Reviews of Modern Physics最新文献

{"title":"Colloquium : Quantum properties and functionalities of magnetic skyrmions","authors":"Alexander P. Petrović, Christina Psaroudaki, Peter Fischer, Markus Garst, Christos Panagopoulos","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.97.031001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.97.031001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Order and disorder at the atomic scale: Microscopy applied to semiconductors","authors":"Enrico Di Russo, Tom Verstijnen, Paul Koenraad, Konstantinos Pantzas, Gilles Patriarche, Lorenzo Rigutti","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.97.025006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.97.025006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"246 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144500825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spin-dependent exotic interactions","authors":"Lei Cong, Wei Ji, Pavel Fadeev, Filip Ficek, Min Jiang, Victor V. Flambaum, Haosen Guan, Derek F. Jackson Kimball, Mikhail G. Kozlov, Yevgeny V. Stadnik, Dmitry Budker","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.97.025005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.97.025005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144370692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Universality in driven open quantum matter","authors":"Lukas M. Sieberer, Michael Buchhold, Jamir Marino, Sebastian Diehl","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.97.025004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.97.025004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144370520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wannier-function software ecosystem for materials simulations","authors":"Antimo Marrazzo, Sophie Beck, Elena R. Margine, Nicola Marzari, Arash A. Mostofi, Junfeng Qiao, Ivo Souza, Stepan S. Tsirkin, Jonathan R. Yates, Giovanni Pizzi","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.045008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.045008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"𝒫𝒯-symmetric quantum mechanics","authors":"Carl M. Bender, Daniel W. Hook","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.045002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.045002","url":null,"abstract":"It is generally assumed that a Hamiltonian for a physically acceptable quantum system (one that has a positive-definite spectrum and obeys the requirement of unitarity) must be Hermitian. However, a <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"246\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" overflow=\"linebreak\" role=\"tree\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 100.7%;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure=\"0\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"script\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"script upper P upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.703em;\">𝒫</mjx-c><mjx-c style=\"padding-top: 0.703em;\">𝒯</mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math></mjx-container>-symmetric Hamiltonian can also define a physically acceptable quantum-mechanical system even if the Hamiltonian is not Hermitian. The study of <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"247\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" overflow=\"linebreak\" role=\"tree\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 100.7%;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure=\"0\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"script\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"script upper P upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.703em;\">𝒫</mjx-c><mjx-c style=\"padding-top: 0.703em;\">𝒯</mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math></mjx-container>-symmetric quantum systems is a young and extremely active research area in both theoretical and experimental physics. The purpose of this review is to provide established scientists as well as graduate students with a compact, easy-to-read introduction to this field that will enable them to understand more advanced publications and to begin their own theoretical or experimental research activity. The ideas and techniques of <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"248\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" overflow=\"linebreak\" role=\"tree\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 100.7%;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure=\"0\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"script\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"script upper P upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.703em;\">𝒫</mjx-c><mjx-c style=\"padding-top: 0.703em;\">𝒯</mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math></mjx-container> symmetry have been applied in the context of many different branches of physics. This review introduces the concepts of <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"249\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" overflow=\"linebreak\" role=\"tree\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 100.7%;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure=\"0\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"script\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"script upper P upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.703em;\">𝒫</mjx-c><mjx-c style=\"padding-top: 0.703em;\">𝒯</mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math></mjx-container> symmetry by focusing on elementary one-dimensional <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"250\" ctxtmenu_oldtabin","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colloquium: Inclusions, boundaries, and disorder in scalar active matter","authors":"Omer Granek, Yariv Kafri, Mehran Kardar, Sunghan Ro, Julien Tailleur, Alexandre Solon","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.031003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.031003","url":null,"abstract":"Active systems are driven out of equilibrium by exchanging energy and momentum with their environment. This endows them with anomalous mechanical properties that are reviewed in this Colloquium. The case of dry scalar active matter is considered, which encompasses systems whose large-scale behaviors are entirely captured by their density—a scalar field. Arguably the simplest of active-matter systems, they have attracted considerable attention due to their unusual properties when put in contact with boundaries, inclusions, tracers, or disordered potentials. Indeed, studies of the mechanical pressure of active fluids and of the dynamics of passive tracers have shown that active systems impact their environment in nontrivial ways, for example, by propelling and rotating anisotropic inclusions. Conversely, the long-range density and current modulations induced by localized obstacles show how the environment can have a far-reaching impact on active fluids. This is best exemplified by the propensity of bulk and boundary disorder to destroy bulk phase separation in active matter, thereby showing active systems to be much more sensitive to their surroundings than passive ones. This Colloquium aims to provide a unifying perspective on the rich interplay between active systems and their environments.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142369012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FLASH: New intersection of physics, chemistry, biology, and cancer medicine","authors":"Marie-Catherine Vozenin, Billy W. Loo, Jr., Sami Tantawi, Peter G. Maxim, Douglas R. Spitz, Claude Bailat, Charles L. Limoli","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.035002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.035002","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrahigh dose rate, FLASH radiotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising innovations over the past decade in the field of radiation oncology, with the potential to eradicate radiation resistant primary tumors and improve the therapeutic outcome for cancer patients. FLASH is based on delivering radiation doses at ultrahigh dose rates (UHDR; <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mo form=\"prefix\">&gt;</mo><mn>4</mn><mn>0</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mrow><mi>Gy</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s</mi></mrow></mrow></math>), more than 1000 times faster than irradiation at conventional dose rates (CONV). The experimental evidence demonstrating the differential effect of dose rate modulation on tumors and normal tissue is reviewed. Preclinical data consistently show that the antitumor efficacy of cytotoxic doses is not dependent on dose rate, but in normal tissues UHDR significantly reduces normal tissue toxicities compared to CONV, as observed <i>in vivo</i>. These observations define the FLASH effect. The FLASH effect has been reported to occur when using single or hypofractionated dose regimens in several experimental animal models (mice, rat, zebrafish, pig, and cats) and in multiple organs (lung, skin, gut, and brain) by numerous groups worldwide. Note that the FLASH effect has been demonstrated with electron, photon, and hadron (proton and heavier ion) beams. The current status and future technological development are reviewed, with an emphasis on critical beam parameters, future beam modalities, and prerequisites for safe clinical translation in terms of dosimetry, radioprotection, and treatment planning systems. Mechanistic investigations at the physicochemical and biological levels are presented, as are strategies to support and initiate clinical translation. This comprehensive review provides multidisciplinary radiation scientists with a road map of the technological, physical, chemical, biological, and clinical considerations that have made FLASH topical. These considerations are presented with a realistic and practical backdrop of the limitations and challenges that lie ahead.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nobel Lecture: The route to attosecond pulses","authors":"Anne L’Huillier","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.030503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.030503","url":null,"abstract":"<span>DOI:</span><span>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.96.030503</span>","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nobel Lecture: Sub-atomic motions","authors":"Ferenc Krausz","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.030502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.030502","url":null,"abstract":"The written version of my lecture is a personal reflection on decades of research on electron-light interactions, culminating in their control and observation in real time at the turn of the millennium. Electrons and light attracted my attention when attending the lectures of György Marx on quantum mechanics and Károly Simonyi on electrodynamics during the 1980s in Budapest. This interest was solidified by my mentor, Arnold Schmidt, and deepened by Paul Corkum, during the 1990s in Vienna. They have influenced my path most profoundly. It has been a tremendous privilege to stand on the shoulders of scientists, including many Nobel laureates, who made seminal contributions to our understanding of electrons and light, when walking the path to exploring sub-atomic motions. To eventually exploit them for addressing grand challenges. To the benefit of humankind.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}