pure and applied geophysics最新文献

{"title":"Stable Distribution of Fractional Fluctuations of Well Log Data in Japan","authors":"Haruo Sato,&nbsp;Katsuhiko Shiomi","doi":"10.1007/s00024-024-03600-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-024-03600-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For the statistical characterization of the random heterogeneity of the solid earth medium, we have measured the distribution of fractional fluctuations of well log data after removing the slowly varying background variation. The well log data used are P- and S-wave velocities and mass density acquired in Japan: three data sets for the thick sedimentary layers of the Kanto Plain and two data sets for the Kujyu volcanic area of Kyushu. The estimated kurtosis is much greater than 3 for most cases, which is difficult to explain with a normal distribution. This suggests that the random fluctuations should be looked at from a broader perspective. We note the fact that the generalized central limit theorem leads to stable distributions, which are broad enough to include normal and Cauchy distributions as special cases. When the stable, normal, and Cauchy distributions are applied to the histograms of the observed fractional fluctuations, the stable distribution is found to be the most appropriate among the three distributions in most cases, where the stability parameter <span>(alpha)</span> ranges from 1.5 to 2. These case studies demonstrate that the stable distribution faithfully describes the thick tails of the observed fractional fluctuations as the result of a geological sedimentation process without removing them as outliers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"181 11","pages":"3249 - 3258"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Modelling of Tunnel Failure","authors":"Vladimir Lyakhovsky,&nbsp;Aleksander J. Mendecki","doi":"10.1007/s00024-024-03603-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-024-03603-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rupture dynamics along a relatively wide fault zone intersecting an underground tunnel is studied in the framework of recently developed damage-breakage rheological model. The propagating rupture produces rock damage and granulation in the process zone ahead of the rupture front, where intense torsion is simulated. It also produces an out-of-fault damage zone, of which the volume is calculated and compared with analytical predictions using the point source approximation. Interaction between propagating rupture and tunnel significantly enhances stresses around the tunnel leading to its failure with significant implosive component. Tunnel failure may occur with a certain delay after the rupture front passed, depending on the initial tunnel strength. This time delay is defined by the time needed to accumulate damage in the rock mass around the tunnel. In some cases such tunnel failure maybe interpreted as an independent implosive seismic event. Model results provide an insight into the near- and intermediate fields of seismic radiation produced by seismic sources close to and intersecting an underground tunnel. Energy dissipation in the process zone in front of the propagating rupture due to the damage–breakage mechanism significantly affects the S-wave radiation in the direction of the rupture propagation. On top of that the tunnel failure process, especially if it is surrounded by relatively weak and damaged rock, significantly reduces S-wave radiation also in the directions normal to the fault zone.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"181 11","pages":"3231 - 3248"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00024-024-03603-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Ground Penetrating Radar in the Assessment of Aged Roads: Focus On Complex Structures Under Different Weather Conditions","authors":"Enas Abdelsamei,&nbsp;Diaa Sheishah,&nbsp;Boglárka Runa,&nbsp;Olivér Balogh,&nbsp;Csaba Tóth,&nbsp;Péter Primusz,&nbsp;Sándor Trenka,&nbsp;Boudewijn van Leeuwen,&nbsp;Zalán Tobak,&nbsp;Dávid Gergely Páll,&nbsp;György Sipos","doi":"10.1007/s00024-024-03604-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-024-03604-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely used to assess asphalt and pavement, especially in quality testing for newly constructed roads. However, its usage has been limited in regard to aged roads. Thus, this study focuses on the applicability of GPR to extract diverse information regarding structure, thickness, and various conditions, including the moisture content of an aged road section that has undergone repeated renewals. First, two methods were employed to calculate the thickness and dielectric values; the reflection amplitude and ground truth methods. The analysis was done by RADAN 7 software. Based on the findings, the average error of thickness on the same day between continuous GPR and the core data were 2.87% and 8.72%, respectively. Second, dielectric analysis of three structural units was performed under different moisture conditions. As a result, the average dielectric values of macadam (3, 3.3, and 4), surface asphalt layer (4, 7.06, and 8.31), and cement-treated base (4.83, 10.88, and 11.88) were determined under dry, medium-wet, and wet conditions, respectively. The