Reviews on recent clinical trials最新文献

{"title":"Immunological and Hematological Characterisation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (M. Tb) Infected Patients.","authors":"Mariam Ahmed Mujtaba, Hira Shahzad, Muhammad Ishaq Javed, Shah Kamal, Nosheen Rashid, Sadia Saeed, Mohammad Amjad Kamal","doi":"10.2174/0115748871391703251024043534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748871391703251024043534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Differentiating TB phenotypes remains a diagnostic challenge due to the absence of a universally accepted standard test. Although the interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) is recommended for Latent TB Infection (LTBI), its application varies across clinical settings. This study utilized IGRA to immunologically categorize subclinical individuals and compare hematological parameters, including the complete blood count (CBC) and differential leukocyte count (DLC) among subclinical, clinical, and cured individuals to assess their diagnostic utility.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>IGRA was performed to differentiate TB phenotypes. Demographic data, CBC, and DLC values were recorded. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for intergroup comparisons. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis assessed the diagnostic performance of significant markers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IGRA stratified subclinical individuals into LTBI (13.2%) and healthy controls (HC; 86.8%). RBC and TLC were elevated, while platelet counts were reduced in active TB (ATB) compared with HC and LTBI (p <0.0001). Neutrophils and ESR were significantly elevated in ATB and TB-cured (TB-CU) groups. Monocyte counts were lower in ATB than in other phenotypes. ROC analysis showed good predictive value for neutrophils (AUC 0.845), ESR (AUC 0.844), and monocytes (AUC up to 0.814). NLR exhibited strong discriminatory power (AUC>0.83, adjusted OR=1.59).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The results highlight the potential of hematological markers, particularly NLR and ESR, in distinguishing TB phenotypes. While promising, the findings are limited by smaller sample sizes in the LTBI and TB-CU groups and the absence of IGRA in TB-CU individuals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CBC and DLC parameters vary across TB phenotypes. NLR, neutrophils, ESR, and monocytes show potential as supportive diagnostic tools. Further longitudinal studies are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":21174,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on recent clinical trials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147491623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability-centric Development of mRNA Vaccines: A Comprehensive Review of Design, Delivery, and Regulatory Considerations.","authors":"Nikita Sharma, Mayank Sharma, Aayush Sharma, Anam, Snigdha Bhardwaj","doi":"10.2174/0115748871396452251203154434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748871396452251203154434","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine technology has recently emerged as a revolutionary platform in modern immunology and vaccinology. Unlike conventional vaccines that rely on attenuated pathogens or protein subunits, mRNA vaccines deliver genetic instructions to host cells to produce antigenic proteins that trigger robust immune responses. The widespread success during the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated global interest in this platform. However, challenges such as mRNA instability, degradation by extracellular RNases, and delivery barriers still limit its broader application in other therapeutic areas. This review provides an in-depth analysis of current advancements in mRNA vaccine development, focusing on mRNA structure stabilization, innovative carrier systems, immunogenicity modulation, and potential clinical applications beyond infectious diseases. It also compares mRNA vaccines to traditional vaccine platforms and highlights their advantages and future prospects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A comprehensive literature survey was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science with keywords \"mRNA vaccine\", \"lipid nanoparticles\", \"delivery systems\", \"immunogenicity\", \"cancer vaccines\", \"stability enhancement techniques\", and \"COVID-19\". Research articles, clinical trial reports, patents, and review papers published between 2000 and 2025 were screened. Out of more than 300 publications, 126 relevant articles were selected based on novelty, scientific contribution, and relevance to vaccine development and delivery. The gathered information was critically organized and summarized.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Result: &lt;/strong&gt;The review highlights formulation strategies such as nucleoside-modified mRNA, selfamplifying mRNA, and circular mRNA to enhance stability and translation efficiency. Delivery vectors including lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymeric nanoparticles, and lipid-polymer hybrids are discussed, emphasizing their role in protecting mRNA from degradation and enabling targeted delivery. In addition to infectious diseases, the use of mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy and personalized medicine is examined. Clinical findings confirm high efficacy and potent immune responses, although reactogenicity and cold-chain dependence remain major limitations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;This review offers a comprehensive overview of mRNA vaccine development and highlights key scientific innovations addressing the inherent challenges of mRNA instability and delivery. By comparing current delivery strategies and formulation methods, it provides valuable insights for researchers designing next-generation mRNA vaccines with improved safety, efficacy, and broader applicability.