Reviews of Modern Physics最新文献

{"title":"Colloquium: Fracton matter","authors":"Andrey Gromov, Leo Radzihovsky","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.011001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.011001","url":null,"abstract":"The burgeoning field of “fractons,” a class of models where quasiparticles are strictly immobile or display restricted mobility that can be understood through generalized multipolar symmetries and associated conservation laws, is reviewed. With a focus on merely a corner of this fast-growing subject, it is demonstrated how one class of such theories, symmetric tensor and coupled-vector gauge theories, surprisingly emerge from familiar elasticity of a two-dimensional quantum crystal. The disclination and dislocation crystal defects, respectively, map onto charges and dipoles of the fracton gauge theory. This fracton-elasticity duality leads to predictions of fractonic phases and quantum phase transitions to their descendants that are duals of the commensurate crystal, supersolid, smectic, and hexatic liquid crystals, as well as amorphous solids, quasicrystals, and elastic membranes. It is shown how these dual gauge theories provide a field-theoretic description of quantum melting transitions through a generalized Higgs mechanism. It is demonstrated how they can be equivalently constructed as gauged models with global multipole symmetries. Extensions of such gauge-elasticity dualities to generalized elasticity theories are expected to provide a route to the discovery of new fractonic models and their potential experimental realizations.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139110210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proton imaging of high-energy-density laboratory plasmas","authors":"Derek B. Schaeffer, Archie F. A. Bott, Marco Borghesi, Kirk A. Flippo, William Fox, Julien Fuchs, Chikang Li, Fredrick H. Séguin, Hye-Sook Park, Petros Tzeferacos, Louise Willingale","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.045007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.045007","url":null,"abstract":"Proton imaging has become a key diagnostic for measuring electromagnetic fields in high-energy-density (HED) laboratory plasmas. Compared to other techniques for diagnosing fields, proton imaging is a measurement that can simultaneously offer high spatial and temporal resolution and the ability to distinguish between electric and magnetic fields without the protons perturbing the plasma of interest. Consequently, proton imaging has been used in a wide range of HED experiments, from inertial-confinement fusion to laboratory astrophysics. An overview is provided on the state of the art of proton imaging, including a discussion of experimental considerations like proton sources and detectors, the theory of proton-imaging analysis, and a survey of experimental results demonstrating the breadth of applications. Topics at the frontiers of proton-imaging development are also described, along with an outlook on the future of the field.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139060425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colloquium: Gravitational form factors of the proton","authors":"V. D. Burkert, L. Elouadrhiri, F. X. Girod, C. Lorcé, P. Schweitzer, P. E. Shanahan","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.041002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.041002","url":null,"abstract":"The physics of the gravitational form factors of the proton, as well as their understanding within quantum chromodynamics, has advanced significantly in the past two decades through both theory and experiment. This Colloquium provides an overview of this progress, highlights the physical insights unveiled by studies of gravitational form factors, and reviews their interpretation in terms of the mechanical properties of the proton.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138840068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colloquium: Miniature insect flight","authors":"Mao Sun","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.041001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.041001","url":null,"abstract":"Many of the existing winged-insect species are extremely small (wing <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mtext>length</mtext><mo>≈</mo><mn>0.3</mn><mi>–</mi><mn>4</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>mm</mi></mrow></math>); they are referred to as miniature insects. Yet, until recently much of our knowledge about the mechanics of insect flight was derived from studies on relatively large insects, such as flies, honeybees, hawkmoths, and dragonflies. Because of their small size, many miniature insects fly at a Reynolds number (<math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mi>Re</mi></mrow></math>) on the order of 10 or less. At such a low <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mi>Re</mi></mrow></math>, the viscous effect of the air is substantial: A miniature insect moves through the air as a bumblebee would move through mineral oil. The great importance of viscosity for miniature insects means that their flight relies on physical mechanisms that are different than those exploited by large insects. These differences range from the nature of the wing stroke to the structure of the wings, with some insects even using porous (bristled) wings to fly. Over the past decade, much work has been done in the study of the mechanics of flight in miniature insects: novel flapping modes have been discovered and new mechanisms of aerodynamic-force generation have been revealed; progress has also been made on fluid-mechanics-related flight problems such as flight power requirements and flight dynamic stability. This Colloquium reviews these developments and discusses potential future directions.