OCEANS 2007最新文献

{"title":"NOAA's New IOOS Program","authors":"Z. Willis","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449223","url":null,"abstract":"Having information about our environment is key to sustaining Earth, our way of life, and future generations. The Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) is a nationally important infrastructure that will enable many different users to characterize, understand, predict and monitor changes in coastal and ocean environments and ecosystems. This infrastructure is critical to understanding, responding and adapting to the effects of severe weather, global-to-regional climate variability, and natural hazards. NOAA owns and operates much of the coastal and ocean observing and data distribution infrastructure. NOAA is the only federal agency that has responsibility for some aspect of all seven IOOS goals through our many mandates and programs; IOOS objectives are inherent to our mission. In December 2006, NOAA decided to standup an IOOS Program Office that will provide a central focal point for IOOS activities within NOAA. In the near-term NOAA will concentrate on developing a data integration framework. A fully operational data integration framework will take significant time to develop. However, we have set a 12 month goal of standing up the framework necessary to integrate five core IOOS variables, from multiple NOAA observing sources, for rapid and routine operational access and use by NOAA product developers and other end users. Between months 12 and 18, we expect to ingest these integrated variables into four specific NOAA data products. We will then systematically test and evaluate product enhancements, and verify, validate, and benchmark new performance specifications for operational use. Integrated regional coastal ocean observing system data, and effective regional management structures, are critical components of a fully realized U.S. IOOS program. NOAA intends to continue supporting the development and integration of these regional components. Regional partners are both producers and consumers of data and; therefore, will continue to have a role in the development of NOAA's IOOS data integration framework. The new office will serve as a focal point for the regions on U.S. IOOS efforts. The paper will discuss how NOAA is approaching the data integration framework within the context of NOAA and our United States Federal and Non-Federal partners. Further, we will discuss the context of integrating data and the necessary standards definition that must be done not only within the United States but in a larger global context. Conceptually, anyone interested in ocean observing or using ocean observations is a part of IOOS. Structurally, members include Federal agencies, state agencies, academic institutions, regional associations, trade associations, professional societies, business interests, public interest groups, and interested families and individuals. The IOOS model is assembling observations from diverse sponsors, thereby insuring innovation from independent perspectives, and yet establishing a foundation for all the diverse components to sh","PeriodicalId":214543,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2007","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121623788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of under-ice thermal structure: small AUV deployment in Pavilion Lake, BC, Canada","authors":"A. Forrest, H. Bohm, B. Laval, E. Magnusson, R. Yeo, M. Doble","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449183","url":null,"abstract":"Within the past decade, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have seen increased application in oceanographic research with limited limnological application. In 2006, the University of British Columbia Environmental Fluid Mechanics (UBC-EFM) group began field trials of the 'UBC-Gavia' in two lacustrine systems (Kelly and Pavilion Lake, B.C., Canada) and one estuarine system (Loch Etive, Scotland). One of the driving forces behind using AUV platforms for scientific surveys is the ability of these vehicles to reach environments that are impractical to reach by conventional, ship-based, means. Exploration of the world's polar environments is currently the basis of several AUV-based research groups (e.g. Autosub Under-ice program), with AUVs having successfully completed long distance surveys under sea-ice in both Arctic and Antarctic waters. One of the long-term objectives of the UBC-EFM group is to deploy UBC-Gavia under polar lake ice at selected sites both in the Canadian High Arctic and in Antarctica. In February 2007 a series of under-ice experiments were conducted in Pavilion Lake, B.C. with the primary objective of investigating under-ice thermal structure. Results demonstrate horizontal heterogeneity in the thermal structure of the lake indicative of convective circulation in the form of a negatively buoyant plume. In addition, novel techniques of AUV deployment, navigation and recovery developed for this project are described. Pavilion Lake, B.C. was selected as the field site for development of AUV deployment techniques during a two-week span in February 2007. This site was selected because ice-cover is relatively thin (<50 cm) and there is relatively little snow cover during an average year (<5 cm). In contrast to some recent under-sea-ice AUV applications (e.g. Autosub Under-ice Program, SHEBA), mission operations were conducted from a hole in the ice surface (1times3 m) rather than an ice edge, polynya or lead. Three different deployment techniques were used; a direct surface start, depth trigger start and remote trigger start. Testing