Russian Open Medical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Effect Of Transcutaneous Electrical Spinal Cord Stimulation On The Functional Activity Of Reciprocal And Presynaptic Inhibition In Healthy Subjects","authors":"D. A. Gladchenko, L. V. Roshchina, S. M. Bogdanov, A. Chelnokov","doi":"10.15275/rusomj.2022.0302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15275/rusomj.2022.0302","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of our research was to examine an effect of 20-minute electrical stimulation session of the spinal cord (tESCS) on the manifestation of reciprocal and presynaptic inhibition in the system of shin antagonist muscles in healthy individuals in a state of a relative muscle rest and weak muscle effort, along with possible physiological mechanisms of these manifestations. Material and Methods — The study involved 10 healthy men 27 to 35 years of age. Reciprocal and presynaptic inhibition was evaluated by suppressing the amplitude of testing H-reflex of m. soleus under conditions of conditioning stimulation of n. peroneus profundus and testing stimulation of n. tibialis with interstimulus intervals of 3 ms and 100 ms, respectively. Reciprocal inhibition and presynaptic inhibition were recorded during a 20-minute tESCS in the area of T11-T12 thoracic vertebrae at rest, in combination with voluntary muscular effort (5% of the maximum voluntary contraction), and after the stimulation. Results — During 20-minute electrical stimulation of the spinal cord at rest, the severity of reciprocal inhibition decreased, inverting to reciprocal facilitation, while presynaptic inhibition weakened only at the twentieth minute of stimulation; and in the postactivation period, the activity of spinal inhibition processes in the antagonist muscle system corresponded to background values. The most pronounced effect of prolonged tESCS was observed when performing a weak isometric contraction, which was accompanied by an increase in reciprocal inhibition activity during 10 minutes of exposure and 10 minutes after the end of stimulation. The severity of presynaptic inhibition during and after the spinal cord stimulation remained unchanged and complied with background values. The presynaptic inhibition activity was expressed to a greater extent during prolonged stimulation of the spinal cord at rest, and when performing a weak voluntary effort, as well as during the postactivation period. Conclusion — Changes in the spinal inhibitory interactions in the system of antagonist muscles on the basis of tESCS effects during arbitrary muscle tension could probably be explained by the fact that in this case, the inhibitory interneuron circuits of spinal cord were exposed to a wider range supraspinally descending and ascending peripheral effects, compared with spinal cord stimulation in a state of a relative muscle rest.","PeriodicalId":21426,"journal":{"name":"Russian Open Medical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44254144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood Levels Of Hormones, Cytokines And Leukocyte Content Versus Hypertrophic Scar Laser Treatment Outcome","authors":"L. S. Vasilyeva, M. Kobets, Olga A. Makarova","doi":"10.15275/rusomj.2022.0303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15275/rusomj.2022.0303","url":null,"abstract":"The goal was to identify the changes in blood levels of hormones, cytokines, and the number of leukocytes associated with the success of laser treatment of hypertrophic scars. Material and Methods — The lipid, hormonal, cytokine and leukocyte composition of blood was studied in 15 women with normotrophic scars (Group 1) and 30 women with hypertrophic scars (Group 2). Blood was taken before treatment on days 5-7 of the menstrual cycle, followed by laser treatment. The clinical parameters of scars were assessed before treatment and 3 months after it, and two subgroups were identified: with a successful treatment outcome (2a) and with an unsuccessful outcome (2b). A retrospective analysis of blood composition was performed in each subgroup. The data were processed using the methods of nonparametric statistics. The differences were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results — At a successful treatment outcome, the clinical parameters of scars were associated with low estradiol level, high progesterone content and high number of segmented neutrophils. These changes create conditions for scar hypertrophy, but retain the body’s capability of responding to the treatment by inflammatory process with normotrophic scarring. At an unsuccessful treatment outcome, the scar hypertrophy was restored under conditions of low blood content of luteinizing hormone, and high levels of growth hormone and transforming growth factor β. Conclusion — Features of changes in the blood levels of hormones, cytokines, and leukocyte content are associated with the success of laser treatment of hypertrophic scars.","PeriodicalId":21426,"journal":{"name":"Russian Open Medical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48552903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role Of Retroelements In The Development Of COVID-19 Neurological Consequences","authors":"R. Mustafin, A. Kazantseva, Yulia V. Kovas, E. Khusnutdinova","doi":"10.15275/rusomj.2022.0313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15275/rusomj.2022.0313","url":null,"abstract":"Retroelements play a key role in brain functioning in humans and other animals, since they represent dynamic regulatory elements controlling the expression of specific neuron types. The activity of retroelements in the brain is impaired under the influence of SARS-CoV-2, penetrating the blood-brain barrier. We propose a new concept, according