{"title":"A built-in self-repair scheme for DRAMs with spare rows, columns, and bits","authors":"Chih-Sheng Hou, Yong-Xiao Chen, Jin-Fu Li, Chih-Yen Lo, D. Kwai, Yung-Fa Chou","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805832","url":null,"abstract":"With the shrinking of technology node, the data retention time of DRAM (DRAM) cells is widespread. Thus, the number of the cells with data retention faults is increased. In this paper, therefore, we propose a built-in self-repair (BISR) scheme for DRAMs using redundancies with physical and logical reconfiguration mechanisms. Spare rows and columns with physical reconfiguration mechanism are used to repair functional faults caused by defects. Spare bits with logical reconfiguration mechanism are used to replace data retention faults caused by process variation. Also, a diagnosis algorithm is proposed to identify data retention faults. Simulation results show that the proposed BISR scheme for a DRAM with 2 spare rows, 2 spare columns, and 8 spare bits can provide higher repair yield than a BISR scheme for a DRAM with 3 spare rows and 3 spare columns.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126397232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tianjian Li, Li Jiang, Xiaoyao Liang, Q. Xu, K. Chakrabarty
{"title":"Defect tolerance for CNFET-based SRAMs","authors":"Tianjian Li, Li Jiang, Xiaoyao Liang, Q. Xu, K. Chakrabarty","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805833","url":null,"abstract":"SRAMs based on carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs) offer a promising alternative to conventional SRAMs due to their high energy efficiency and low leakage. However, the imperfect CNT fabrication process introduces high defect rates and a unique defect distribution; these problems may offset the power/performance benefits of CNFET-based SRAMs and lead to yield degradation. We propose a redundancy architecture with asymmetrically partitioned column blocks and the sharing of spares among column blocks. We also present a analytical model to characterize the distribution of faults, which can guide the design exploration of the proposed redundancy architecture. Simulation results highlight the accuracy of the proposed model, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of the redundancy architecture.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131365986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alessandro Vallero, A. Savino, G. Politano, S. Carlo, Athanasios Chatzidimitriou, Sotiris Tselonis, Manolis Kaliorakis, D. Gizopoulos, Marc Riera, R. Canal, Antonio González, Maha Kooli, A. Bosio, G. D. Natale
{"title":"Cross-layer system reliability assessment framework for hardware faults","authors":"Alessandro Vallero, A. Savino, G. Politano, S. Carlo, Athanasios Chatzidimitriou, Sotiris Tselonis, Manolis Kaliorakis, D. Gizopoulos, Marc Riera, R. Canal, Antonio González, Maha Kooli, A. Bosio, G. D. Natale","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805863","url":null,"abstract":"System reliability estimation during early design phases facilitates informed decisions for the integration of effective protection mechanisms against different classes of hardware faults. When not all system abstraction layers (technology, circuit, microarchitecture, software) are factored in such an estimation model, the delivered reliability reports must be excessively pessimistic and thus lead to unacceptably expensive, over-designed systems. We propose a scalable, cross-layer methodology and supporting suite of tools for accurate but fast estimations of computing systems reliability. The backbone of the methodology is a component-based Bayesian model, which effectively calculates system reliability based on the masking probabilities of individual hardware and software components considering their complex interactions. Our detailed experimental evaluation for different technologies, microarchitectures, and benchmarks demonstrates that the proposed model delivers very accurate reliability estimations (FIT rates) compared to statistically significant but slow fault injection campaigns at the microarchitecture level.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134613205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accurate anomaly detection using correlation-based time-series analysis in a core router system","authors":"Shi Jin, Zhaobo Zhang, K. Chakrabarty, Xinli Gu","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805836","url":null,"abstract":"Fault tolerance is used in communication systems to ensure high reliability and rapid error recovery. The effectiveness of most proactive fault-tolerant mechanism depends on whether anomalies can be accurately detected before a failure occurs. However, traditional anomaly detection techniques fail to detect “outliers” when the monitored data involves temporal measurements and exhibits significantly different statistical characteristics for its constituent features. We describe the design of an anomaly detector that monitors the time-series data of a complex core router system. Anomaly detection techniques are compared in terms of their effectiveness for detecting different types of anomalies. A feature-categorizing-based hybrid method is proposed to overcome the difficulty of detecting anomalies in features with different statistical characteristics. Furthermore, a correlation analyzer is implemented to remove irrelevant and redundant features. Three types of synthetic anomalies, generated using a small amount of real data for a commercial telecom system, are used to validate the proposed anomaly detector.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"257 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125592676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yingdi Liu, Elham K. Moghaddam, N. Mukherjee, S. Reddy, J. Rajski, J. Tyszer
{"title":"Minimal area test points for deterministic patterns","authors":"Yingdi Liu, Elham K. Moghaddam, N. Mukherjee, S. Reddy, J. Rajski, J. Tyszer","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805825","url":null,"abstract":"Conflict-aware test points, introduced recently, facilitate significant reductions in deterministic test pattern counts. However, dedicated flip-flops driving control points increase test logic area. This paper presents a method to minimize silicon area needed to implement conflict-aware test points by reusing functional flip-flops as drivers of control points. Conflict analysis is applied during the test point selection process, and ATPG verification is run for every potential candidate. Experimental results show that functional flip-flops can be reused as drivers for more than 90% of the control points with the average of 5% penalty in pattern count increase as compared to methods using only dedicated flip-flops. After replacing dedicated flip-flops with functional flip-flops, conflict-aware test points can still achieve remarkable pattern count reductions.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126978288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carlston Lim, Yang Xue, Xin Li, R. D. Blanton, M. E. Amyeen