included executing mission-tracks of increasing complexity at varying depths in the water column with additional runs conducted with the vehicle ballasted in an inverted orientation in order to make sonar and photographic observations of the ice underside. Vehicle positioning was achieved by two acoustic long baseline (LBL) transponders moored in the ice at fixed positions reference by GPS. A disadvantage of this system was the limited range (~1 km2) required for valid triangulation of the vehicle. Missions were also executed using an inertial navigation system (INS) coupled with a Doppler velocity log (DVL). A combination of the LBL and INS/DVL systems is proposed for sea-ice deployments where a moving frame of reference (the sea-ice) is an additional degree of complexity. Since the vehicle does not typically return to the deployment hole, several search and recovery techniques were tested and will be r","PeriodicalId":214543,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2007","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121947010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deployment of the junction unit for Off-Toyohashi cabled observatory","authors":"K. Asakawa, T. Goto, T. Yokobiki, E. Araki, R. Iwase, M. Kinoshita, J. Kojima, Y. Fujii, Y. Okatake, Y. Taguchi","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449179","url":null,"abstract":"A new cabled observatory was constructed off Toyohashi in central Japan using a pair of decommissioned underwater telecommunication cables. While providing electric power and communication line to the underwater observatory, the cables will be used as a long active antenna to monitor the electro-magnetic properties of the Earth's crust that are related to water contents. To secure a safe deployment of the junction unit at the end of the cable, we conducted computer simulations before the deployment. The junction units must usually be placed exactly as planned. This paper presents that the simulation results coincide with the actual construction result.","PeriodicalId":214543,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2007","volume":"28 2-3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121093643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-analysis of the \"Akron\" Airship Pressure Data to Design Pressure Measurement Experiments on an Underwater Vehicle","authors":"F. Azarsina, C. Williams, D. Bass, N. Bose","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449176","url":null,"abstract":"Pressure experimental data from NACA tests on the airship \"Akron\" were reanalysed in this study. The pressure distribution over the bare hull of the airship were presented by using 3D pressure surfaces and 2D pressure contours for different pitch angles. By integration of the normal pressures at each panel over the bare hull of the airship, the axial and normal forces and the pitching moment exerted on the hull were derived. The paper has a brief introduction on how to use this re-analysis of the old experiment data to plan pressure-measurement experiments on an underwater vehicle.","PeriodicalId":214543,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2007","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121190104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Biomimetic Motion Control System Using CPG","authors":"T. Matsuo, K. Ishii","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449409","url":null,"abstract":"It is very important for mobile robots to realize a robust system in the motion and the structure which is strong enough to disturbance and breakdowns. As one of method for development of robust robot system, there is an approach following architecture of nervous system. In spiral cord of animal rhythm generator mechanism called the Central Pattern Generator (CPG) exists. CPG consists of many neural oscillators with inhibitory connection. Neural oscillators influence each other, and can make rhythmical pattern. In this paper, neural oscillator based motion control system was developed using micro-computer PIC, and applied to motion control of snake-like robot. The robot can move forwards, backwards by changing weights and change direction by adjusting command parameters from the upper layer.","PeriodicalId":214543,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2007","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121281382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Suspended Particle Rosette Sampler for Investigating Hydrothermal Plumes","authors":"J. Breier, C. Rauch, C. German","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449376","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed and are building a new oceanographic tool, a Suspended Particulate Rosette (SUPR) sampling system. The SUPR sampler is capable of rapidly filtering 25 large water volume samples (30 to 100 liters per sample) for suspended particulates during a single deployment. In addition, the SUPR sampler is designed to be compatible with in situ optical analysis methods. We are developing the SUPR sampler to investigate these fundamental questions, \"How do iron- and manganese-rich, hydrothermal plume particles affect seawater chemistry and to what extent do these particles fuel microbial activity in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes?