Reviews of Modern Physics最新文献

{"title":"Colloquium: Inclusions, boundaries, and disorder in scalar active matter","authors":"Omer Granek, Yariv Kafri, Mehran Kardar, Sunghan Ro, Julien Tailleur, Alexandre Solon","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.031003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.031003","url":null,"abstract":"Active systems are driven out of equilibrium by exchanging energy and momentum with their environment. This endows them with anomalous mechanical properties that are reviewed in this Colloquium. The case of dry scalar active matter is considered, which encompasses systems whose large-scale behaviors are entirely captured by their density—a scalar field. Arguably the simplest of active-matter systems, they have attracted considerable attention due to their unusual properties when put in contact with boundaries, inclusions, tracers, or disordered potentials. Indeed, studies of the mechanical pressure of active fluids and of the dynamics of passive tracers have shown that active systems impact their environment in nontrivial ways, for example, by propelling and rotating anisotropic inclusions. Conversely, the long-range density and current modulations induced by localized obstacles show how the environment can have a far-reaching impact on active fluids. This is best exemplified by the propensity of bulk and boundary disorder to destroy bulk phase separation in active matter, thereby showing active systems to be much more sensitive to their surroundings than passive ones. This Colloquium aims to provide a unifying perspective on the rich interplay between active systems and their environments.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142369012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FLASH: New intersection of physics, chemistry, biology, and cancer medicine","authors":"Marie-Catherine Vozenin, Billy W. Loo, Jr., Sami Tantawi, Peter G. Maxim, Douglas R. Spitz, Claude Bailat, Charles L. Limoli","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.035002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.035002","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrahigh dose rate, FLASH radiotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising innovations over the past decade in the field of radiation oncology, with the potential to eradicate radiation resistant primary tumors and improve the therapeutic outcome for cancer patients. FLASH is based on delivering radiation doses at ultrahigh dose rates (UHDR; <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mo form=\"prefix\">&gt;</mo><mn>4</mn><mn>0</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mrow><mi>Gy</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s</mi></mrow></mrow></math>), more than 1000 times faster than irradiation at conventional dose rates (CONV). The experimental evidence demonstrating the differential effect of dose rate modulation on tumors and normal tissue is reviewed. Preclinical data consistently show that the antitumor efficacy of cytotoxic doses is not dependent on dose rate, but in normal tissues UHDR significantly reduces normal tissue toxicities compared to CONV, as observed <i>in vivo</i>. These observations define the FLASH effect. The FLASH effect has been reported to occur when using single or hypofractionated dose regimens in several experimental animal models (mice, rat, zebrafish, pig, and cats) and in multiple organs (lung, skin, gut, and brain) by numerous groups worldwide. Note that the FLASH effect has been demonstrated with electron, photon, and hadron (proton and heavier ion) beams. The current status and future technological development are reviewed, with an emphasis on critical beam parameters, future beam modalities, and prerequisites for safe clinical translation in terms of dosimetry, radioprotection, and treatment planning systems. Mechanistic investigations at the physicochemical and biological levels are presented, as are strategies to support and initiate clinical translation. This comprehensive review provides multidisciplinary radiation scientists with a road map of the technological, physical, chemical, biological, and clinical considerations that have made FLASH topical. These considerations are presented with a realistic and practical backdrop of the limitations and challenges that lie ahead.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nobel Lecture: The route to attosecond pulses","authors":"Anne L’Huillier","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.030503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.030503","url":null,"abstract":"<span>DOI:</span><span>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.96.030503</span>","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nobel Lecture: Sub-atomic motions","authors":"Ferenc Krausz","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.030502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.030502","url":null,"abstract":"The written version of my lecture is a personal reflection on decades of research on electron-light interactions, culminating in their control and observation in real time at the turn of the millennium. Electrons and light attracted my attention when attending the lectures of György Marx on quantum mechanics and Károly Simonyi on electrodynamics during the 1980s in Budapest. This interest was solidified by my mentor, Arnold Schmidt, and deepened by Paul Corkum, during the 1990s in Vienna. They have influenced my path most profoundly. It has been a tremendous privilege to stand on the shoulders of scientists, including many Nobel laureates, who made seminal contributions to our understanding of electrons and light, when walking the path to exploring sub-atomic motions. To eventually exploit them for addressing grand challenges. To the benefit of humankind.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nobel Lecture: Genesis and applications of attosecond pulse trains","authors":"Pierre Agostini","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.030501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.030501","url":null,"abstract":"<span>DOI:</span><span>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.96.030501</span>","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colloquium: Eigenvector continuation and projection-based emulators","authors":"Thomas Duguet, Andreas Ekström, Richard J. Furnstahl, Sebastian König, Dean Lee","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.031002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.031002","url":null,"abstract":"Eigenvector continuation is a computational method for parametric eigenvalue problems that uses subspace projection with a basis derived from eigenvector snapshots from different parameter sets. It is part of a broader class of subspace-projection techniques called reduced-basis methods. In this Colloquium, the development, theory, and applications of eigenvector continuation and projection-based emulators are presented. The basic concepts are introduced, the underlying theory and convergence properties are discussed, and recent applications for quantum systems and future prospects are presented.