volumetric water difference (<i>f</i>) within the pavement was also estimated. As for the asphalt, macadam, and cement-treated base, the difference in the volume fraction of water (<i>f</i>) was 0.06, 0.01, and 0.1, respectively, under dry and wet conditions, and 0.04, 0.004, and 0.09, respectively, under dry and medium-wet conditions. Overall, the findings demonstrate that reasonably accurate assessments of the pavement thickness, structure, dielectric values, and amplitude of aged roads can be achieved by using a GPR survey under various conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"181 12","pages":"3633 - 3651"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00024-024-03604-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2023 November Storm in The Port of Klaipeda; Why was The Port Closed?","authors":"Laura Nesteckytė,&nbsp;Gintautas Stankūnavičius,&nbsp;Loreta Kelpšaitė-Rimkienė,&nbsp;Jadranka Šepić","doi":"10.1007/s00024-024-03596-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-024-03596-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the impact of storm surges, infragravity waves, wider area seiches and natural harbour oscillations (harbour seiches) on port operations in the Baltic Sea, with a particular emphasis on the Port of Klaipėda, all during the severe storm that occurred from November 22–24, 2023. The study examines the interplay between meteorological factors, such as changes in air pressure and wind speed and direction, and the coastal geography of the area. Wind speeds during the storm reached a maximum of 29.7 m/s, and air pressure dropped for f ~ 50 hPa, with a corresponding sea level rise of approximately 40 cm due to the combined effects of storm surges and long waves. The research findings indicate that it was precisely long waves, which were generated offshore and amplified by the port's distinctive resonance characteristics and coastal topography, that were the primary cause of operational disruptions, creating hazardous conditions that necessitated the closure of the port. The port's elongated and narrow inlet played a pivotal role in the amplification of these waves, rendering it particularly vulnerable to resonance-induced oscillations. The research yielded several key findings, including identifying long waves (long ocean waves, wider area seiches, harbour seiches, and infragravity waves) with periods ranging from 12 to 13 h to 2–4 min, which posed significant risks to vessels moored at the port. Furthermore, the occurrence of simultaneous sea level fluctuations between Klaipėda and Karlshamn indicated the presence of seiches with period of 12,4 h across the Baltic Sea, thereby further complicating port operations. These results underscore the critical need for improved forecasting and mitigation strategies to enhance the safety and efficiency of port activities during severe weather events.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"181 11","pages":"3173 - 3188"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme ultra-short-term changes in air temperature in January in southern Poland (the example of Sosnowiec) against the background of atmospheric circulation conditions","authors":"Małgorzata Falarz","doi":"10.1007/s00024-024-03597-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-024-03597-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Large short-term changes in air temperature affect the functioning of living organisms in the environment and human activities. For this reason, a study of extreme positive and negative 10 min temperature changes and their causes related to atmospheric circulation was undertaken. Air temperature data for January in the period 2001–2017 in southern Poland (Sosnowiec) were analysed. Extreme ultra-short-term temperature changes were considered to be values less than or equal to 0.1 percentile (extreme temperature drops) and greater than or equal to 99.9 percentile (extreme temperature increases). The extreme ultra-short-term negative air temperature change was − 7.2°C/10 min, while the positive change was + 3.5 °C/10 min. Extreme ultra-short-term negative air temperature changes in southern Poland in January occur most frequently with the advection of air from the west (43% of cases), the inflow of maritime Polar old (transformed) air over Poland (25% of cases), western cyclonic (Wc) and north-western cyclonic (NWc) situations, a total of 34% of cases), the passage of the atmospheric front over southern Poland (59% of cases), especially a cold front (68% of cases with a front). Extreme ultra-short-term positive changes of air temperature in southern Poland in January occur most frequently with the advection of air from the south-west (43% of cases), the inflow of continental Polar air (42% of cases), anticyclonic situations (72% of cases), the occurrence of a high-pressure wedge over southern Poland (26% of cases), situations without atmospheric front (80% of cases). The direction of advection plays a secondary role in determining the values of extreme short-term changes in air temperature. More important is the speed of the influx of this air mass. Extreme ultra-short-term temperature changes are partly explained by circulation conditions. Rapid temperature changes can also occur as a result of small-scale processes in the atmosphere.