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"246 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138823020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum repeaters: From quantum networks to the quantum internet","authors":"Koji Azuma, Sophia E. Economou, David Elkouss, Paul Hilaire, Liang Jiang, Hoi-Kwong Lo, Ilan Tzitrin","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.045006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.045006","url":null,"abstract":"A quantum internet is the holy grail of quantum information processing, enabling the deployment of a broad range of quantum technologies and protocols on a global scale. However, numerous challenges must be addressed before the quantum internet can become a reality. Perhaps the most crucial of these is the realization of a quantum repeater, an essential component in the long-distance transmission of quantum information. As the analog of a classical repeater, extender, or booster, the quantum repeater works to overcome loss and noise in the quantum channels constituting a quantum network. Here the conceptual frameworks and architectures for quantum repeaters, as well as the experimental progress toward their realization, are reviewed. Various near-term proposals to overcome the limits to the communication rates set by point-to-point quantum communication are also discussed. Finally, the manner in which quantum repeaters fit within the broader challenge of designing and implementing a quantum internet is overviewed.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138822964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum error mitigation","authors":"Zhenyu Cai, Ryan Babbush, Simon C. Benjamin, Suguru Endo, William J. Huggins, Ying Li, Jarrod R. McClean, Thomas E. O’Brien","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.045005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.045005","url":null,"abstract":"For quantum computers to successfully solve real-world problems, it is necessary to tackle the challenge of <i>noise</i>: the errors that occur in elementary physical components due to unwanted or imperfect interactions. The theory of quantum fault tolerance can provide an answer in the long term, but in the coming era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum machines one must seek to mitigate errors rather than completely eliminate them. This review surveys the diverse methods that have been proposed for quantum error mitigation, assesses their in-principle efficacy, and describes the hardware demonstrations achieved to date. Commonalities and limitations among the methods are identified, while mention is made of how mitigation methods can be chosen according to the primary type of noise present, including algorithmic errors. Open problems in the field are identified, and the prospects for realizing mitigation-based devices that can deliver a quantum advantage with an impact on science and business are discussed.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138578503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinematic variables and feature engineering for particle phenomenology","authors":"Roberto Franceschini, Doojin Kim, Kyoungchul Kong, Konstantin T. Matchev, Myeonghun Park, Prasanth Shyamsundar","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.045004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.045004","url":null,"abstract":"Kinematic variables play an important role in collider phenomenology, as they expedite discoveries of new particles by separating signal events from unwanted background events and allow for measurements of particle properties such as masses, couplings, and spins. For the past ten years, an enormous number of kinematic variables have been designed and proposed, primarily for the experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, allowing for a drastic reduction of high-dimensional experimental data to lower-dimensional observables, from which one can readily extract underlying features of phase space and develop better-optimized data-analysis strategies. Recent developments in the area of phase-space kinematics are reviewd, and new kinematic variables with important phenomenological implications and physics applications are summarized. Recently proposed analysis methods and techniques specifically designed to leverage new kinematic variables are also reviewed. As machine learning is currently percolating through many fields of particle physics, including collider phenomenology, the interconnection and mutual complementarity of kinematic variables and machine-learning techniques are discussed. Finally, the manner in which utilization of kinematic variables originally developed for colliders can be extended to other high-energy physics experiments, including neutrino experiments, is discussed.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138293935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light in correlated disordered media","authors":"Kevin Vynck, Romain Pierrat, Rémi Carminati, Luis S. Froufe-Pérez, Frank Scheffold, Riccardo Sapienza, Silvia Vignolini, Juan José Sáenz","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.045003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.045003","url":null,"abstract":"The study of optics in correlated disordered media combines wave physics, complex media, and nanophotonics. Investigations have shown how subwavelength structural correlations control light scattering, transport, and localization. This article reviews the formalism behind light scattering in disordered media, experimental techniques, and achievements in studying light interaction with correlated disorder. It explores phenomena like optical transparency, superdiffusive transport, and photonic gaps, offering new perspectives for applications. The research covers systems from photonic liquids to hyperuniform disordered photonic materials, and addresses mesoscopic phenomena and disorder engineering for light-energy management.