Rubber Chemistry and Technology最新文献

{"title":"AGREEMENT BETWEEN FRICTION, ABRASION, AND ROLLING RESISTANCE IN SILICA-FILLED TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS BY TUNING DEGREE OF SILANIZATION AND LOADING OF CARBON BLACK","authors":"Seyed Mostaffa Hosseini, H. Najjarzadeh, M. Razzaghi‐Kashani, Alireza Baniasad","doi":"10.5254/rct-d-23-00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct-d-23-00019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Development of green tires by using silica and silane in tread compounds has emerged as a key technology in the tire industry. One of the most important features of a green tire is its low rolling resistance; however, agreement between other performances of a tire, such as wet grip and wear, along with rolling resistance of tread compounds, is a serious challenge. Properties of tire tread compounds are very sensitive to the silanization of silica and the loading of primary and secondary fillers. This work investigates simultaneous effects of silanization of silica as the primary filler and loading of carbon black as the secondary filler. By performing dynamic-mechanical testing in strain sweep and mechanical testing of tire tread compounds, the degree of silanization of silica and loading of carbon black were tuned to make agreement between friction, abrasion, and rolling resistance of green tire tread compounds. Morphology of the filler, kinetics of vulcanization, and bound rubber content in the tread compounds were used to explain the findings. Other than dynamic-mechanical analyses to predict final performance of tread compounds, direct measurements of friction, abrasion, and rolling resistance of tread compounds showed a 43% increase in the coefficient of friction on wet concrete, a 47% increase in abrasion resistance, and a rolling resistance coefficient of approximately 6.5 by using 10 parts per hundred of rubber (phr) of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide and 10 phr of carbon black N330 as the secondary filler.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49251107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quasi-static bending fatigue of carbon cord-rubber composites used in timing belts","authors":"Yinping Tao, Ryuichi Tashiro, Shigeki Yonezawa, Christopher A. Stevens, Emiliano Bilotti, James J.C. Busfield","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.76985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.76985","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Cord-rubber composites such as timing belts are subjected to coupled tension and bending under typical service conditions. Due to its increased modulus, carbon cords are replacing the traditional glass cords as the reinforcing materials in timing belt products. The bending fatigue behaviour of carbon cord reinforced hydrogenated butadiene rubber (CC-HNBR) composites is of increasing interest for both understanding their failure mechanism and supporting new industrial product development. In this work, a simple experimental set-up that replicated in a simplified way the real-pulley situation encountered in a timing belt operation was developed, in order to investigate the effects of the applied tension, bending curvature, frequency and R ratio on the bending fatigue life of carbon cord reinforced hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (CC-HNBR) composites. Furthermore, numerical investigation of the stress distribution within the CC-HNBR composite, under both uniaxial tension and coupled tension and bending loading, were carried out using finite element analysis (FEA). Cord-dominated fracture was observed close to the point where the specimen just left the pulley using a thermal imaging camera at high stress levels. This location is due to the combined effects of bending and maximum tension at this site. There was a reduction in the bending fatigue life as a result of a higher level of bending strain introduced by a smaller diameter pulley. Frequency had negligible effects on the bending fatigue life within testing regimes probably resulting from the rubber only generating limited heat build-up even at the highest test frequencies. Higher R ratios led to a longer bending fatigue life potentially because of strain induced crystallisation of the HNBR matrix at the tip of any cracks that are generated. This study provides a basic investigation into the bending fatigue behaviour of CC-HNBR composites under coupled tension and bending loading conditions, shedding some light on failure characteristics of CC-HNBR composites under interaction of bending and tension deformations.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135444404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A THREE-DIMENSIONAL TIRE REF MODEL IN ROLLING CONTACT WITH APPLICATION TO INTELLIGENT TIRES","authors":"Delei Min, Yintao Wei","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.76981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.76981","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A new three-dimensional tire REF (ring on elastic foundation) model in rolling contact has been proposed and verified in this paper. The motivation is to apply this new physical model to the three-dimensional forces estimation for intelligent tires, which is currently a research hotspot in the automotive industry. The core contribution is the analytical solution of the three-dimensional tire deformation, stress, and forces in complex rolling contact. This new physical model is universal and efficient in linking intelligent tire signals with the solution results, which provides a powerful theoretical tool for intelligent tire modeling. Furthermore, the results have been validated by sensitivity analysis of key structural parameters on tire performance. In summary, through the modeling, verification, and application in case studies, it has been shown that the proposed methodology can be used for real practical three-dimensional forces estimation, which has the potential to simplify the vehicle state observer and benefit autonomous vehicles.