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"181 12","pages":"3667 - 3679"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00024-024-03597-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142890422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diffraction Imaging Method Using the Pattern Operator in Migrated Dip-angle Gathers","authors":"Tongjie Sheng,&nbsp;Jingtao Zhao,&nbsp;Zongnan Chen","doi":"10.1007/s00024-024-03601-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-024-03601-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diffracted wavefield carries high-resolution information about subwavelength geological structural elements crucial for imaging small-scale subsurface discontinuities. However, the presence of strong reflection often obscures weak diffraction, limiting the effective use of diffraction in depicting detailed small-scale structures. To obtain a high-resolution diffraction image, we present a novel two-phase diffraction separation method that combines pattern-based method and energy attenuation function of stationary reflection in migrated dip-angle gathers. In the first phase, the pattern-based method utilizes pattern operator to characterize non-stationary features of reflection in dip-angle gathers and effectively eliminates the reflection outside the stationary point. In the second phase, the energy attenuation function based on dip angle is used to further attenuate residual reflection near the stationary point. The conflicting dip angle often reduces the performance of dip-based energy attenuation methods. We introduce the covariance rate criterion to adaptively adjust the conflicting dip angle, so that the energy attenuation function can more accurately attenuate the residual reflection. The numerical experiment conducted on classic Sigsbee 2B model validates the efficacy of the proposed method in suppressing strong high-slope reflection while preserving details of small-scale faults and scatterers. The real data application demonstrates the performance of the method to highlight deep fractures, presenting additional potential reservoir-related structural insights.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"181 12","pages":"3463 - 3484"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142890421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flat-Slab Mechanics Transforming Double-Arc Expressions Along the Middle America Trench","authors":"Chihiro Hashimoto","doi":"10.1007/s00024-024-03608-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-024-03608-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The southeast–northwest variation in the trench–volcano distance along the Middle America subduction zone is widely recognised to be due to the horizontal (flat) geometry of the descending Cocos plate (slab) in its northwestern part. In the topographic and gravitational expressions, the southeastern segment forms doubled low–high (i.e. trench–continental shelf edge–oceanic basin–volcanic arc) belts, whereas the northwestern segment forms wide doubled low–high belts. To define their attribution, the surface uplift rates were computed from a two-dimensional dislocation-based subduction model with hypocentre-based plate interface geometries. The trench-perpendicular plate-interface profiles exhibited similar curvature compositions, which were reflected in three (shallow, moderate depth and deep) convexities (downward bends) and one concavity (upward bend) between the moderate-depth and deep convex sections. The steady subduction along the first and second positive curvatures (shallow and moderate-depth convexities) in the southeastern and northwestern segments could serve as mechanical sources of short-wavelength double-arc formation. The latter two (negative and third positive) curvatures (concavity and deep convexity) in the northwestern segment produced distinct features including the narrow continental shelf, large trench–volcanic-arc distance and relevant long-wavelength double arcs. This was attributed to the direct contact of the flat elastic slab with the overriding plate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"181 12","pages":"3433 - 3442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00024-024-03608-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142890524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Initial Cloud Droplet Number Concentration on Warm-Sector Rainstorm in the Sichuan Basin","authors":"Peiwen Zhang,&nbsp;Pengguo Zhao,&nbsp;Zhiwei Heng,&nbsp;Qing Zheng,&nbsp;Yong Feng,&nbsp;Xingwen Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s00024-024-03599-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-024-03599-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Warm-sector rainstorms (WSR) are among the main weather events that cause significant casualties in the Sichuan Basin (SCB). These events are challenging to predict accurately using numerical models, partly due to the locally high air pollution that complicates WSR microphysical and precipitation processes. Aerosols affect the initial cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) directly, and the CDNC is a key parameter in microphysical schemes that directly influences precipitation