more weekly training than CON (7.0 ± 2.3 vs. 2.5 ± 2.4 h, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), with only END conducting endurance training. END had ~18% higher V̇O<jats:sub>2max</jats:sub> relative to fat‐free mass (FFM) than CON (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Stroke volume (SV) and left ventricular end‐diastolic volume (LV EDV) relative to FFM were also higher for END than CON (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001 and 0.004), while no significant differences were found for Hb<jats:sub>mass</jats:sub> and BV. No significant interaction was seen for group and time for V̇O<jats:sub>2max</jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.352–0.767) or any cardiovascular parameters (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.131–0.956) in absolute measures or relative to FFM. In conclusion, the END group exhibited higher V̇O<jats:sub>2max</jats:sub>, LV EDV, and SV compared to the CON group, with no significant difference in BV and Hb<jats:sub>mass</jats:sub>. Despite substantial differences in training volume, the progression of these variables over the 14‐month period was similar in both groups.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142988773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single‐Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis Reveals Exercise‐Induced Transcriptional Dynamics in Half‐Marathon Runners","authors":"Laura Veschetti, Cristina Patuzzo, Mirko Treccani, Lucas Moron Dalla Tor, Michela Deiana, Samuele Cheri, Francesca Griggio, Giuseppe Lippi, Federico Schena, Daniele De Santis, Luca Dalle Carbonare, Cantor Tarperi, Elisabetta Trabetti, Maria Teresa Valenti, Giovanni Malerba","doi":"10.1111/sms.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70018","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies in sports science suggested that regular exercise has a positive impact on human health. However, the effects of endurance sports and their underlying mechanisms are still not completely understood. One of the main debates regards the modulation of immune dynamics in high‐intensity exercise. As part of the “Run 4 Science” project in Verona, Italy, we conducted a single‐cell RNA sequencing analysis on half‐marathon amateur runners to investigate the transcriptional dynamics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells following endurance exercise. Blood samples were collected from four participants before and after running a half‐marathon to carry out a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of immune cells at the single‐cell level. Our analysis revealed significant alterations in the transcriptional profiles following endurance physical exercise. Modulations in myeloid cells suggested the activation of stress response (6 related pathways, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.04) and pathways related to viral processes (4 related pathways, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.03), while in lymphoid cells they hinted to a shift towards immune activation (24 related pathways, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). Additionally, transcriptional changes in platelets point to an activation of the coagulation process (5 related pathways, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.005). Single‐cell data was also analyzed following a pseudo‐bulk approach (i.e., simulating a bulk RNAseq experiment) to gain further biological insights. Our findings suggest that a pseudo‐bulk analysis could offer complementary findings to classical single‐cell analysis methods and demonstrate that endurance physical exercise, such as running a half‐marathon, induces substantial changes in the transcriptional dynamics of immune cells. These insights contribute to a better understanding of the immune modulation mediated by endurance exercise and may inform future training routines or nutritional guidelines based on individual gene expression levels.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leisure‐Time Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Biological Aging: Evidence From Genetic Correlation and Mendelian Randomization Analyses","authors":"Xunying Zhao, Xueyao Wu, Lin He, Jinyu Xiao, Rong Xiang, Linna Sha, Mingshuang Tang, Yu Hao, Yang Qu, Changfeng Xiao, Chenjiarui Qin, Jiaojiao Hou, Qin Deng, Jiangbo Zhu, Sirui Zheng, Jinyu Zhou, Ting Yu, Bin Yang, Xin Song, Tao Han, Jiaqiang Liao, Tao Zhang, Mengyu Fan, Jiayuan Li, Xia Jiang","doi":"10.1111/sms.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70014","url":null,"abstract":"Physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are associated with higher risks of age‐related morbidity and mortality. However, whether they causally contribute to accelerating biological aging has not been fully elucidated. Utilizing the largest available genome‐wide association study (GWAS) summary data, we implemented a comprehensive analytical framework to investigate the associations between genetically predicted moderate‐to‐vigorous leisure‐time physical activity (MVPA), leisure screen time (LST), and four epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) measures: HannumAgeAccel, intrinsic HorvathAgeAccel, PhenoAgeAccel, and GrimAgeAccel. Shared genetic backgrounds across these traits were quantified through genetic correlation analysis. Overall and independent associations were assessed through univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR). A recently developed tissue‐partitioned MR approach was further adopted to explore potential tissue‐specific pathways that contribute to the observed associations. Among the four EAA measures investigated, consistent results were identified for PhenoAgeAccel and GrimAgeAccel. These two measures were negatively genetically correlated with MVPA (<jats:italic>r</jats:italic><jats:sub>g</jats:sub> = −0.18 to −0.29) and positively genetically correlated with LST (<jats:italic>r</jats:italic><jats:sub>g</jats:sub> = 0.22–0.37). Univariable MR yielded a robust effect of genetically predicted LST on GrimAgeAccel (<jats:italic>β</jats:italic><jats:sub>IVW</jats:sub> = 0.69, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 1.10 × 10<jats:sup>−7</jats:sup>), while genetically predicted MVPA (<jats:italic>β</jats:italic><jats:sub>IVW</jats:sub> = −1.02, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 1.50 × 10<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>) and LST (<jats:italic>β</jats:italic><jats:sub>IVW</jats:sub> = 0.37, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 1.90 × 10<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>) showed marginal effects on PhenoAgeAccel. Multivariable MR suggested an independent association between genetically predicted LST and GrimAgeAccel after accounting for MVPA and other important confounders. Tissue‐partitioned MR suggested skeletal muscle tissue associated variants to be predominantly responsible for driving the effect of LST on GrimAgeAccel. Findings support sedentary lifestyles as a modifiable risk factor in accelerating epigenetic aging, emphasizing the need for preventive strategies to reduce sedentary screen time for healthy aging.