Results in Optics最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis, characterization and low power Z-scan study of bandgap-engineered N, S-co-doped carbon quantum dots using lasers of different colors","authors":"Shaghayegh Khalilzadeh,&nbsp;Ehsan Koushki,&nbsp;Mohammad-Reza Zamani-Meymian","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The tailoring of electronic states in carbon-based nanostructures through heteroatom doping remains a critical frontier for advanced optoelectronic applications. In this work, N, S-co-doped carbon quantum dots (N, S-CQDs) were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method, and their linear and thermos-optical (TO) properties were systematically compared with those of pristine CQDs (S1). Upon N, S-co-doping, an apparent discrepancy was observed: The Tauc plot revealed an intrinsic core bandgap widening (blue-shift), whereas the photoluminescence (PL) spectra and TO responses shifted toward longer wavelengths (red-shift). This behavior is elucidated by a model where doping simultaneously widens the core bandgap and introduces dense, lower-energy surface states within the forbidden zone, dominating the radiative recombination. TO properties were investigated using the <em>Z</em>-scan technique under continuous wave (CW) laser excitation at multiple wavelengths: violet (405 nm), green (532 nm), and red (650 nm). The experimental results revealed that sample S2 exhibits significantly enhanced nonlinear absorption coefficients (<span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span>) and nonlinear refractive indices (<span><math><msub><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span>) compared to S1, identifying a robust Reverse Saturable Absorption (RSA) and self-defocusing behavior. Notably, the TO response reached its maximum in the red region, where the excitation energy enters into resonance with the dopant-induced surface levels. These findings provide a comprehensive framework for bandgap engineering in CQDs and demonstrate their high efficacy as versatile materials for multi-wavelength optical limiting and nonlinear photonic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101169"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149155656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of a 1 × 2 multimode interference splitter based on low-loss InP/InGaAsP ridge waveguide for photonic integration","authors":"JingHui Wang,&nbsp;Yue Zhang,&nbsp;YuChen Wei,&nbsp;Kunkun Chu,&nbsp;ZhiYuan Zheng,&nbsp;FeiFei Gao,&nbsp;Wei Zheng,&nbsp;Qian Hong,&nbsp;ShuRui Zhao,&nbsp;XiaSen Chang,&nbsp;YongGuang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A low-loss 1 × 2 multimode interference (MMI) power splitter based on the InP/InGaAsP ridge waveguide structure is designed and fabricated for photonic integration applications. The device parameters are optimized by the Variational Finite-Difference Time-Domain Solver (Variational FDTD), and the prototype is fabricated in accordance with the simulation results. The proposed MMI splitter exhibits a wide operating bandwidth and excellent power uniformity around the wavelength of 1550 nm, with an insertion loss lower than 4 dB and a power uniformity better than 0.05 dB. This device is well-suited for integrated light source systems in high-speed dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) optical networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101185"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149249165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving higher efficiency in solar panels using gold nanosphere arrays in structure of Grated CdS and advanced interfacial layers","authors":"S. Kianjo,&nbsp;A.S. Nooramin","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global energy crisis and urgency of transitioning to clean, sustainable energy sources have spurred advancements in solar cell technologies. This work presents a high-efficiency polymer solar cell with the architecture ZnO/CdS/PTB7:PC71BM/Au(NPs)/ZnWO₄/Au. The key components include CdS (ETL), ZnWO₄(HTL), PTB7:PC71BM (polymer absorber layer), Au (back metal contact), and Au Nanoparticles (Au NPs). The structure leverages near-infrared (NIR) absorption (650–1100 nm) through gold nanoparticles, thereby enhancing the performance. CdS was chosen for its superior carrier mobility and conductivity, while ZnWO₄ provides high hole mobility. PTB7:PC71BM further contributes exceptional optical and electrical properties, achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 44.02%. This innovative architecture addresses NIR absorption limitations, achieving significant advancements in solar energy conversion efficiency. The optical and electrical performance of the proposed structure was investigated using 3D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for electromagnetic simulation coupled with drift–diffusion modeling for carrier transport. This hybrid light-trapping architecture, combining grated CdS and double-layer Au nanoparticles with bimodal spacing, offers significant advantages including absorption enhancement in the NIR