\" While past studies have determined the average chemical composition of hydrothermal plumes we lack the detailed information we need to understand the complete formation process and to what extent plume particle chemistry is modified by reactions with seawater and chemosynthetic organisms. Key to answering these questions is understanding the spatial and temporal variability of plume particle composition and mineralogy. Examination of this complex system requires the collection of numerous, spatially-discrete particle samples from hydrothermal plumes. Existing systems collect only a single combined sample - this has been the major obstacle to addressing our research questions. The SUPR sampler is designed to address this sampling need. It consists of a custom filtering head capable of sequentially collecting 25 discrete samples or 10 replicate pairs. This filtering head is interfaced with an 8 to 30 liter per minute pumping system. It can be deployed on a CTD rosette for spatially-discrete tow-yo sampling of non-buoyant hydrothermal plumes, on an ROV (e.g. Jason) for sampling rising plumes, or mounted on a fixed mooring in a hydrothermal vent field for time series sampling. In addition the SUPR sampler is designed with a long-term perspective for seafloor observatory deployments where it can be used to collect particulate samples as time series and in response to tectonic (or other) events. We see an increasing demand for this capability - enabling both spatially-resolved and, importantly, temporally-resolved sampling of suspended particulates or microbes from a range of dynamic biogeochemical environments, not just hydrothermal systems. With such future applications in mind, and because many particle characteristics are short lived, the SUPR sampler has been designed to be compatible with in situ optical sensors based on visible and laser spectroscopy.","PeriodicalId":214543,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2007","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126690153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Satellite Link Management for an Ocean Observing Network","authors":"Tom O'Reilly, R. Herlien, K. Headley, B. Kieft, M. Chaffey, K. Salamy","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449309","url":null,"abstract":"The Monterey ocean observing system (MOOS) moored observatory hosts tens of instruments on multiple networked nodes distributed over the sea surface, water column, and seafloor. Commands and data are exchanged between instrument nodes over high-speed copper and fiber-optic links at 10 Megabits per second using TCP-IP protocols. Science and engineering instruments on each node acquire and log data at various rates; the current deployment of five instrument nodes logs tens of Megabytes of data per day. Approximately 5 Megabytes per day of telemetry is required to provide a subset of science data and system status information. The surface node periodically establishes a PPP connection to shore using the Globalstar satellite system, providing a link for remote system control, maintenance, and telemetry retrieval Telemetry retrieval is particularly challenging, given the capacity and cost of the 7800 bits per second communications link. The challenge is compounded by limited satellite availability, wave-driven motion of the surface buoy antenna, and occasional outages of hard-wired network connections between nodes. To address these issues, we have developed software strategies to manage the low- bandwidth satellite link in a highly efficient manner. Elements of our telemetry retrieval strategy include use of data summarization algorithms, PPP compression, multi-threaded utilization of the satellite link, optimized data packet size to reduce protocol overhead, and assertive reconnection of prematurely disconnected satellite links. We discuss the efficiency and trade-offs of various approaches, as well as overall observed improvements in telemetry rates. Our current implementation is capable of retrieving at least 10 Megabytes of telemetry per day, and we discuss further improvements which could substantially increase that rate.","PeriodicalId":214543,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2007","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124034785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Flow and Sediment Transport Modelling at the Reversing Falls - Saint John Harbour, New Brunswick","authors":"V. Leys","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449139","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrodynamic and sediment transport modelling of the Reversing Falls channel was conducted as part of a feasibility study for a small craft fishing harbour in Saint John Harbour, New Brunswick, on the Bay of Fundy. The Reversing Falls represent a unique site of interest. A shallow rock ridge and narrow gorge act as a hydraulic control point for the reversing flow regime. The Falls regulate the Bay of Fundy's tidal inflows into the Saint John River estuary at high tide, and the large river outflows into the Harbour at low tide when the water level gradient is greater than 4 m over only 3 km. The flows do not reverse during the spring freshet when river levels are above high tide. The channel downstream of the Falls and upstream of the Harbour constitutes a dynamic interface between the tidal and river regimes. Existing field data in the most dynamic reach of the channel are sparse, due to the difficulties and costs in surveying the area. Hydrographic and spot current measurements were made at the site to complement existing water level, salinity and current datasets. The Danish Hydraulic Institute's MIKE3 hydrodynamic model was calibrated to field data and compared with results from past studies. Based on the limited current and discharge measurements available for the Reversing Falls channel, the accuracy of the modelled flows in this extremely dynamic area is estimated at about 20%. This error range could be improved in