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;mRNA vaccines represent a transformative approach in vaccine science, with tremendous potential for rapid adaptation against emerging pathogens and personalized treatment st","PeriodicalId":21174,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on recent clinical trials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147491772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Challenges and Opportunities for Improving Phase 2 and Phase 3 Clinical Trials: A Review.","authors":"Bureddi Anudeep Venkata Sai, Sangita Mishra, M P Venkatesh","doi":"10.2174/0115748871409078251119050156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748871409078251119050156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Clinical trials are indispensable for advancing drug discovery, yet Phase 2 and Phase 3 studies are frequently hampered by escalating costs, high attrition rates, and complex operational hurdles. This review will examine current issues, specifically those related to cost, safety, efficacy, and operational inefficiencies. It also analyses the importance of novel approaches like decentralized trials, adaptive designs, digital endpoints, predictive biomarkers, and Artificial Intelligence/ Machine Learning (AI/ML) to improve trial efficiency, participant recruitment, data quality, and overall success rates in drug development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A mixed-method strategy was adopted to study the various aspects and challenges of clinical trial designs, including adaptive trial designs, decentralized trials, trial programs by regulatory authorities, and the use of AI/ML models that evaluate large datasets to improve enrollment, enhance design strategies, and forecast outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although there are still issues with data integrity, adoption of DCTs, adaptive trials, and digital endpoints has increased enrolment, speed, and precision in drug development. Studies are now more effective because of AI/ML-based optimization of recruitment, trial designs, and outcome predictions.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The findings reveal that while transformative opportunities are emerging, their full potential hinges on overcoming persistent challenges related to standardization, regulatory alignment, ethical considerations, and the digital divide.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While challenges remain, innovative trial approaches enhance trial efficiency, reduce costs, and improve the likelihood of successful drug development. Multi-faceted strategies are needed to foster a more agile, patient-centric, and ethically sound clinical trial ecosystem, emphasizing the synergistic benefits of integrated technological and methodological advancements.</p>","PeriodicalId":21174,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on recent clinical trials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147623667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Immune-checkpoint Inhibition on the Gastrointestinal Tract in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.","authors":"Fausto Meriggi, Sara Cherri, Diego Gavezzoli, Tony Sabatini, Claudio Bna, Alberto Zaniboni","doi":"10.2174/0115748871442224260131181813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748871442224260131181813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based immunotherapy has become one of the most effective and widely adopted therapeutic approaches in the field of onco-hematology. Among the various malignancies treated with immunotherapy, lung cancer stands out for the frequency and success of its use, ranging from the adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and perioperative settings to advanced metastatic disease. Despite its clinical success, the mechanisms underlying the full spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) remain poorly understood, with gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity among the most commonly observed complications. Timely recognition and management of these adverse events are therefore essential to prevent progression to severe, potentially irreversible clinical conditions. Corticosteroids continue to represent the mainstay of treatment for irAEs; however, emerging therapeutic agents are showing promise in improving outcomes and minimizing long-term toxicity. In this review, we will explore the primary GI immune-related toxicities associated with ICIs, discuss current management strategies, and examine their relationship with the use of immunotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).</p>","PeriodicalId":21174,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on recent clinical trials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147491756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Environmental Toxins on Kidney Health: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Mansee Arya, Priyanka Bansal, Bhavani Pentela, Avijit Mazumder","doi":"10.2174/0115748871406153251115062051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748871406153251115062051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental toxins possess significant risks to human health, and the kidneys are particularly vulnerable to toxic insults. This review examines the effect of various environmental pollutants on the functioning of nephrons, highlighting the underlying mechanisms of toxicity, supporting epidemiological evidence, and potential mitigation strategies. Understanding these relationships is essential to developing effective public health strategies to limit the effects of toxicants on the kidneys. Chronic kidney disease is a major global health-related problem with significant comorbidities and remains a leading cause of death worldwide. It is the main contributor to death in economically developing nations. Chronic kidney disease has been connected to environmental contaminants such as heavy metals and industrial solvents. Numerous studies have been done on how environmental pollutants affect renal function. This review examines recent findings on the effects of various heavy metals and environmental pollutants on kidney health, with various facts and an overview of effective mitigation strategies. It also highlights the importance of early detection, regular screening, and predictive approaches for chronic kidney disease in developing countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":21174,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on recent clinical trials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147491742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional Implications of Methotrexate in Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Saud Nayef Salem Aldanyowi, Abdulsalam Mohammed Aleid, Yousef Khalaf A Alghamdi, Hasan Ali Abdullah AlAidarous, Zainab Mohammed Aleid","doi":"10.2174/0115748871406171251115072808","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115748871406171251115072808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint condition with limited treatment options targeting disease modification. Methotrexate (MTX), widely used in rheumatoid arthritis for its anti-inflammatory properties, may offer similar benefits in OA. However, its effectiveness and nutritional implications in OA remain uncertain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024592121). We searched PubMed, Web of Science, OVID, and Cochrane Central up to August 2024 for randomized controlled trials comparing MTX with placebo in OA patients. