Wim Dobbelaere, Ronny Vanhooren, W. D. Man, K. Matthijs, Anthony Coyette, B. Esen, G. Gielen
{"title":"Analog fault coverage improvement using final-test dynamic part average testing","authors":"Wim Dobbelaere, Ronny Vanhooren, W. D. Man, K. Matthijs, Anthony Coyette, B. Esen, G. Gielen","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805829","url":null,"abstract":"The growing number of chips in automotive applications has created an increasing urge to avoid electronic failures in the field. Part Average Testing (PAT) is a generally used technique to screen out early-life failures for automotive products. In this paper we demonstrate with industrial data the application of Dynamic Part Average Testing (DPAT) at the final testing stage in order to improve the analog fault coverage of a mixed-signal automotive product. Simulation results on an industrial circuit indicate an analog fault coverage improvement from 31.3 % to 82.7 %. This is demonstrated with experimental data.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133945215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mixed-signal ATE technology and its impact on today's electronic system","authors":"G. Roberts","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805852","url":null,"abstract":"Analog/Mixed-Signal test is usually thought of as a quality control step in the manufacture of electronic devices - largely to separate good devices from bad. In this paper, the case is made that analog/mixed-signal semiconductor test technology has been at the forefront of many of today's analog SOC design approaches. This is most likely quite opposite to what most engineers think about test. The reason is quite simple - analog test engineers are concerned with a multitude of design issues that span across many different engineering domains such as mechanical, electrical, electronic, firmware and software. Moreover, they have always been pressed to achieve accurate measurements in near minimum time. As a result, analog test engineers have always had their eye on the big picture and created test solutions decades ago that would rival any analog system platform today. This paper will take a look to the past and see how test technology has impacted present-day system approaches such as those used in data communications, general purpose analog signal processing, etc.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"608 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132685434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recycled FPGA detection using exhaustive LUT path delay characterization","authors":"Md. Mahbub Alam, M. Tehranipoor, Domenic Forte","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805854","url":null,"abstract":"Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been extensively used because of their lower non-recurring engineering and design costs, instant availability and reduced visibility of failure, high performance and power benefits. Reports indicate that counterfeit FPGAs are infiltrating the IC supply chain, most of which are recycled type (previously used). Counterfeit components pose a significant threat to the government and industrial sectors of the economy because they undermine the security and reliability of the critical systems and networks. Recycled FPGA detection procedures include parametric test, functional test, and burn-in test that requires golden data and/or parts specifications from original component manufacturers. In this work, a sophisticated ring oscillator design method is used to exploit all the possible paths in look-up tables (LUTs). A recycled FPGA is likely to have fully used, partially used, and unused LUTs. The proposed mapping targets all paths of LUTs and forms a frequency array. A support vector machine is trained with frequency array from unused FPGAs, which differentiates between unused and aged FPGAs. An unsupervised method based on k-means clustering is also proposed to classify recycled components without golden information. Simulation and silicon results demonstrate high rates of success using the proposed methods.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"324 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115844349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"EMACS: Efficient MBIST architecture for test and characterization of STT-MRAM arrays","authors":"Insik Yoon, Ashwin Chintaluri, A. Raychowdhury","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805834","url":null,"abstract":"Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory (STT-MRAM) is an emerging memory technology which exhibits non-volatility, high density, high endurance and nanosecond read and write times. These attributes of STT-MRAM make it suitable for last level embedded caches. However, defect models, faults and test architectures for emerging memory technologies are relatively unexplored. This is further aggravated by the fact that STT-MRAM, like other post-CMOS technologies rely on novel physics of operation, which can result in unexplored read, write and retention fault models. In particular, the stochastic retention failure of STT-MRAM has a large impact on the test time. Conventional test schemes for retention of STT-MRAM need to be redesigned and optimized for testing large STT-MRAM arrays. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of read, write and retention tests in STT-MRAM arrays. Resistive and capacitive defects and the corresponding faults are studied. A novel MBIST architecture and associated circuits are presented for measuring thermal stability (and hence retention times) in STT-MRAM bits for characterization and manufacturing tests, amidst variations and magnetic coupling. Trade-offs between fault localization, area overhead and test-times are presented.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124216892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mehdi Sadi, Gustavo K. Contreras, Dat Tran, Jifeng Chen, L. Winemberg, M. Tehranipoor
{"title":"BIST-RM: BIST-assisted reliability management of SoCs using on-chip clock sweeping and machine learning","authors":"Mehdi Sadi, Gustavo K. Contreras, Dat Tran, Jifeng Chen, L. Winemberg, M. Tehranipoor","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805862","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a novel methodology, BIST-RM, to accurately predict the degradation due to aging mechanisms in a SoC at run-time by utilizing the existing LBIST hardware and software implemented Machine Learning classifier. Using an innovative method, we convert ATPG-generated transition delay patterns into LBIST patterns, and the corresponding responses are utilized in developing the predictor. A gate-overlap and path delay-aware pattern selection algorithm selects the features for the classier. Using clock sweeping, LBIST is able to capture the aging effect on targeted paths. The result of machine learning is then utilized to activate countermeasures to remedy the degradation in the field. The area and test time overhead are very low. We implemented our proposed flow on SoC benchmark circuits, and the results demonstrated worst-case prediction accuracy of 94% to 97%.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127683619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huina Chao, Huawei Li, Tiancheng Wang, Xiaowei Li, Bo Liu