{"title":"Diagnostic resolution improvement through learning-guided physical failure analysis","authors":"Carlston Lim, Yang Xue, Xin Li, R. D. Blanton, M. E. Amyeen","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805824","url":null,"abstract":"An accurate and high-resolution diagnosis enables physical failure analysis (PFA) to identify and understand the root-cause of integrated-circuit failure. Despite many existing techniques for improving diagnosis, resolution is still far from ideal, which hinders PFA and other analyses. To address this challenge, we extend the capability of PADRE (physically-aware diagnostic resolution enhancement), a powerful machine learning based diagnosis resolution improvement technique, with a novel, active learning (AL) based PFA selection approach. An active-learning based PADRE (AL PADRE) selects the most useful defects for PFA in order to improve diagnostic resolution. AL PADRE provides an alternative to the normal PFA selection procedure, it improves the the accuracy of PADRE, and thus enables a more accurately improved resolution. AL PADRE is validated by both simulation-based experiment and silicon experiment. Simulation-based experiments show that by using AL PADRE, the number of PFAs required for increasing the accuracy to a stable level of 90% is reduced by more than 60% on average compared to baseline approach, and AL PADRE consistently outperforms the baseline approach for accuracy improvement in various scenarios. In the silicon experiment, by using AL PADRE, the number of chips needed to undergo PFA was reduced by more than 6x in order to increase diagnosis accuracy by more than 20%.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122020390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sunter, Alessandro Valerio, Riccardo Miglierina
{"title":"Automated measurement of defect tolerance in mixed-signal ICs","authors":"S. Sunter, Alessandro Valerio, Riccardo Miglierina","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805869","url":null,"abstract":"Defect tolerance can improve system reliability and safety, and IC yield. This paper describes metrics for measuring defect tolerance of a mixed-signal circuit block within an IC. A general metric is defined for defect tolerance at the transistor-level, consistent with ISO 26262, and how it can be measured by an analog defect simulator, for digital and mixed-signal circuits, including those that have redundancy, error detection, and/or safe states. In effect, the analog defect simulator automatically implements failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). It is especially useful for safety-oriented applications, like automotive ICs, but could also be useful for defect tolerance that improves IC yield. Digital and mixed-signal circuit examples illustrate usage.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"176 30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126002343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Tsertov, A. Jutman, S. Devadze, M. Reorda, E. Larsson, Farrokh Ghani Zadegan, R. Cantoro, Mehrdad Montazeri, Rene Krenz-Baath
{"title":"A suite of IEEE 1687 benchmark networks","authors":"A. Tsertov, A. Jutman, S. Devadze, M. Reorda, E. Larsson, Farrokh Ghani Zadegan, R. Cantoro, Mehrdad Montazeri, Rene Krenz-Baath","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805840","url":null,"abstract":"The saturation of the IJTAG concept and its approval as the IEEE 1687 standard in 2014 has generated a wave of research activities and created demand for a set of appropriate and challenging benchmarks. This paper presents such a set developed by an industrial and academic consortium and constructed in a way that facilitates objective comparison of experimental results across research groups as well as represents challenging network examples exhaustively utilizing features and constructs defined by the standard. The suite is arranged in four comprehensive categories, each having its particular purpose and composition principles, as described in the paper. We have also made an analysis of limitations of previous popular and ad-hoc benchmark sets as these limitations majorly motivated our current action. The new public-domain benchmarks are distributed together with source files and documentation through the dedicated web site. Some of the previous research results on IEEE 1687 have been reapplied on the new benchmarks set, thus creating an important initial reference point for the research community.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128206792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What we know after twelve years developing and deploying test data analytics solutions","authors":"K. Butler, A. Nahar, W. R. Daasch","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805844","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2004, Texas Instruments and Portland State University have collaborated to develop and deploy test data analytical methods for use in a variety of applications, including quality screening, burn-in minimization, high cost test replacement and/or removal, and operations monitoring. In this paper, key findings amassed during this time are summarized.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129363951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DE-LOC: Design validation and debugging under limited observation and control, pre- and post-silicon for mixed-signal systems","authors":"B. Muldrey, Sabyasachi Deyati, A. Chatterjee","doi":"10.1109/TEST.2016.7805868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEST.2016.7805868","url":null,"abstract":"In the modern mixed-signal SoC design cycle, designers are frequently tasked with detecting and diagnosing behavioral discrepancies between design descriptions given at different levels of hierarchy, e.g. behavioral vs. transistor level descriptions or behavioral/transistor level descriptions vs. fabricated silicon. One problem is detection, to determine if behavioral differences between design descriptions exist. If such differences (anomalies) are detected, then diagnosis is concerned with identifying the module in a hierarchical design description of the system that is most likely the root cause of the anomaly (typically under the constraint that only the primary outputs of the top-level hierarchies are observed. Previously proposed machine-learning classifiers require prior knowledge about the kinds of likely design errors typically encountered. In this work, we present a novel technique for the algorithmic foundation of circuit diagnosis predictions which does not require any assumptions about the nature of design errors. Our method employs iterative and alternate on-the-fly test generation and least-squares fitting of embedded low-order nonlinear filters to produce a best-guess estimate of the root cause of the anomaly. Experiments are conducted on two test vehicles, an RF transceiver and a phase-locked loop, several bug models are implemented, and the system's diagnosis predictions are analyzed.","PeriodicalId":210661,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129551632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}