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141986293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultimate Rayleigh-Bénard turbulence","authors":"Detlef Lohse, Olga Shishkina","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.035001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.035001","url":null,"abstract":"Thermally driven turbulent flows are omnipresent in nature and technology. A good understanding of the physical principles governing such flows is key for numerous problems in oceanography, climatology, geophysics, and astrophysics for problems involving energy conversion, heating and cooling of buildings and rooms, and process technology. In the physics community, the most popular system to study wall-bounded thermally driven turbulence has been Rayleigh-Bénard flow, i.e., the flow in a box heated from below and cooled from above. The dimensionless control parameters are the Rayleigh number Ra (the dimensionless heating strength), the Prandtl number Pr (the ratio of kinematic viscosity to thermal diffusivity), and the aspect ratio <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Γ</mi></math> of the container. The key response parameters are the Nusselt number Nu (the dimensionless heat flux from the bottom to the top) and the Reynolds number Re (the dimensionless strength of the turbulent flow). While there is good agreement and understanding of the dependences <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">N</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">u</mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">R</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">P</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">r</mi><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Γ</mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></mrow></math> up to <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">R</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a</mi><mo>∼</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>11</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> (the “classical regime”), for even larger Ra in the so-called ultimate regime of Rayleigh-Bénard convection the experimental results and their interpretations are more diverse. The transition of the flow to this ultimate regime, which is characterized by strongly enhanced heat transfer, is due to the transition of laminar-type flow in the boundary layers to turbulent-type flow. Understanding this transition is of the utmost importance for extrapolating the heat transfer to large or strongly thermally driven systems. Here the theoretical results on this transition to the ultimate regime are reviewed and an attempt is made to reconcile the various experimental and numerical results. The transition toward the ultimate regime is interpreted as a non-normal–nonlinear and thus subcritical transition. Experimental and numerical strategies are suggested that can help to further illuminate the transition to the ultimate regime and the ultimate regime itself, for which a modified model for the scaling laws in its various subregimes is proposed. Similar transitions in related wall-bounded turbulent flows such as turbulent convection with centrifugal buoyancy and Taylor-Couette turbulence are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141895499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colloquium: Quantum batteries","authors":"Francesco Campaioli, Stefano Gherardini, James Q. Quach, Marco Polini, Gian Marcello Andolina","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.031001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.031001","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have witnessed an explosion of interest in quantum devices for the production, storage, and transfer of energy. This Colloquium concentrates on the field of quantum energy storage by reviewing recent theoretical and experimental progress in quantum batteries. Provided first is a theoretical background discussing the advantages that quantum batteries offer with respect to their classical analogs. The existing quantum many-body battery models are then reviewed and a thorough discussion of important issues related to their “open nature” is presented. The Colloquium concludes with a discussion of promising experimental implementations, preliminary results available in the literature, and perspectives.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141566011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalysis in quantum information theory","authors":"Patryk Lipka-Bartosik, Henrik Wilming, Nelly H. Y. Ng","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.025005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.025005","url":null,"abstract":"Catalysts open up new reaction pathways that can speed up chemical reactions while not consuming the catalyst. A similar phenomenon has been discovered in quantum information science, where physical transformations become possible by utilizing a quantum degree of freedom that returns to its initial state at the end of the process. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the concept of catalysis in quantum information science is presented and its applications in various physical contexts are discussed.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141462409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutrinos from dense environments: Flavor mechanisms, theoretical approaches, observations, and new directions","authors":"M. Cristina Volpe","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.025004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.025004","url":null,"abstract":"Neutrino masses and mixings produce vacuum oscillations, an established quantum mechanical phenomenon. In matter, the Mikheev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect, due to neutrino interactions with the background particles, triggers resonant flavor modification. In dense environments, such as core-collapse supernovae and compact mergers, sizable neutrino-neutrino interactions, shock waves, and turbulence impact the neutrino flavor content under a variety of phenomena. Theoretical approaches of neutrino propagation range from the mean-field approximation to the full quantum kinetic equations. Interesting connections have been uncovered between weakly interacting dense neutrino gases and other many-body systems and domains, from condensed matter and nuclear physics to quantum computing. Besides the intrinsic theoretical interest, establishing how neutrinos change flavor contributes to answering the long-standing open questions of how massive stars explode and of the <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>r</mi></math>-process sites. It is also important for future observations of core-collapse supernova neutrinos and of the diffuse supernova neutrino background that should be discovered in the foreseeable future.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141448113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}