the future if long- term field measurements are collected as part of further design studies. At the studied wharf site, during ebb and low tide, the strong down-channel flow sheds a large-scale 400 m-long back eddy along the cove. The model helped identify source mechanisms of the eddy as a combination of strong flows hitting a rock outcrop and locally causing water level gradients large enough to force a back flow. The ample sediment supply from the tides and river, combined with the constant renewal of water in the harbour, cause sedimentation over dredged areas. Local sediment transport processes were investigated using the numerical model based on measured suspended sediment concentrations and dredging records for the Port of Saint John. Despite the uncertainties associated with sediment modelling in such a dynamic area, the model evidenced the significant role of the bottom density current in sedimentation processes in dredged areas of the City Harbour. The model also helped understand why observed sedimentation rates in the Harbour are un- correlated with the duration or intensity of the spring freshet.","PeriodicalId":214543,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2007","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126111493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observatory Cable Laying System","authors":"K. Shepherd, K. Tamburri, R. Mills","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449275","url":null,"abstract":"Cabled ocean observatories use cable ships or other surface vessels to lay long heavy armoured cable on the seafloor which typically forms the backbone of the observatory network. It is not practical, and would be extremely difficult to lay shorter cables connecting two instruments or instruments to the nodes. Other Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV's) have the technology to lay lighter weight or short cables where the users are fortunate to have either low power requirements, close proximity of instrument to node, and a benign environment for the cable to lay. There has been no solution to lay long extension cables that have armour packages, or large conductors required for high power or remote applications. Heavier cables also have better behaviour on the seafloor, resisting spanning, rock damage and movement in currents. NEPTUNE Canada, and other observatories have a requirement for numerous extension cables to be laid that are up to 10 km in length and have a cable weight in water of several thousand pounds. These cables are required for connecting instruments that are placed some distance from the node and main cable. The Canadian Scientific Submersible Facility (CSSF) has designed and built a Remotely Operated Cable Laying System (ROCLS) that works in conjunction with the ROPOS ROV. The ROPOS system was built with a through frame lift capability of 4000 lb. to a depth of 2500 metres. Thus the cable laying system can have an overall weight of 4000 lb. including cable. With this system the cable can be gently and precisely laid on the seafloor. With theROCLS attached to the ROV, we can visually watch cable touchdown, as well as using the obstacle avoidance sonar to identify obstacles. The ROV thrusters provide the force to manoeuvre around obstacles. The drum is hydraulically driven and can drive cable out, reel cable back in or provide back tension if required. Further capability is provided by a capacity to couple and decouple the ROV to the package while it is on the seafloor. This allows the vehicle to free swim and connect the cable ends to the instrument packages and to the node. The vehicle can also perform other routine ROV services. It can then re-couple to the cable laying system and continue laying cable, or recover the empty drum to the surface. Spare loaded cable drums can be carried and easily swapped out offshore, saving time and effort particularly when the offshore spread is on hire. This presentation describes the system design and operation, as well as the various cable types and weights that can be managed. CSSF has developed a system that meets a unique requirement for ocean observatories that cannot be otherwise easily achieved. The system is simple, robust, has a large payload and can be deployed with the existing ROPOS offshore spread. The ROPOS system, complete with the ROCLS, can be deployed from most scientific research vessels currently used for offshore oceanography in and around North America.","PeriodicalId":214543,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2007","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127727501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurements of Waves and Current in Support of Coastal Projects on Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard","authors":"A. Williams, A. Morrison","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449351","url":null,"abstract":"MAVS acoustic velocity sensors have been deployed in the surf zone at Madaket beach, Nantucket and on a dock piling at Oak Bluffs, Martha's vineyard since mid-winter of 2006. Power is supplied to each instrument through a dedicated cable connection and data are returned through this tether to PCs for logging. The current meters report velocity, pressure, temperature, and turbidity in real-time to support continuous monitoring of wave and sediment conditions as they impact beach processes or velocity and pressure for wave conditions in support of marine construction.","PeriodicalId":214543,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 2007","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127963846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}