{"title":"An accurate algorithm for computing mutation coverage in model checking","authors":"Huina Chao, Huawei Li, Tiancheng Wang, Xiaowei Li, Bo Liu","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805864","url":null,"abstract":"Property coverage is an important way to evaluate the completeness of model checking. Most of the property coverage metrics are based on mutation coverage, obtained by mutating the design and checking the property's ability to detect the mutation. Due to the complexity of computing mutation coverage in model checking, the previous methods resort to some approximate algorithms which tend to give pessimistic estimation of state coverage, and can only deal with a limited subset of Computation Tree Logic (CTL). In this paper, we present an improved algorithm to compute mutation coverage for arbitrary CTL formulas with high accuracy. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can identify a great number of covered states missed by a previous method. Meanwhile, the extension to the complete CTL set makes it easy to write all kinds of properties to describe the features of the design better.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"208 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128158316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. E. Amyeen, Dongok Kim, M. Chandrasekar, Mohammad Noman, S. Venkataraman, Anurag Jain, N. Goel, Ramesh Sharma
{"title":"A novel diagnostic test generation methodology and its application in production failure isolation","authors":"M. E. Amyeen, Dongok Kim, M. Chandrasekar, Mohammad Noman, S. Venkataraman, Anurag Jain, N. Goel, Ramesh Sharma","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805821","url":null,"abstract":"Faster failure isolation is critical for manufacturing yield ramp and product time to market. Higher diagnosis resolution is essential for faster defect isolation and root-cause identification. A detection oriented test set is targeted for fault coverage and does not provide maximum diagnostic resolution. In this paper, we present the design and architecture of a state of the art diagnostic ATPG tool for industrial-scale designs. We develop a novel diagnostic test generation methodology which first generates deterministic diagnostic test content to distinguish the diagnosis suspects. If tester memory is available then additional N-detect oriented tests are generated to augment the content. Further, we present techniques to improve performance of diagnostic fault simulation for industrial-scale designs. Experimental results on Intel® Core™ microprocessor designs indicate 3X-114X speed up with up-to 2X memory overhead. Silicon failure data collected on sort wafer fails showed the effectiveness of the hybrid diagnostic content in improving the diagnostic resolution by 2.8x to 3X when compared with content generated from an industry standard diagnostic test generator. Silicon results are evaluated on Intel® Core™ microprocessor.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126522319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Pan, R. Desineni, Kannan Sekar, Atul Chittora, Sherwin Fernandes, Neerja Bawaskar, J. Carulli
{"title":"Pylon: Towards an integrated customizable volume diagnosis infrastructure","authors":"Yan Pan, R. Desineni, Kannan Sekar, Atul Chittora, Sherwin Fernandes, Neerja Bawaskar, J. Carulli","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805872","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a volume diagnosis infrastructure built on open-source software, which addresses practical challenges in a foundry environment by integrating various data sources from design, manufacturing process and test to enable rapid root-cause identification.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126594299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Esen, Anthony Coyette, G. Gielen, Wim Dobbelaere, Ronny Vanhooren
{"title":"Effective DC fault models and testing approach for open defects in analog circuits","authors":"B. Esen, Anthony Coyette, G. Gielen, Wim Dobbelaere, Ronny Vanhooren","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805830","url":null,"abstract":"The detection level of defects in today's mixed-signal ICs lags behind the extremely high demand of industries such as automotive. This is mainly because analog blocks in these ICs have high test escape rates as a result of the typical testing based on the performance specifications. Defect-oriented techniques have been proposed to solve the problem of this poor fault coverage for analog circuits. Their effectiveness in practice is however still limited due to the inadequate fault models used to represent physical failures. This paper presents a new open-gate DC fault model. Experimental results on fabricated test circuits in 0.35μm BCD technology are used to validate the proposed fault model and the commonly used high-value-resistance model. Finally, a new testing approach to detect the corresponding open defects in analog circuits is discussed, which is based on forcing the transistors outside their designed operation region.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115120442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jack Tang, R. Karri, Mohamed Ibrahim, K. Chakrabarty
{"title":"Securing digital microfluidic biochips by randomizing checkpoints","authors":"Jack Tang, R. Karri, Mohamed Ibrahim, K. Chakrabarty","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805856","url":null,"abstract":"Much progress has been made in digital microfluidic biochips (DMFB), with a great body of literature addressing low-cost, high-performance, and reliable operation. Despite this progress, security of DMFBs has not been adequately addressed. We present an analysis of a DMFB system prone to malicious modification of routes and propose a DMFB defense based on spatio-temporal randomized checkpoints using CCD cameras. Absent the knowledge of the time- and space-randomized checkpoints, an attacker cannot navigate the DMFB without alerting the system. We present an algorithm to guide the placement and timing of the checkpoints such that the probability that an attack can evade detection is minimized. The efficacy of the defense mechanism is illustrated with a case study under stealthy malicious modifications.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121979136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}