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Quantum error mitigation 量子误差缓解
IF 44.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reviews of Modern Physics Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.045005
Zhenyu Cai, Ryan Babbush, Simon C. Benjamin, Suguru Endo, William J. Huggins, Ying Li, Jarrod R. McClean, Thomas E. O’Brien
{"title":"Quantum error mitigation","authors":"Zhenyu Cai, Ryan Babbush, Simon C. Benjamin, Suguru Endo, William J. Huggins, Ying Li, Jarrod R. McClean, Thomas E. O’Brien","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.045005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.045005","url":null,"abstract":"For quantum computers to successfully solve real-world problems, it is necessary to tackle the challenge of <i>noise</i>: the errors that occur in elementary physical components due to unwanted or imperfect interactions. The theory of quantum fault tolerance can provide an answer in the long term, but in the coming era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum machines one must seek to mitigate errors rather than completely eliminate them. This review surveys the diverse methods that have been proposed for quantum error mitigation, assesses their in-principle efficacy, and describes the hardware demonstrations achieved to date. Commonalities and limitations among the methods are identified, while mention is made of how mitigation methods can be chosen according to the primary type of noise present, including algorithmic errors. Open problems in the field are identified, and the prospects for realizing mitigation-based devices that can deliver a quantum advantage with an impact on science and business are discussed.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138578503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Kinematic variables and feature engineering for particle phenomenology 粒子现象学的运动变量与特征工程
IF 44.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reviews of Modern Physics Pub Date : 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.045004
Roberto Franceschini, Doojin Kim, Kyoungchul Kong, Konstantin T. Matchev, Myeonghun Park, Prasanth Shyamsundar
{"title":"Kinematic variables and feature engineering for particle phenomenology","authors":"Roberto Franceschini, Doojin Kim, Kyoungchul Kong, Konstantin T. Matchev, Myeonghun Park, Prasanth Shyamsundar","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.045004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.045004","url":null,"abstract":"Kinematic variables play an important role in collider phenomenology, as they expedite discoveries of new particles by separating signal events from unwanted background events and allow for measurements of particle properties such as masses, couplings, and spins. For the past ten years, an enormous number of kinematic variables have been designed and proposed, primarily for the experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, allowing for a drastic reduction of high-dimensional experimental data to lower-dimensional observables, from which one can readily extract underlying features of phase space and develop better-optimized data-analysis strategies. Recent developments in the area of phase-space kinematics are reviewd, and new kinematic variables with important phenomenological implications and physics applications are summarized. Recently proposed analysis methods and techniques specifically designed to leverage new kinematic variables are also reviewed. As machine learning is currently percolating through many fields of particle physics, including collider phenomenology, the interconnection and mutual complementarity of kinematic variables and machine-learning techniques are discussed. Finally, the manner in which utilization of kinematic variables originally developed for colliders can be extended to other high-energy physics experiments, including neutrino experiments, is discussed.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138293935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Light in correlated disordered media 相关无序介质中的光
1区 物理与天体物理
Reviews of Modern Physics Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.045003
Kevin Vynck, Romain Pierrat, Rémi Carminati, Luis S. Froufe-Pérez, Frank Scheffold, Riccardo Sapienza, Silvia Vignolini, Juan José Sáenz
{"title":"Light in correlated disordered media","authors":"Kevin Vynck, Romain Pierrat, Rémi Carminati, Luis S. Froufe-Pérez, Frank Scheffold, Riccardo Sapienza, Silvia Vignolini, Juan José Sáenz","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.045003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.045003","url":null,"abstract":"The study of optics in correlated disordered media combines wave physics, complex media, and nanophotonics. Investigations have shown how subwavelength structural correlations control light scattering, transport, and localization. This article reviews the formalism behind light scattering in disordered media, experimental techniques, and achievements in studying light interaction with correlated disorder. It explores phenomena like optical transparency, superdiffusive transport, and photonic gaps, offering new perspectives for applications. The research covers systems from photonic liquids to hyperuniform disordered photonic materials, and addresses mesoscopic phenomena and disorder engineering for light-energy management.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"10 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136227555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 30
Respiratory aerosols and droplets in the transmission of infectious diseases 呼吸道气溶胶和飞沫传播传染病
IF 44.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reviews of Modern Physics Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.045001
Mira L. Pöhlker, Christopher Pöhlker, Ovid O. Krüger, Jan-David Förster, Thomas Berkemeier, Wolfgang Elbert, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Ulrich Pöschl, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Eberhard Bodenschatz, J. Alex Huffman, Simone Scheithauer, Eugene Mikhailov
{"title":"Respiratory aerosols and droplets in the transmission of infectious diseases","authors":"Mira L. Pöhlker, Christopher Pöhlker, Ovid O. Krüger, Jan-David Förster, Thomas Berkemeier, Wolfgang Elbert, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Ulrich Pöschl, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Eberhard Bodenschatz, J. Alex Huffman, Simone Scheithauer, Eugene Mikhailov","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.045001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.045001","url":null,"abstract":"Knowing the physicochemical properties of exhaled droplets and aerosol particles is a prerequisite for a detailed mechanistic understanding and effective prevention of the airborne transmission of infectious human diseases. This review provides a critical consideration and synthesis of scientific knowledge on the number concentrations, size distributions, composition, mixing state, and related properties of respiratory particles emitted upon breathing, speaking, singing, coughing, and sneezing. A parametrization of respiratory particle size distributions is derived and presented based on five log-normal modes related to different origins in the respiratory tract, which can be used to trace and localize the sources of infectious particles. This approach may support the medical treatment as well as the risk assessment for aerosol and droplet transmission of infectious diseases. It was applied to analyze which respiratory activities may drive the spread of specific pathogens, such as <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, influenza viruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The results confirm the high relevance of vocalization for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the usefulness of physical distancing, face masks, room ventilation, and air filtration as preventative measures against coronavirus disease 2019 and other airborne infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 62