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135444403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A THREE-DIMENSIONAL TIRE RING ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION MODEL IN ROLLING CONTACT WITH APPLICATION TO INTELLIGENT TIRES","authors":"Delei Min, Yintao Wei","doi":"10.5254/rct-d-23-00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct-d-23-00018","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A new three-dimensional tire ring on elastic foundation model in rolling contact has been proposed and verified. The motivation is to apply this new physical model to the three-dimensional forces’ estimation for intelligent tires, a current research challenge in the automotive industry. The core contribution is the analytical solution of the three-dimensional tire deformation, stress, and forces in complex rolling contact. This new physical model is universal and efficient in linking intelligent tire signals with the solution results, thereby providing a powerful theoretical tool for intelligent tire modeling. Furthermore, the results have been validated by sensitivity analysis of key structural parameters on tire performance. In summary, through modeling, verification, and application in case studies, it has been shown that the proposed methodology can be used for real, practical three-dimensional forces estimation, offering the potential to simplify the vehicle state observer and benefit autonomous vehicles.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135857475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ELASTIC FIELDS AT CORNERS OF HIGHLY STRETCHABLE MATERIALS ARE CONCENTRATED BUT BOUNDED","authors":"S. Hassan, J. Steck, Z. Suo","doi":"10.5254/rct.2376991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.2376991","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Corners concentrate elastic fields and often initiate fracture. For small deformations, it is well established that the elastic field around a corner is power-law singular. For large deformations, we show here that the elastic field around a corner is concentrated but bounded. We conduct computation and an experiment on the lap shear of a highly stretchable material. A rectangular sample was sandwiched between two rigid substrates, and the edges of the stretchable material met the substrates at 90° corners. The substrates were pulled to shear the sample. We computed the large-deformation elastic field by assuming several models of elasticity. The theory of elasticity had no length scale, and lap shear was characterized by a single length, the thickness of the sample. Consequently, the field in the sample was independent of any length once the spatial coordinates were normalized by the thickness. We then lapped shear samples of a polyacrylamide hydrogel of various thicknesses. For all samples, the fracture initiated from the corners, at a load independent of thickness. These experimental findings agree with the computational prediction that large-deformation elastic fields at corners are concentrated but bounded.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42114523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CURE MAPPING IN RUBBER VULCANIZATION: PEROXIDE CURES OF EPDM","authors":"M. Bennett, Michael Hough, B. Willoughby","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.76953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.76953","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 “Cure mapping” takes the complementary viscous and elastic outputs of cure rheometry and plots them against each other, so that the resultant plot is no longer in the time domain. Such outputs are routinely available for rubber vulcanization, and in this paper we explore the cure maps for a series of peroxide cures on EPDM. The cure map from moving die rheometer outputs is a plot of viscous torque against elastic torque, and the variables explored herein include the levels of peroxide and coagent. The plot follows the conversion of viscous to elastic character, and its slope can be considered to reflect the balance of reactions that promote or impede this conversion. By this approach, the effect of the above-mentioned cure variables on the competitive reactions of cure is explored. The dominant reactions can be revealed, to provide a fresh perspective on the changes occurring during an industrial rubber vulcanization. But the value of cure mapping extends beyond mechanistic insights: this study has shown the vulcanization cure maps to be particularly sensitive to batch effects. A coherent picture emerges to reveal how routine cure data can be productively exploited to characterize process history and cure.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44105752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THIOSULFINATE-DERIVED THIOALDEHYDES AS ENOPHILES FOR MODIFICATION AND VULCANIZATION OF CIS-1,4-POLYISOPRENE VIA ALDER-ENE REACTIONS","authors":"L. Jia, Nathan D. Schmitz","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.76030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.76030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Thioaldehydes are explored as enophiles in Alder-ene reactions for modification and crosslinking of cis-1,4-polyisoprene. The highly reactive thioaldehydes were generated from thiosulfinates in conventional rubber processing equipment. Monofunctional thiosulfinates were used to graft ester and amide functional groups to cis-1,4-polyisoprene. Oligomeric thiosulfinates were used to crosslink cis-1,4-polyisoprene under mild conditions. The networks formed using these new crosslinking agents are characterized. Good mechanical properties were obtained under optimized crosslinking conditions.