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"10 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136227555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric nanoparticle growth","authors":"Dominik Stolzenburg, Runlong Cai, Sara M. Blichner, Jenni Kontkanen, Putian Zhou, Risto Makkonen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Markku Kulmala, Ilona Riipinen, Juha Kangasluoma","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.045002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.045002","url":null,"abstract":"New particle formation of liquid or solid nanoparticles from gas-phase precursors is a decisive process in Earth’s atmosphere and is considered one of the largest uncertainties in climate change predictions. Key for the climate relevance of new particle formation is the growth of freshly formed molecular clusters, as it determines the survival of these particles to cloud condensation nuclei sizes, where they can contribute to the aerosol-indirect effect. This review lays out the fundamental definitions of nanoparticle growth and addresses the rapidly emerging field of new particle formation studies with a focus on the diverse processes contributing to nanoparticle growth, explicitly comparing the latest experimental findings and their implementation in large-scale models. Atmospheric nanoparticle growth is a complex phenomenon including condensational and reactive vapor uptake, aerosol coagulation, and sink processes. It is linked to thermodynamics, cluster- and phase-transition physics. Nanoparticle growth rates measured from the evolution of the particle-size distribution describe growth as a collective phenomenon, while models often interpret them on a single-particle level and incorporate it into highly simplified size-distribution representations. Recent atmospheric observations show that sulfuric acid together with ammonia and amines, iodic acid, and oxidized organic species can contribute to nanoparticle growth, whereas most models describe the growth effects from a limited subset of this variety of condensable vapors. Atmospheric simulation chamber experiments have clarified the role of ions, intermolecular forces, the interplay of acids and bases, and the contribution of different types of organic vapors. Especially in the complex thermodynamics of organic vapor condensation, the field has had noteworthy advances over the last decade. While the experimental field has achieved significant progress in methodology and process level understanding, this has not led to a similar improvement in the description of the climate impact of nanoparticle formation in large-scale models. This review sets the basis to better align experimental and modeling studies on nanoparticle growth, giving specific guidance for future studies aiming to resolve the questions as to why the climate response in large-scale models seems to be buffered against high survival probabilities and why the global growth observations herein show surprisingly low variation.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"23 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71524294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Respiratory aerosols and droplets in the transmission of infectious diseases","authors":"Mira L. Pöhlker, Christopher Pöhlker, Ovid O. Krüger, Jan-David Förster, Thomas Berkemeier, Wolfgang Elbert, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Ulrich Pöschl, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Eberhard Bodenschatz, J. Alex Huffman, Simone Scheithauer, Eugene Mikhailov","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.045001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.045001","url":null,"abstract":"Knowing the physicochemical properties of exhaled droplets and aerosol particles is a prerequisite for a detailed mechanistic understanding and effective prevention of the airborne transmission of infectious human diseases. This review provides a critical consideration and synthesis of scientific knowledge on the number concentrations, size distributions, composition, mixing state, and related properties of respiratory particles emitted upon breathing, speaking, singing, coughing, and sneezing. A parametrization of respiratory particle size distributions is derived and presented based on five log-normal modes related to different origins in the respiratory tract, which can be used to trace and localize the sources of infectious particles. This approach may support the medical treatment as well as the risk assessment for aerosol and droplet transmission of infectious diseases. It was applied to analyze which respiratory activities may drive the spread of specific pathogens, such as <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, influenza viruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The results confirm the high relevance of vocalization for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the usefulness of physical distancing, face masks, room ventilation, and air filtration as preventative measures against coronavirus disease 2019 and other airborne infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}