region (650–1100 nm), reduced recombination losses, and improved charge extraction. The novelty of this work lies in the synergistic integration of photonic grating modes with plasmonic effects using a double-layer Au NP configuration, achieving a theoretical power conversion efficiency of 44.02%, a substantial improvement over conventional structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101140"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148939889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-assisted hybrid graphene–MXene–WS₂ terahertz metasurface biosensor for highly sensitive label-free chikungunya virus detection","authors":"G. Arunachalam,&nbsp;A.R. Kalaiarasi,&nbsp;Giri.G. Hallur,&nbsp;V. Parthasarathy","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) remains a major mosquito-borne disease requiring rapid and label-free diagnostic technologies for early detection This study presents a terahertz (THz) metasurface biosensor comprising tungsten disulfide (WS₂) square resonators, MXene concentric rings, gold (Au) circular resonators, copper (Cu) structures, and a gate-tunable monolayer graphene layer on a SiO₂ substrate for numerical investigation of refractive-index sensing using values representative of healthy and CHIKV-related plasma and platelet samples. Finite element simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics were performed to optimize the graphene chemical potential, incident angle, circular resonator radius, and square resonator dimensions. The optimized sensor exhibits a resonance frequency of 0.355 THz with strong electric-field confinement, achieving a maximum numerically predicted refractive-index sensitivity of 907 GHz/RIU over the representative refractive-index range of 1.33–1.39 RIU. The device maintains stable spectral performance for incident angles from 0° to 80°. XGBoost regression models accurately predicted the transmission response for varying structural parameters, achieving R² &gt; 0.997 with low prediction errors. The present work represents a computational proof-of-concept demonstrating the feasibility of a THz metasurface for refractive-index sensing relevant to CHIKV detection. Experimental validation through device fabrication, biofunctionalization with CHIKV-specific recognition elements, and testing using clinical samples will be pursued in future studies to establish practical diagnostic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101149"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148939890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimized five-channel LED simulation system using melanopic-centric model and the five-receptor integration model","authors":"Lvyun Chen,&nbsp;Zhizhong Chen,&nbsp;Qihong Zou,&nbsp;Xing Chen,&nbsp;Lun Song,&nbsp;Weimin Dang,&nbsp;Xiaozhen Lv,&nbsp;Haodong Zhang,&nbsp;Boyan Dong,&nbsp;Fei Huang,&nbsp;Lin Hu,&nbsp;Xiangning Kang,&nbsp;Weihua Chen,&nbsp;Qi Wang,&nbsp;Yuzhen Tong,&nbsp;Bo Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Balancing visual quality with retinal-photoreceptor-related spectral quantities remains an important challenge in integrative lighting design. Based on CIE S 026/E:2018, this study proposes a numerical multi-objective spectral optimization framework for a fixed five-channel red–yellow–green–cyan–blue LED configuration. Twenty-seven daylight spectral power distributions (SPDs) measured during one clear summer day in Beijing are used as optimization targets, whereas the individual LED-channel SPDs, mixed SPDs, candidate peak wavelengths, and PWM duty cycles are modeled or optimized numerically. A bi-level genetic algorithm is used: the outer layer selects one common set of candidate channel peak wavelengths for the complete daylight dataset, and the inner layer determines time-resolved PWM duty-cycle variables at each sampling time. Two models are compared: the melanopic-centric model and the five-receptor integration model, which simultaneously matches all five α-opic daylight efficacy ratios (DERs). Under the imposed CCT, TM-30 Rf, and Rg constraints, the five-receptor integration model maintains the tracking errors of all five α-opic DERs below 5%, whereas the melanopic-centric model produces larger deviations in several cone-opic and rhodopic channels. Compared with the melanopic-centric model, the five-receptor integration model reduces the comprehensive color deviation by 9.40%. These results demonstrate the numerical feasibility of jointly selecting a fixed five-channel spectral configuration and time-resolved PWM variables for daylight α-opic DER matching.