to which the neurological complications of COVID-19 and their long-term effects are caused by modified expression of retroelements in neurons due to viral effect. This effect is implemented in several ways: a direct effect of the virus on the promoter regions of retroelement-encoding genes, virus interaction with miRNAs causing silencing of transposons, and an effect of the viral RNA on the products of retroelement transcription. Aging-related physiological activation of retroelements in the elderly is responsible for more severe course of COVID-19. The associations of multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with coronavirus lesions also indicate the role of retroelements in such complications, because retroelements are involved in the mechanisms of the development of these diseases. According to meta-analyses, COVID-19-caused neurological complications ranged 36.4-73%. The neuropsychiatric consequences of COVID-19 are observed in patients over a long period after recovery, and their prevalence may exceed those during the acute phase of the disease. Even 12 months after recovery, unmotivated fatigue, headache, mental disorders, and neurocognitive impairment were observed in 82%, 60%, 26.2-45%, and 16.2-46.8% of patients, correspondingly. These manifestations are explained by the role of retroelements in the integration of SARS-CoV-2 into the human genome using their reverse transcriptase and endonuclease, which results in a long-term viral persistence. The research on the role of specific retroelements in these changes can become the basis for developing targeted therapy for neurological consequences of COVID-19 using miRNAs, since epigenetic changes in the functioning of the genome in neurons, affected by transposons, are reversible.","PeriodicalId":21426,"journal":{"name":"Russian Open Medical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47714819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Status And Cytokine Profile Assessment In Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease And Chronic Heart Failure","authors":"R. Tokmachev, S. Avdeev, Andrey Ya. Kravchenko, A. Budnevsky, E. S. Ovsyannikov","doi":"10.15275/rusomj.2022.0310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15275/rusomj.2022.0310","url":null,"abstract":"Objective — to evaluate the effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on the level of cytokines and the functional status of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) with different categories of left ventricular ejection fraction. Methods — The study included 240 patients 40–70 years of age with CHF. All patients were divided into four groups: 69 CHF patients with preserved ejection fraction (CHFpEF), 91 CHF patients with reduced ejection fraction (CHFrEF), 36 COPD patients with CHFpEF and 44 COPD patients with CHFrEF. All participants underwent echocardiography, six-minute walk test (6MWT), the results of which were compared with the predicted six-minute walk distance: 6МWD (i). Additionally, we assessed the levels of NT-terminal fragment of pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) in patient blood samples. Results — Patients with CHFpEF had higher levels of hs-CRP and proinflammatory cytokines as compared with patients with CHFrEF. The levels of NT-proBNP were higher in patients with COPD and CHF, compared with patients with CHF alone. A negative effect of COPD on the functional status of CHF patients with different EF values was established by the lower 6MWT values and 6MWD/6MWD ratio (i). An increase in the level of suppression of tumorigenicity 2 soluble forms (sST2) was noted in patients with COPD and CHF as compared with the isolated course of cardiac pathology patients. Conclusion — We established that unfavorable effect of COPD on patients with CHF was caused by disadvantageous values of NT-proBNP, ST2, 6MWT, and 6MWD/6MWD (i) ratio.","PeriodicalId":21426,"journal":{"name":"Russian Open Medical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49563115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sociodemographic And Health-Related Predictors Of Online Information Seeking On Healthcare Providers In Russian Adults","authors":"N. Polukhin, N. Ekkert","doi":"10.15275/rusomj.2022.0308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15275/rusomj.2022.0308","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to examine the factors of online information seeking on healthcare providers in Russian adults. Material and Methods — Our online survey involved 1,319 participants and regarded their sociodemographic and health-related characteristics, along with online information seeking on healthcare providers. The association of factors to online information seeking on healthcare providers was examined via Pearson’s chi-squared test. The odds ratios for determined predictors of online information seeking were obtained from multiple logistic regression model fitted to the data. Results — Majority of Russian adults – 58.6% (95% CI: 55.9%-61.2%) – used the Internet to collect information on healthcare providers. The most rigorous online information seeking on healthcare providers was exhibited by females (OR: 1.951, p<0.001), adults with graduate degrees (OR: 2.870, p=0.036), adults using the Internet more often (OR: 2.623, p<0.001), adults with two or more chronic diseases (OR: 1.699, p=0.005), and those who had 7 or more medical appointments during the last year preceding the survey (OR: 2.438, p=0.002). However, the age of participants was not significantly associated with online information seeking on healthcare providers (p=0.922). No statistical difference was found between those residing in rural, suburban, and urban areas (p=0.518). Conclusion — Sociodemographic and health-related factors affect patients in terms of their online information seeking on healthcare providers. The current demand for online information on healthcare providers existing in various groups highlights the need to increase patient engagement and empower the less active among them.","PeriodicalId":21426,"journal":{"name":"Russian Open Medical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47193166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolically Neutral Obesity: Terminology, Prevalence, And Meaning","authors":"D. Serdyukov, A. Gordienko, Daniel A. Sokolov, V. T. Dydyshko, I. I. Zhirkov","doi":"10.15275/rusomj.2022.0309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15275/rusomj.2022.0309","url":null,"abstract":"Determining the leptin level in patients with abdominal obesity without signs of insulin resistance is necessary for stratifying patients into groups with normal (metabolically neutral obesity) and increased adipokine activity. Objective — To compare the prevalence of metabolic disorders and signs of cardiovascular remodeling in young and middle-aged men with \"metabolically healthy\" and \"metabolically neutral\" obesity. Material and methods — observational sample survey of 590 men aged 38.5±5.6 years was conducted. Average body weight was assessed on301 men (the control group). Obesity was determined in 289 patients: among them, the criteria for metabolic syndrome were diagnosed for 134 study participants, metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) was diagnosed in 155 men, and 86 patients from MHO with leptin levels <3.5 ng/ml constituted metabolically neutral obesity group. All patients were evaluated by a lipidogram, adipokine, glycemic profiles, and ultrasound examination of the heart and carotid arteries. Results — Criteria for metabolically neutral abdominal obesity in men were determined: weight gain >30 kg/m2 in the presence of no more than two criteria for metabolic syndrome and leptin level <3.5 ng/ml. The metabolically neutral type was characterized by a better lipid profile, which was confirmed by a lower frequency of dyslipidemia (1.7 times); the frequency of prediabetes was 7% and was half as low as in metabolically healthy obesity; atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries was 1.5 times less common in the neutral type of obesity. Conclusion — The selection of a \"metabolically neutral\" type of obesity is justified since it allows us to determine the stage of the disease at which the frequency of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders is still minimal and non-drug prevention is necessary.","PeriodicalId":21426,"journal":{"name":"Russian Open Medical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42787353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect Of Low-Level Laser Therapy On Inflammatory Sequеlae Of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: A Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial","authors":"S. Hamad","doi":"10.15275/rusomj.2022.0220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15275/rusomj.2022.0220","url":null,"abstract":"Objective — Postoperative pain, facial swelling, and limitation of mouth opening are common sequеlae of lower third molar surgery. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of Low- level laser irradiation in controlling these sequеlae. Material and Methods — This randomized, single-blinded, split-mouth pilot study was carried out at the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, university affiliated hospital, Erbil, Iraq. The study was conducted on 20 patients (13 males and 7 females), with a mean age of 26.3±7.4 years, who needed surgical removal of symmetrical bilateral impacted lower third molars. In each patient, one side was treated by low level laser and the other side was control. Laser irradiation was performed by postoperative single intraoral application of 940 nm laser beam at four points. Pain, trismus, and facial swelling were evaluated at the first, third, and seventh postoperative days. The data were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test and unpaired t -test. Results — As compared to the control sides, low- level laser irradiated sides showed a significant reduction in visual analogue pain scales (VAS) during the first three postoperative days (P<0.05). The VAS scores of the laser treated sides were 4.46, 4.00, and 3.35 as compared to 6.58, 5.82, and 5.17 for the control sides. The swelling, and trismus were significantly reduced on the first and third postoperative days in the laser treated sides, as compared to the control sides (P<0.05). The facial measurements during the first and third postoperative days were 108.72 mm and 114.77 mm in the laser sides and 113.57 mm and 118.43 mm in the control sides. The degree of mouth opening during the first and third postoperative days were 33.48 mm and 30.37 mm in the laser sides and 27.93 mm and 25.58 mm in the control sides Conclusions — Single intraoral application of low- level laser is effective in reducing pain, swelling and trismus after mandibular third molar surgery. Therefore, it can be used as an adjuvant in controlling postoperative complications after lower third molar surgery.","PeriodicalId":21426,"journal":{"name":"Russian Open Medical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45770616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors Of Breakfast Consumption Among Iranian Students: Applying Social Cognitive Theory","authors":"Shadi Askari, N. Salimi, E. Bakhshi","doi":"10.15275/rusomj.2022.0208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15275/rusomj.2022.0208","url":null,"abstract":"Background — Despite the known significance