Atom counting with accelerator mass spectroscopy 原子计数与加速器质谱
IF 44.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reviews of Modern Physics Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.035006
Walter Kutschera, A. J. Timothy Jull, Michael Paul, Anton Wallner
{"title":"Atom counting with accelerator mass spectroscopy","authors":"Walter Kutschera, A. J. Timothy Jull, Michael Paul, Anton Wallner","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.035006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.035006","url":null,"abstract":"Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was born in the late 1970s, when it was realized at nuclear physics laboratories that the accelerator systems can be used as a sensitive mass spectrometer to measure ultralow traces of long-lived radioisotopes. It soon became possible to measure radioisotope-to-stable-isotope ratios in the range from <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> to <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> by counting the radioisotope ions “atom by atom” and comparing the count rate with ion currents of stable isotopes (<math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mn>1.6</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">μ</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">A</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> singly charged ions/s). It turned out that electrostatic tandem accelerators are best suited for this, and there are now worldwide about 160 AMS facilities based on this principle. This review presents the history, technological developments, and research areas of AMS through the 45 yr since its discovery. Many different fields are touched by AMS measurements, including archaeology, astrophysics, atmospheric science, biology, climatology, cosmic-ray physics, environmental physics, forensic science, glaciology, geophormology, hydrology, ice core research, meteoritics, nuclear physics, oceanography, and particle physics. Since it is virtually impossible to discuss all fields in detail in this review, only specific fields with recent advances are highlighted in detail. For the others, an effort is made to provide relevant references for in-depth studies of the respective fields.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"53 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50166620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Editorial: To Review Is to Be 社论:评论就是存在
IF 44.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reviews of Modern Physics Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.030001
Randall D. Kamien
{"title":"Editorial: To Review Is to Be","authors":"Randall D. Kamien","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.030001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.030001","url":null,"abstract":"<span>DOI:</span><span>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.95.030001</span>","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138494441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The physics of fast radio bursts 快速射电暴的物理学
1区 物理与天体物理
Reviews of Modern Physics Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.035005
Bing Zhang
{"title":"The physics of fast radio bursts","authors":"Bing Zhang","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.035005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.035005","url":null,"abstract":"Fast radio bursts, milliseconds-duration radio bursts predominantly originating from cosmological distances, figure among the unsolved puzzles of contemporary astrophysics. The rapid accumulation of observational data has generated an equally intense theoretical activity toward the understanding of the physical processes at the origin of these events. This review presents a thorough survey of the current knowledge about fast radio bursts, starting with the generic constraints that can be placed on theoretical models based on current observations and plasma physics considerations, then moving to a critical discussion of coherent radiation mechanisms and source models currently debated in the scientific community.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135768891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Colloquium : Unconventional fully gapped superconductivity in the heavy-fermion metal CeCu2Si2 讨论会:重费米子金属CeCu2Si2的非常规全间隙超导性
1区 物理与天体物理
Reviews of Modern Physics Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.031002
Michael Smidman, Oliver Stockert, Emilian M. Nica, Yang Liu, Huiqiu Yuan, Qimiao Si, Frank Steglich
{"title":"Colloquium : Unconventional fully gapped superconductivity in the heavy-fermion metal CeCu2Si2","authors":"Michael Smidman, Oliver Stockert, Emilian M. Nica, Yang Liu, Huiqiu Yuan, Qimiao Si, Frank Steglich","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.031002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.031002","url":null,"abstract":"The heavy-fermion compound CeCu${}_{2}$Si${}_{2}$ has long been known to be an unconventional superconductor with $d$-wave symmetry. Ordinarily, this would imply that the gap function has nodes on the Fermi surface. This Colloquium explains that recent experiments have shown that the gap is nonzero everywhere, if small where a single-band wave gap would vanish. The Colloquium discusses theoretical scenarios to explain these observations, as well as the implications for other unconventional superconductors.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"202 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135353384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Quantitative theory of magnetic interactions in solids 固体中磁相互作用的定量理论
1区 物理与天体物理
Reviews of Modern Physics Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.035004
Attila Szilva, Yaroslav Kvashnin, Evgeny A. Stepanov, Lars Nordström, Olle Eriksson, Alexander I. Lichtenstein, Mikhail I. Katsnelson
{"title":"Quantitative theory of magnetic interactions in solids","authors":"Attila Szilva, Yaroslav Kvashnin, Evgeny A. Stepanov, Lars Nordström, Olle Eriksson, Alexander I. Lichtenstein, Mikhail I. Katsnelson","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.035004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.035004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135936885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Physics principles of inertial confinement fusion and U.S. program overview 惯性约束核聚变的物理原理和美国项目概述
IF 44.1 1区 物理与天体物理
Reviews of Modern Physics Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.025005
O. Hurricane, P. Patel, R. Betti, D. Froula, S. Regan, S. Slutz, M. Gomez, M. A. Sweeney
{"title":"Physics principles of inertial confinement fusion and U.S. program overview","authors":"O. Hurricane, P. Patel, R. Betti, D. Froula, S. Regan, S. Slutz, M. Gomez, M. A. Sweeney","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.025005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.025005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45678297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
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