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45824571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AGGREGATION BEHAVIORS OF PENDANT PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE GROUPS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON POLYISOPRENE PROPERTIES","authors":"Rong Zhang, Shiqi Li, Ran Xu, Chang-Cheng Wang, Yinghan Wang, Guangsu Huang, Maoz hu Tang, Yun-Xiang Xu","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.76948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.76948","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Terminal phospholipid groups contribute considerably to the excellent comprehensive properties of NR, but their aggregation behaviors and influence on polyisoprene properties during storage and use have not yet been revealed at the molecular level. To begin to address these phenomena, two sequentially different polyisoprene copolymers were suspended with phosphorylcholine groups to disclose their influence on phase separation, network dynamics, mechanical properties, and crystallization differences. Phosphorylcholine groups attached to polymer chains can form aggregates that increase the storage modulus of rubbers, and this process is accelerated at elevated temperatures due to faster chain movement. In addition, phosphorylcholine groups act as crosslinking points in unvulcanized and vulcanized rubbers and increase mechanical properties by promoting strain-induced crystallization (SIC). By contrast, the polymers with pendant hydroxyl groups present sequence-dependent SIC properties that are ascribed to their non-aggregation nature.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46936366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECT OF MOLECULAR ENVIRONMENT ON PROTEIN RUBBER PROPERTIES","authors":"Natasha Chauhan, J. Barone","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.76957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.76957","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Many natural organisms use “protein rubbers” to store and release an imposed strain energy with high efficiency to make motion easier. Protein rubbers exist in a complicated environment surrounded by water and other molecules such as sugars, implying that amino acid composition and its environment are important in protein rubber behavior. Here, gelatin, the hydrolysis product of animal collagen, is hydrated or “plasticized” with water, ethylene glycol, glycerol, corn syrup, and aqueous solutions of sorbitol, glucose, and fructose. The rubber formed is “dry”, that is, is not fully immersed in liquid, and has the appearance and feel of a soft rubber band. The mechanical and thermodynamic behavior of each rubber is characterized with low strain dynamic and high strain tensile experiments with good agreement between the two. Plasticized gelatin rubbers are incompressible and follow the neo-Hookean model for rubber elasticity up to moderate extension ratios. Higher molecular weight polyols with more hydrogen bond donors and acceptors create gelatin networks with lower crosslink density. Ethylene glycol–, glycerol-, sorbitol syrup–, and fructose syrup–plasticized gelatin rubbers have similar molecular relaxation mechanisms and are the most efficient rubbers when probed in the rubbery plateau region prior to approaching the glass transition. The other plasticizers have different molecular relaxation mechanisms that detract from the efficiency of energy storage and return that is not related to network formation but perhaps the individual solvation ability of each plasticizer.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47528604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA-FREE CONCENTRATED NR LATEX PRESERVED WITH N,N′-METHYLENEBISMORPHOLINE","authors":"Zhao Liguang, G. Hongxing, Yang Guang, Ding Li, Song Yazhong, Li Jianwei, Huang Honghai, Zhao Tao, Liu Weiqiang","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.76959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.76959","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The NR latex (NRL) industry contributes to ammonia pollution, a problem that is difficult to solve. To address this issue, N,N-methylenebismorpholine (MBM) was used to prepare ammonia-free concentrated NRL (CNRL). The effect of MBM on the preservation and properties of CNRL was studied through comparison with high-ammonia (HA) CNRL. Results showed that MBM had an excellent preservation effect on ammonia-free CNRL. When the MBM dosage exceeded 0.35%, the volatile fatty acid value of CNRL was relatively stable and was consistently less than 0.06 over 180 days of storage. The prepared ammonia-free CNRL had lower viscosity and pH, and its mechanical stability test (MST) was moderate. The control results of the stabilization system showed that sodium dodecyl sulfate can significantly reduce the viscosity and improve the MST of the ammonia-free CNRL. KOH can significantly improve the pH and thermal stability of latex, but has little effect on improving MST. The ammonia-free CNRL had a lower pH after prevulcanization, but higher MST than the HA latex. The viscosity of the ammonia-free prevulcanized latex increased rapidly. The physico-mechanical properties of the vulcanizate films were slightly different from those of the HA latex samples. In addition, the infrared spectrum of the ammonia-free CNRL dry film was basically consistent with that of HA latex dry film. The thermal degradation curve and characteristic temperature of the ammonia-free CNRL dry film were basically the same as those of the HA-preserved film. Biosafety tests showed that the cytotoxicity of the MBM-preserved, ammonia-free CNRL dry film was slightly higher than that of the HA latex film. However, both films did not irritate the skin. All of these results illustrate that MBM has an excellent preservation effect on CNRL and the prepared ammonia-free CNRL has good processability, environmental protection, and safety.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43537718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}