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool, and data were synthesized using Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four trials involving 416 participants were included. MTX significantly reduced pain at 3 months (SMD = -0.33, p = 0.006) and 6 months (SMD = -0.53, p = 0.0004), and stiffness at 6 months (SMD = -0.48, p < 0.0001). No significant improvement in physical function was found in the primary analysis (SMD = -1.07, p = 0.09), but sensitivity analysis excluding one high-risk study showed a modest benefit (SMD = -0.34, p = 0.01). Adverse events were consistent with low-dose MTX use. No study reported folate levels, but folate supplementation is recommended to mitigate MTX-related nutritional risks.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>MTX appears to offer symptom relief in OA and may enhance function in select patients. Nutritional monitoring, particularly folate status, should accompany MTX therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MTX shows promise as an adjunct therapy for OA. Larger, long-term trials incorporating nutritional parameters are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":21174,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on recent clinical trials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147491720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Pharmacological and Non-pharmacological Therapies for ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2008-2023).","authors":"Diwan Israr Khan, Sana Jameel, Sabeeh, Hina Meraj","doi":"10.2174/0115748871398269251202105316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748871398269251202105316","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition that affects attention, impulse control, and the ability to remain still. These challenges can make it harder for individuals with ADHD to succeed at school, work, and in social situations. Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and amphetamines, are commonly used as first-line treatments and are effective at reducing symptoms. However, their use can be limited by side effects, such as insomnia, appetite loss, cardiovascular risks, potential for misuse, and variability in individual response. Since current treatments have drawbacks, many people are exploring nonstimulant options, such as behavioral therapy, dietary changes, and neurofeedback. These approaches may be safer and easier to maintain, but research on their effectiveness remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to compare the effectiveness of pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies for ADHD.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method: &lt;/strong&gt;We systematically searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and IEEE Xplore for randomized controlled trials (2008-2023) evaluating pharmacological (e.g., stimulant medications), non-pharmacological (e.g., behavioral therapy, cognitive training), or combined interventions in children and adolescents with ADHD. The search yielded 318 records. After screening titles and abstracts, 249 were excluded. Sixty-nine full-text articles were assessed, and 18 RCTs met the inclusion criteria for analysis. Primary outcomes were reductions in ADHD symptoms measured by standardized rating scales; secondary outcomes included academic performance, social functioning, and clinical global impression.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Eighteen RCTs were pooled. ADHD symptoms were consistently reduced with stimulant medications (methylphenidate and amphetamines), although effects on academic performance were modest. Non-stimulants, such as viloxazine and guanfacine, showed significant improvements on ADHD-RS scores, but these improvements were only clinically modest. In contrast, some nutritional supplements, particularly iron and omega-3 fatty acids, showed more pronounced benefits in symptom reduction and social functioning. Behavioral and cognitive interventions were not very effective in achieving consistent outcomes. Combined approaches were somewhat more effective in achieving all identified outcomes, particularly social and functional outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;Stimulants, such as amphetamines and methylphenidate, consistently showed efficacy in reducing core ADHD symptoms, whereas non-pharmacological interventions showed mixed results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;A comprehensive, individualized treatment plan that may combine pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches often yields the best outcomes in managing ADHD.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clinical trial registration number: &lt;/str","PeriodicalId":21174,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on recent clinical trials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147459529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Rivaroxaban on Functional Outcomes in Patients with Lower-extremity Peripheral Artery Disease Following Endovascular Revascularization: A Randomized Double-blinded Controlled Trial.","authors":"Seyed Masood Mousavi, Arman Azmoon, Iraj Nazari, Hossain Minaee, Shooka Mohammadi","doi":"10.2174/0115748871405002251201151146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748871405002251201151146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rivaroxaban (RIVA) is a medication with anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties that may slow the progression of peripheral artery disease (PAD). This trial evaluated the effects of RIVA on functional outcomes in patients with lower extremity PAD (LEPAD) following endovascular revascularization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A six-month, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted at Golestan Hospital (Ahvaz, Iran) and enrolled patients with LEPAD who had undergone endovascular revascularization within the previous 10 days. Clinical and demographic data were collected from the participants. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either RIVA (2.5 mg twice daily) plus aspirin (80 mg once daily) or clopidogrel (CLOP; 75 mg once daily) plus aspirin (80 mg once daily) for six months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The trial enrolled 104 patients with LEPAD. A total of 53 participants were assigned to the RIVA group, while 51 were assigned to the CLOP group. Among the patients, 73 were men, and 41 were women, with a mean age of 68 years. After six months, the RIVA group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in functional outcomes, pain, and claudication symptoms compared to the CLOP group. Notable between-group differences included improvements in the six-minute walk test (6MWT) distance (63.67 ± 1.34 m; p < 0.05), anklebrachial index (ABI) (0.10 ± 0.03; p < 0.05), and toe-brachial index (TBI) (0.08 ± 0.02; p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RIVA was more effective than CLOP in improving functional outcomes, reducing claudication, and alleviating pain in patients with LEPAD.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration number: </strong>This trial was registered at irct.behdasht.gov.ir as IRCT20231117060086N1.</p>","PeriodicalId":21174,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on recent clinical trials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147459544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Significance of miRNA-375 in β-cell Function and Autoimmune Destruction in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review Article.","authors":"Sariya Khan, Hader I Sakr, Tarek Atia, Redwan Fahad Saaty, Husna Irfan Thalib, Tasneem Mohammed Alsayed, Jakleen Z Abujamai, Mustafa E Motawee","doi":"10.2174/0115748871424258251202164213","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115748871424258251202164213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from progressive damage to pancreatic β- cells, leading to insufficient insulin production and impaired glucose regulation. The autoimmune destruction of β-cells reduces their functional mass, causing chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression and play key roles in various cellular processes and pathways. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how miRNA-375 influences β-cell biology and to explore its potential as a therapeutic target in T1DM. By examining the complex interplay between miRNA-375, β-cell function, and autoimmunity, this article contributes to the development of strategies for early detection, prevention, and potential treatment of T1DM. Electronic databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched for case reports and series, case-control, cohort, and cross-sectional studies, as well as reviews, from the inception of the databases to December 2024. The role of miRNAs in the onset and progression of T1DM has received considerable attention in recent years. Among them, miRNA- 375 is particularly significant due to its influence on β-cell function and apoptosis. Alterations in miRNA-375 levels have been observed during both the preclinical and clinical stages of T1DM. Developing reliable, non-invasive methods for monitoring miRNA-375 is critical for translating these findings into clinical applications. Future research should focus on establishing highly sensitive and specific assays for its measurement.</p>","PeriodicalId":21174,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on recent clinical trials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13555755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147365637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Giant Pyelocaliceal Transitional Cell Carcinoma Associated with Neglected Pelvic Lithiasis: Case Presentation and Review of the Literature.","authors":"Konstantinos Tzelepis, Ilias Giannakodimos, Nikolaos Karatarakis, Vasileios Langouretos, Andreas Lampropoulos, Charalampos Kotoulas, Panagiotis Venieris, Nikolaos Stylianidis, Angeliki Tsakali, Louiza Kosmidou, Konstantina Bouhra, Konstantinos Stamatiou","doi":"10.2174/0115748871418028251127115946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748871418028251127115946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Urinary lithiasis is one of the most common diseases in Western countries. Although there is evidence that kidney stones may be related to upper urinary tract tumors, the mechanisms that link the origin of urinary stones to the development of these tumors remain largely unclear. In this article, we present a rare case of a giant tumor of the renal pelvis associated with chronic lithiasis and discuss the association between these two conditions.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 69-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of a high fever, pain in the left flank, and gross haematuria. She had a history of recurrent renal infection and untreated kidney stones, diagnosed 30 years ago. Imaging studies showed staghorn calculi in both kidneys and two large cystic formations within the pelvis of the left kidney. The patient underwent salvage nephrectomy. Histologic examination diagnosed high-grade urothelial carcinoma and chronic inflammation. A systematic search was performed in electronic libraries (PubMed) using the terms \"transitional cell carcinoma\", \"renal cancer\", and \"urothelial carcinoma\", along with \"staghorn calculi\", \"nephrolithiasis\", \"urinary tract infection\", and \"chronic inflammation\". There was no restriction on publication date.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the literature, untreated nephrolithiasis can cause both anatomical and functional damage, leading to an increased risk of developing urothelial carcinoma in the renal pelvis. Clinicians should consider the risk of developing urothelial carcinoma in patients with chronic nephrolithiasis, large stones, frequent urinary tract infections, and abnormalities observed during radiological investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21174,"journal":{"name":"Reviews on recent clinical trials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149012849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}