of regular breakfast consumption, skipping or inadequate consumption of breakfast is common among students. Social cognitive theory (SCT) is one of the most effective theories in predicting nutritional behaviors, especially breakfast-related behaviors Objective — This study aimed to determine the factors related to breakfast consumption based on SCT among students of Islamic Azad University Kermanshah Branch. Methods — In this cross-sectional study, 206 students of Islamic Azad University Kermanshah Branch were selected based on availability sampling. An online questionnaire consisting of demographic information scales, SCT variables and breakfast consumption behavior was sent to student groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests, chi-square test, linear regression and correlation analysis in SPSS software version 16. Results — On average, students consume breakfast 4.39 times a week. Overall, 17.6% of students had completely ignored breakfast and 42.4% of them ate breakfast irregularly between one and six times a week. Among the components of social cognitive theory, self-efficacy and observational learning predicted 55.7% of changes in breakfast consumption among students (P<0.001). Conclusions — It seems that social cognitive theory is a useful framework for predicting breakfast consumption behavior among young people, and it is possible to improve breakfast consumption behavior by designing and implementing appropriate educational interventions based on this theory.","PeriodicalId":21426,"journal":{"name":"Russian Open Medical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48568385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intravitreal Systems For Targeted Drug Delivery To The Posterior Eye Segment: A Systematic Review","authors":"E. R. Orlova, A. V. Gorobets, D. A. Dorofeev, E. V. Kirilik, I. Kozlova","doi":"10.15275/rusomj.2022.0213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15275/rusomj.2022.0213","url":null,"abstract":"Background — Intravitreal implants solve a number of serious problems arising in diseases of the posterior segment of the eyeball. Unlike intravitreal injections, the implant provides a prolonged release of a pharmaceutical drug over time. The review presents the characteristics of existing systems for intravitreal drug delivery: nanosystems, non-biodegradable and biodegradable implants. The review also highlights the main advantages and disadvantages of various implants. Based on the conducted literature review, the following conclusion is formulated: the most promising means of targeted drug delivery of drugs to the posterior segment of the eyeball are biodegradable implants. However, currently existing biodegradable implants do not provide entirely controlled release of the drug (uncontrollable extraction episodes occur at times), which constitutes a serious issue requiring improvement. Objective — to summarize the published data on existing systems for the targeted drug delivery into the vitreous chamber, identifying their major advantages and disadvantages. Material and Methods — Information was searched in such databases as PubMed, Google Scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov, using the keywords in both Russian and English languages: intravitreal implants, intraocular implants, biodegradable implants, non-biodegradable implants, nanosystems, nanoparticles, liposomes, targeted drug delivery, posterior segment of the eye, etc.","PeriodicalId":21426,"journal":{"name":"Russian Open Medical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48672596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Features Of Iron Metabolism In Patients With HIV Infection And Pulmonary Dissemination In Tuberculosis And Pneumonia: An Exploratory Case-Control Study","authors":"E. Borodulina, E. Yakovleva","doi":"10.15275/rusomj.2022.0207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15275/rusomj.2022.0207","url":null,"abstract":"Background — Differential diagnosis of pneumonia vs. tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection and pulmonary dissemination syndrome is an important problem in contemporary clinical medicine. The goal of our study was to determine the features of iron metabolism in patients with HIV infection and pulmonary dissemination in tuberculosis and pneumonia. Methods — The case-control study was conducted on 42 cases (patients with tuberculosis, hereinafter referred to as Group 1) and 44 control subjects (patients with pneumonia, hereinafter referred to as Group 2). All of them had HIV infection and syndrome of pulmonary dissemination. For subjects in both groups, we analyzed clinical and social characteristics, along with laboratory data. We also examined hepcidin content, iron concentration, and ferritin level in blood serum, and performed statistical data processing. Findings — There were significant differences between cases and controls in terms of iron metabolism. Hepcidin and hemoglobin levels were statistically significantly higher (p <0·001), whereas iron concentration was lower (p=0·0002) in patients with tuberculosis (cases). Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences between groups in CD4+ T-cell count, viral load, and RBC and WBC counts in complete blood count tests; in duration of complaints prior to hospital admission; and in terms of job stability. Conclusion — The quantitative parameters with the greatest statistical significance of the differences between the groups were iron concentration, hepcidin level, RBC count, WBC count, and CD4+ T-cell count.","PeriodicalId":21426,"journal":{"name":"Russian Open Medical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49312344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}