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142961581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Training Elite Athletes: 50 Years of Thinking About Practice and Research for Endurance Sports","authors":"Michael J. Joyner","doi":"10.1111/sms.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70013","url":null,"abstract":"This essay summarizes and integrates my experiences and observations—starting in the middle 1970s—as an athlete, scientist interested in human performance, biomedical researcher, and “expert,” who sometimes advises athletes, coaches, and sports policy‐makers. In this context, my focus has been primarily on endurance sports and five concepts underpin what I have learned over the last 50 years. (1) The “competitive significance principle” whereby athletes, coaches, and policy‐makers are frequently interested in performance improvements of 1% or less. This is especially true at the elite level. (2) Science frequently explains what coaches and athletes have already discovered in the field. (3) Many science‐based performance improvements have reduced the energy cost of moving a given speed. (4) Varied and eclectic training programs have been used by elite athletes with similar performance outcomes. (5) A few things that are actionable matter. Coaches, athletes, and administrators should focus their efforts on what is actionable.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142936093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residual Effects of Physical Exercise After Periods of Training Cessation in Older Adults: A Systematic Review With Meta‐Analysis and Meta‐Regression","authors":"Ángel Buendía‐Romero, Tomas Vetrovsky, Alejandro Hernández‐Belmonte, Mikel Izquierdo, Javier Courel‐Ibáñez","doi":"10.1111/sms.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70010","url":null,"abstract":"We aimed to determine the persisting effects of various exercise modalities and intensities on functional capacity after periods of training cessation in older adults. A comprehensive search was conducted across the Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection up to March 2024 for randomized controlled trials examining residual effects of physical exercise on functional capacity in older adults ≥ 60 years. The analysis encompassed 15 studies and 21 intervention arms, involving 787 participants. The exercise and training cessation periods ranged from 8 to 43 weeks and 4 to 36 weeks, respectively. Meta‐analyses were performed using change scores from before the physical exercise to after the training cessation. The effect sizes (ES) were calculated as the standardized mean differences between the intervention and control groups' change scores. Subgroup analyses and meta‐regressions explored the influence of participant characteristics, the magnitude of the effect produced by the initial training program, various exercise modalities (resistance and multicomponent training) and intensities (high and low), and subdomains of functional capacity (agility, balance, standing ability, walking ability, and stair walking). The findings revealed that exercise interventions had a significant effect on preserving functional capacity after training cessation (ES = 0.87; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). This protective effect was consistent across various exercise modalities and intensities (ES ≥ 0.67; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ≤ 0.04). The benefits obtained during the training program were positively associated with the residual effects observed after training cessation (<jats:italic>β</jats:italic> = 0.73; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01), while age negatively influenced the persisting adaptations (<jats:italic>β</jats:italic> = −0.07; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). Current evidence suggests that exercise‐based interventions, irrespective of modality and intensity, are highly effective in preventing functional declines after training cessation among older adults.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142936092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter‐Session Reliability of Functional Performance and Muscle Power in Adults With Severe Obesity","authors":"Søren Gam, Anders K. Petz, Lukas R. Bjerre, Jeppe Bøgild, Anders B. Nielsen, Rikke N. Sørensen, Mikkel I. Kolind, Bibi Gram, Stinus Hansen, Per Aagaard","doi":"10.1111/sms.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70008","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable and sensitive testing of physical function is crucial for assessing the effects of treatment or exercise intervention in various patient populations. The present study investigated the test–retest reliability and sensitivity (smallest detectable difference: SDD) of selected physical performance tests commonly used in clinical rehabilitation, including tests of habitual and maximal walking speed, walking endurance capacity, handgrip strength (HGS), and lower limb muscle power (Sit‐to‐Stand (STS), stair climb) in adults with severe obesity meeting the criteria for bariatric surgery. Thirty‐two adults (BMI 43.8 ± 6.6 kg/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>) were enrolled in the study. Participants were assessed in three separate test sessions performed at the same time of day (±2 h) separated by 3 to 7 days. Habitual and maximal walking speed, walking endurance capacity, lower limb muscle power evaluated by stair climb and STS performance, and HGS demonstrated good‐to‐excellent inter‐session reproducibility (ICC: 0.84–0.98, CV and SEM: 2.9%–11.3%) with individual sensitivity (SDD) ranging from 11.8% to 31.2%. Systematic learning effects from test session 1–2 were observed for the STS test and the 3‐ and 10‐m habitual walk speed tests, manifested by increases of 6%–9%, 7%, and 3%, respectively (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Performing a familiarization session (test 1) fully prevented these learning effects (test 2 vs. 3). A majority of physical function tests showed improved reproducibility and sensitivity after the familiarization session. In conclusion, physical function can be assessed in a reliable manner in adults with severe obesity. Further, familiarization sessions prior to actual testing result in improved test–retest reliability and increased sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142925072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}