prediction. However, how and to what extent the CDNC affects WSR predictions in the SCB remains unclear. In this study, sensitivity experiments were conducted using a cloud-resolving model to investigate how the CDNC affects WSRs in the SCB. The study showed that when the CDNC is high, warm rainfall is reduced, while the cold rainfall is increased, which changes with convection development. First, a higher initial CDNC inhibits warm rainfall during the initial stage of convection. Second, during convection development, a higher initial CDNC accelerates graupel growth and its transformation into rainwater. The cold rainfall process plays a dominant role in this process, leading to an increase in rainfall intensity. Finally, during the convection mature stage, the promoting effect of the CDNC on the cold rainfall process weakens, leading to a decreased rainfall intensity in the higher initial CDNC. In the “initial-development-mature” stage, a higher initial CDNC distinctly affects the precipitation intensity in the form of \"suppression-promotion-suppression.\" The findings of this study contribute to the ability to anticipate the development of WSRs based on pollution conditions in the SCB.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"181 12","pages":"3681 - 3701"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of the Mechanics of the Abnormal Geo-electrical Resistivity Preceding the 1976 Tangshan Earthquake Informed by Present Groundwater Conservation","authors":"Shuangqing Liu,&nbsp;Zhiping Song,&nbsp;Xiao Zhang,&nbsp;Liu Chang,&nbsp;Lichan Wang,&nbsp;Song Chen,&nbsp;Yan Xue,&nbsp;Yixi Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00024-024-03594-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-024-03594-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, new groundwater conservation policies in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region have led to a rapid increase in groundwater level and a synchronous decrease in geo-electrical resistivity (GER) around Tianjin. In constrast, during the few years preceding the 1976 Tangshan <i>M</i>7.8 earthquake, both groundwater levels and GER around Tianjin decreased synchronously. This significant contrast seems to indicate that abnormal GER changes in Tianjin and Tangshan before the <i>M</i>7.8 earthquake may serve as seismogenic precursors. Therefore, in this paper, we employ combined hard inclusion models to quantitatively calculate the body strains preceding the <i>M</i>7.8 earthquake, and analyze their relationship with GER decreases. So far in this field, very few researches have performed theoretical calculations on the definite parameters such as the size, elastic modulus, and spatial attitude of the rheological hard inclusions, which can reasonably explain the distribution of ground deformation and seismic gaps in Tangshan and surrounding areas, as well as the asynchronous and unequal rate of GER decline. The calculation results indicate that for the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, the distribution and evolution of the precursor can be well studied by setting three ellipsoidal rheological hard inclusions with different elastic moduli through aftershock distribution. This work provides a valuable case for applying hard inclusion theory to the medium-term and short-term evolution of other strong earthquake.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"181 11","pages":"3207 - 3230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Local Mean Sea Level and Land Vertical Datum over Peninsular Malaysia via Transformation Model","authors":"Muhammad Faiz Pa’suya,&nbsp;Ami Hassan Md Din,&nbsp;Ramazan Alpay Abbak,&nbsp;Noorfatekah Talib,&nbsp;Mohamad Azril Che Aziz,&nbsp;Muhammad Zahir Ramli,&nbsp;Mohammad Hanif Hamden,&nbsp;Nornajihah Mohammad Yazid","doi":"10.1007/s00024-024-03598-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00024-024-03598-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Integration of land and marine vertical datums is an important aspect of geospatial reference systems. Therefore, this study has been conducted to identify an optimum approach to integrate the marine and land vertical datums. Two hybrid geoid models have been developed and fitted to the the land levelling datum at benchmark and to the tide gauge-benchmark station (TGBM). The differences between the two hybrid geoid models were computed to establish a vertical datum transformation model (VDT). Among the 305 GNSS-levelling points, 295 have been used in the hybridization process and 10 have been used for validation. Based on the comparison, the geoidal differences at the 10 points range from −7.2 to 7.0 cm while the mean and RMSE of differences are 1.3 cm and ± 4 cm, respectively. The second hybrid geoid, which was fitted to local MSL, was developed by directly adding to the offset between the gravimetric geoid and local MSL at nine TGBM stations. The result indicates that the offset derived at Tanjung Gelang is the optimum one with an RMSE of ± 0.045 m. The VDT model developed shows a transformation accuracy of approximately ± 4 cm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21078,"journal":{"name":"pure and applied geophysics","volume":"181 12","pages":"3703 - 3721"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}