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101153"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148999141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wavelength optimisation framework for non-line-of-sight underwater optical wireless communication","authors":"Tanmay Mishra,&nbsp;Aniket Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Sohom Dasgupta,&nbsp;Viraj Jitendra Khairnar,&nbsp;Sangeetha A.,&nbsp;Subhra Sankha Sarma","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) enables high-throughput, low-latency links. However, performance is strongly constrained by wavelength-dependent absorption and scattering in seawater, especially for the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) geometries that arise due to misalignment and platform mobility. This work develops a framework to optimise the wavelength for NLOS UOWC across Jerlov water types – I, III and 9C in the 400–700 nm band. The model employs a Lambertian transmitter, direct and scattered components with Beer–Lambert attenuation, wavelength-dependent silicon photodetector responsivity, and a receiver noise stack (shot and thermal). The electrical SNR, BER (OOK) and channel capacity are investigated. Because the idealised OOK expression can return physically unrealistic raw magnitudes at high SNR, BER is reported against a practical floor of <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>12</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> throughout (values below this floor are reported as “<span><math><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>12</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>” rather than as raw numbers), and results for the most turbid water type (Jerlov 9C) are explicitly flagged as indicative trends rather than quantitative predictions, consistent with the single-scattering approximation underlying the model. Model-based results indicate that the optimum wavelength shifts with turbidity: clear ocean favours the blue–green window (520–570 nm, peak near 564 nm for a silicon photodetector), whereas coastal and turbid waters shift the optimum towards the red band (650–700 nm). This red-shift arises from a combined electro-optical trade-off among absorption, scattering-induced angular spreading, and photodetector responsivity, not from optical attenuation alone. Furthermore, simulation results indicate that distance sensitivity undergoes a gradual change beyond 13 m, rendering NLOS links noise-limited at longer ranges. These model-derived findings offer wavelength-selection and link-budgeting guidance for UOWC system design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148949474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated photonic platforms based on femtosecond laser-inscribed S-bend and Y-branch waveguides in Nd3+-doped GeO₂–PbO glass","authors":"Thiago Vecchi Fernandes,&nbsp;Daniel Kendji Kumada,&nbsp;Niklaus Ursus Wetter,&nbsp;Wagner de Rossi,&nbsp;Luciana Reyes Pires Kassab","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work reports the fabrication and characterization of active double-line waveguide structures produced by femtosecond laser irradiation in Nd³⁺-doped GeO₂–PbO glass embedded with silver nanoparticles. Straight, S-bend, and Y-branch configurations were investigated aiming at photonic applications in complex architectures. The waveguides were formed by four overlapping tracks arranged in a double-line geometry. Optical characterization included propagation loss, relative gain, and beam quality (M²) measurements. The straight waveguide presented the best beam symmetry and the highest internal gain, reaching 5.61 dB/cm. The S-bend structure, fabricated with a 40 mm bending radius, despite the additional bending losses achieved a positive internal gain of 3.84 dB/cm. The Y-branch waveguide, produced with a 5° opening angle, showed a power splitting ratio of 54/46 and gains superior to those of the S-bend configuration. For the first time, active S-bend and Y-branch waveguides were demonstrated in Nd³⁺-doped GeO₂–PbO glass containing silver nanoparticles. These results highlight the potential of this platform for advanced integrated photonic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101174"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149045663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly sensitive and high Q-factor photonic crystals serially coupled hexagonal resonator for pressure sensing","authors":"Basavaprasad,&nbsp;Venkateswara Rao Kolli,&nbsp;Yashaswini P.R.,&nbsp;Santhosh Kumar K.B.,&nbsp;M. Ramesh,&nbsp;Gowri Shankar Manivannan,&nbsp;Srinivas Talabattula","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The work explores an SOI-based pressure sensor that operates up to a maximum pressure of 12 MPa and is modeled and analyzed using the finite element method and the finite difference time domain Method. The structure consists of a serially coupled double hexagonal ring between the two straight waveguides. This sensor operates on the photo-elastic effect principle and achieves a minimum detectable pressure of 0.00253 MPa, with a maximum Q-factor of 52,224 observed at 1649 nm wavelength, a sensitivity of 11.825 nm/MPa, and a linear response in output characteristics over 0 to 12 MPa pressure range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149155653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical Fiber-surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors with machine learning-assisted for label-free identification of animal sources-gelatine","authors":"Wildan Panji Tresna,&nbsp;Ian Yulianti,&nbsp;Ngurah Made Dharma Putra,&nbsp;Mohammad Alauhdin,&nbsp;Joshu Leonardy,&nbsp;Dendy Randa,&nbsp;Lia Aprilia","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Label-free optical techniques such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) are attractive for food authentication because they combine high refractive-index sensitivity with real-time, reagent-free operation. Discriminating gelatine by animal source remains difficult, however, because the refractive indices of bovine, porcine, and fish gelatine solutions at a matched concentration differ by only 1.4 × 10⁻⁴ to 2.1 × 10⁻³ refractive index units (RIU), an order of magnitude less than the change produced by concentration alone. This work reports a reflection-mode fiber-optic SPR (FO-SPR) probe, formed by sputtering a 50 nm gold film onto the unclad core of a 400 μm multimode fiber and mirroring the distal end face with silver paste, combined with a full-spectrum machine-learning (ML) classifier. Refractive indices of gelatine solutions from 1% to 8% (<em>w</em>/<em>v</em>) were measured by refractometry and correlated with the measured resonance-wavelength shift of the probe. The sensor exhibits refractive-index sensitivities of ≈ 1719, 1749, and 1316 nm/RIU for porcine, bovine, and fish gelatine, respectively. Whole SPR spectra (350–1100 nm) were smoothed with a Savitzky–Golay filter and projected onto principal components, the first two of which carry 98.09% of the spectral variance and classified with a support vector machine using a radial basis function kernel. Smoothing, scaling, and the principal-component basis are fitted on training data only, and generalization is assessed with replicate-grouped and leave-one-concentration-out cross-validation, so that the classifier is tested for source specificity rather than concentration tracking. The classifier reaches an overall accuracy of 96.55% on held-out spectra, with per-class F1 scores between 0.917 and 1.000, whereas a classifier restricted to the scalar refractive index makes its errors systematically between the bovine and fish classes whose refractive indices overlap most closely. FTIR spectra of the same materials provide chemical corroboration. The study is a proof of concept for source discrimination among pure, laboratory-prepared gelatine solutions; the mixture, matrix, and inter-batch experiments required before the platform can support routine halal verification are stated explicitly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101183"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149201518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Fibre Optic Reflectance and Terahertz Spectroscopies for the early, non-invasive diagnosis of Phytophthora infestans infection in Solanum tuberosum","authors":"Candida Moffa,&nbsp;Marzia Beccaccioli,&nbsp;Rosita Silvana Fratini,&nbsp;Jérôme Extermann,&nbsp;Luisa Neri,&nbsp;Gianpaolo Bertazza,&nbsp;Anna Candida Felici,&nbsp;Massimo Reverberi,&nbsp;Massimo Petrarca","doi":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rio.2026.101186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This exploratory work evaluates the potential of combining Fibre Optic Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS) and terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy as a non-invasive diagnostic approach for the detection of early-stage symptoms associated with <em>Phytophthora infestans</em> (Mont.) infection in potato (<em>Solanum tuberosum</em> L.) leaves. The pathogen <em>P. infestans</em> (Mont.) is the causal agent of late blight, a devastating disease that significantly impacts potato production. In this study, both healthy leaves and those at different stages of infection, ranging from early symptoms to advanced necrosis, were analysed using FORS and THz spectroscopic techniques. Measurements were performed on a single cultivar (cv. Agata), with both techniques applied at the same measurement locations of the same leaves. Both resolve quantitatively the alterations present in visually asymptomatic tissue at 2 days post-inoculation: the red edge position shifts from 717 ± 1 to 704 ± 4 nm and the terahertz absorbance at 1.0 THz decreases from 1.97 ± 0.26 to 1.13 ± 0.13, differences of 4.56 and 3.8 pooled within-group standard deviations respectively, whereas a broad absorption band centred at 0.663 ± 0.071 THz is detected only in necrotic tissue at 4 days post-inoculation. Since the pathogen load was not quantified at the measured locations, these alterations are to be understood as infection-associated rather than as a direct detection of the pathogen, and no diagnostic model is proposed. Benchmarked against FORS, these findings indicate that contactless spectroscopic methods could serve as a valuable tool for disease monitoring in precision agriculture, potentially enabling timely intervention and minimizing crop losses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21151,"journal":{"name":"Results in Optics","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 101186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149248841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}